Census of quadrangle groups inclusions

In a classical result of 1972 Singerman classifies the inclusions between triangle groups. We extend the classification to a broader family of triangle and quadrangle groups forming a particular subfamily of Fuchsian groups. With two exceptions, each inclusion determines a finite bipartite map (hypermap) on a 2-dimensional spherical orbifold that encodes the complete information and gives a graphical visualisation of the inclusion. A complete description of all the inclusions is contained in the attached tables.

Prevalencia de la luxación acromioclavicular y tratamientos en pacientes del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga en el periodo enero 2010 a diciembre 2014

ANTECEDENTES: La luxación acromioclavicular es la lesión de hombro más prevalencia en quienes practican deportes de contacto, se relaciona con una alta tasa de accidentes de tránsito, por ello es importante conocer su prevalencia, factores de riesgo, para realizar un tratamiento adecuado. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Determinar la prevalencia de la luxación acromioclavicular y tratamientos en pacientes del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga en el periodo enero 2010 a diciembre 2014. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, cuyo universo fueron las historias clínicas de pacientes que recibieron atención en el Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga entre enero del año 2010 hasta diciembre del 2014. Se recolectó la información de la base de datos (AS 400) en un formulario específico, el cual se analizó mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS 15.0 y Epi-Info 7, utilizando distribuciones de frecuencia y porcentajes. Los resultados se presentaron en gráficos, tablas simples y combinadas. USO DE RESULTADOS: De 120 pacientes con diagnóstico de luxación acromioclavicular se presentó una prevalencia de 3,7 casos por cada 1000 personas que se atendieron en emergencia del hospital José Carrasco Arteaga. Se incluyeron 86 casos en el estudio. Los hombres resultaron el grupo más afectado (91,9%). El tipo de luxación más frecuente fue el III (59,3%). La lesión que más asociada fue la fractura de clavícula (4,7%). El mecanismo de lesión directo (91,9%) fue el más prevalente. En 41.9 % de los casos la luxación se asoció con accidentes de tránsito

Biopolymers - facts and statistics

One of the main concerns of this publication is to furnish a more rational basis for discussing bioplastics and use fact-based arguments in the public discourse. Furthermore, “Biopolymers – facts and statistics” aims to provide specific, qualified answers easily and quickly for decision-makers in particular from public administration and the industrial sector. Therefore, this publication is made up like a set of rules and standards and largely foregoes textual detail. It offers extensive market-relevant and technical facts presented in graphs and charts, which means that the information is much easier to grasp. The reader can expect comparative market figures for various materials, regions, applications, process routes, agricultural land use, water use or resource consumption, production capacities, geographic distribution, etc.

Tratamiento del rechazo mediado por anticuerpos en pacientes trasplantados renales revisión sistemática

Antecedentes: El trasplante renal es la mejor alternativa terapéutica para la enfermedad renal crónica terminal. Los medicamentos inmunosupresores previenen el rechazo. El rechazo mediado por anticuerpos es frecuente y disminuye la función y duración del injerto. Objetivo: Evaluar sistemáticamente la evidencia disponible relacionada con la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento para el rechazo mediado por anticuerpos en pacientes trasplantados renales. Metodologia: Revisión sistemática en bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus y Biblioteca virtual de la salud. Literatura gris google scholar, google academico, www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu, and https://clinicaltrials.gov/. Búsqueda manual referencias artículos pre-seleccionados así como de revisiones previamente publicadas. Se siguieron las recomendacioes guia PRISMA para la identificacion de artículos potenciales, tamizaje y selección teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusion. Extracción datos de acuerdo a las variables, revisión calidad de los artículos elegidos utilizando evaluación riesgo de segos de Cochrane. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 9 ensayos clínicos publicados entre 1980 y 2016, incluyeron 222 pacientes (113 brazo de intervención y 109 en el control), seguimiento promedio 16 meses. Intervenciones evaluadas plasmaféresis, inmunoadsorción y rituximab. Hubo una amplia heterogeneidad en la definición de criterios de inclusión, criterios diagnósticos de rechazo y medidas de evaluación de eficacia de las intervenciones. Tres estudios encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de tratamiento. Conclusiones: La evidencia sobre la eficacia de los tratamientos del rechazo mediado por anticuerpos en injertos renales es de baja calidad. Son necesarios ensayos clínicos controlados para poder definir el tratamiento óptimo de estos pacientes.

Numerical assessment of the water injection application to GDI engines

A possible future scenario for the water injection (WI) application has been explored as an advanced strategy for modern GDI engines. The aim is to verify whether the PWI (Port Water Injection) and DWI (Direct Water Injection) architectures can replace current fuel enrichment strategies to limit turbine inlet temperatures (TiT) and knock engine attitude. In this way, it might be possible to extend the stoichiometric mixture condition over the entire engine map, meeting possible future restrictions in the use of AES (Auxiliary Emission Strategies) and future emission limitations. The research was first addressed through a comprehensive assessment of the state-of-the-art of the technology and the main effects of the chemical-physical water properties. Then, detailed chemical kinetics simulations were performed in order to compute the effects of WI on combustion development and auto-ignition. The latter represents an important methodology step for accurate numerical combustion simulations. The water injection was then analysed in detail for a PWI system, through an experimental campaign for macroscopic and microscopic injector characterization inside a test chamber. The collected data were used to perform a numerical validation of the spray models, obtaining an excellent matching in terms of particle size and droplet velocity distributions. Finally, a wide range of three-dimensional CFD simulations of a virtual high-bmep engine were realized and compared, exploring also different engine designs and water/fuel injection strategies under non-reacting and reacting flow conditions. According to the latter, it was found that thanks to the introduction of water, for both PWI and DWI systems, it could be possible to obtain an increase of the target performance and an optimization of the bsfc (Break Specific Fuel Consumption), lowering the engine knock risk at the same time, while the TiT target has been achieved hardly only for one DWI configuration.

Prognostic significance of pulmonary multifocal neuroendocrine proliferation with typical carcinoid

Background. Clinical significance of multifocal pulmonary neuroendocrine proliferations (MNEP), including tumorlets and pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, in association with Typical Carcinoid (TC), is still debated. Methods. A large retrospective series of TC with long-term follow-up data prospectively collected from two institutions was evaluated. Recurrence or new TC development was followed-up. Patients with TC alone and MNEP+TC were compared. Results. 234 TC patients undergone surgery were included: 41 MNEP+TC (17.5%) and 193 TC alone (82.5%). In the MNEP+TC group older age (p<0.001), peripheral tumors (p=0.0032), smaller tumor size (p=0.011) and lymph-nodal spread (p=0.02) were observed in comparison with TC group. Relapses occurred in 8 patients (19.5%) in the MNEP+TC group and in 7 (3.6%) of the TC group. The 10-years progression-free survival were 96.1% in TC and 83.8% in MNEP+TC (p<0.001). After matching, in 36 pairs of patients a significantly higher 5-years progression-free survival was calculated for TC group (p<0.01). Furthermore the odds of belonging to MNEP+TC group was higher with work-related exposure to inhalant agents (p=0.008), asthma/bronchitis (p=0.002), emphysema, fibrosis and inflammatory status (p=0.032), micronodules on the chest CT scan and respiratory insufficiency (p=0.036). Conclusions. The identification of MNEP requires careful pathological examination and postoperative follow-up. MNEP seems to be an adverse prognostic factor in patients with synchronous TC. Therefore, suspicion of MNEP during the pre-operative assessment should not be underestimated, enabling changes in the surgical strategy.

Betweenness Centrality in Some Classes of Graphs

There are several centrality measures that have been introduced and studied for real world networks. They account for the different vertex characteristics that permit them to be ranked in order of importance in the network. Betweenness centrality is a measure of the influence of a vertex over the flow of information between every pair of vertices under the assumption that information primarily flows over the shortest path between them. In this paper we present betweenness centrality of some important classes of graphs.

Structural matching of 2D electrophoresis gels using deformed graphs

2D electrophoresis is a well-known method for protein separation which is extremely useful in the field of proteomics. Each spot in the image represents a protein accumulation and the goal is to perform a differential analysis between pairs of images to study changes in protein content. It is thus necessary to register two images by finding spot correspondences. Although it may seem a simple task, generally, the manual processing of this kind of images is very cumbersome, especially when strong variations between corresponding sets of spots are expected (e.g. strong non-linear deformations and outliers). In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a new quadratic assignment formulation together with a correspondence estimation algorithm based on graph matching which takes into account the structural information between the detected spots. Each image is represented by a graph and the task is to find a maximum common subgraph. Successful experimental results using real data are presented, including an extensive comparative performance evaluation with ground-truth data. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On the k-restricted structure ratio in planar and outerplanar graphs

A planar k-restricted structure is a simple graph whose blocks are planar and each has at most k vertices. Planar k-restricted structures are used by approximation algorithms for Maximum Weight Planar Subgraph, which motivates this work. The planar k-restricted ratio is the infimum, over simple planar graphs H, of the ratio of the number of edges in a maximum k-restricted structure subgraph of H to the number edges of H. We prove that, as k tends to infinity, the planar k-restricted ratio tends to 1/2. The same result holds for the weighted version. Our results are based on analyzing the analogous ratios for outerplanar and weighted outerplanar graphs. Here both ratios tend to 1 as k goes to infinity, and we provide good estimates of the rates of convergence, showing that they differ in the weighted from the unweighted case.

On the resilience of long cycles in random graphs

In this paper we determine the local and global resilience of random graphs G(n,p) (p >> n(-1)) with respect to the property of containing a cycle of length at least (1 - alpha)n. Roughly speaking, given alpha > 0, we determine the smallest r(g) (G, alpha) with the property that almost surely every subgraph of G = G(n,p) having more than r(g) (G, alpha)vertical bar E(G)vertical bar edges contains a cycle of length at least (1 - alpha)n (global resilience). We also obtain, for alpha < 1/2, the smallest r(l) (G, alpha) such that any H subset of G having deg(H) (v) larger than r(l) (G, alpha) deg(G) (v) for all v is an element of V(G) contains a cycle of length at least (1 - alpha)n (local resilience). The results above are in fact proved in the more general setting of pseudorandom graphs.

Characterization of electrical penetration graphs of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, in sweet orange seedlings

Detailed information on probing behavior of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is critical for understanding the transmission process of phloem-limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.) associated with citrus `huanglongbing` by this vector. In this study, we investigated stylet penetration activities of D. citri on seedlings of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Pera (Rutaceae) by using the electrical penetration graph (EPG-DC system) technique. EPG waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces during stylet penetration into plant tissues. The main waveforms were correlated with histological observations of salivary sheath termini in plant tissues, to determine the putative location of stylet tips. The behavioral activities were also inferred based on waveform similarities in relation to other Sternorrhyncha, particularly aphids and whiteflies. In addition, we correlated the occurrence of specific waveforms with the acquisition of the phloem-limited bacterium Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus by D. citri. The occurrence of a G-like xylem sap ingestion waveform in starved and unstarved psyllids was also compared. By analyzing 8-h EPGs of adult females, five waveforms were described: (C) salivary sheath secretion and other stylet pathway activities; (D) first contact with phloem (distinct from other waveforms reported for Sternorrhyncha); (E1) putative salivation in phloem sieve tubes; (E2) phloem sap ingestion; and (G) probably xylem sap ingestion. Diaphorina citri initiates a probe with stylet pathway through epidermis and parenchyma (C). Interestingly, no potential drops were observed during the stylet pathway phase, as are usually recorded in aphids and other Sternorrhyncha. Once in C, D. citri shows a higher propensity to return to non-probing than to start a phloem or xylem phase. Several probes are usually observed before the phloem phase; waveform D is observed upon phloem contact, always immediately followed by E1. After E1, D. citri either returns to pathway activity (C) or starts phloem sap ingestion, which was the longest activity observed.

Characterization of electrical penetration graphs of Bucephalogonia xanthophis, a vector of Xylella fastidiosa in citrus

The sharpshooter Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) is a vector of the xylem-limited bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa (Wells, Raju, Hung, Weisburg, Mandelco-Paul, and Brenner), which causes citrus variegated chlorosis. Despite the importance of citrus variegated chlorosis, the probing behavior of vectors on citrus and its implications for transmission of X. fastidiosa have not been studied. Here we studied electrical penetration graph (EPG-DC system) waveforms produced by B. xanthophis on Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), and their relationships with stylet activities and xylem ingestion. Electrical penetration graph waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces during stylet penetration on plant tissues. The main waveforms were correlated with histological observations of salivary sheaths in plant tissues and excretion analysis, in order to determine stylet activities and their precise position. Six waveforms and associated activities are described: (S) secretion of salivary sheath and intracellular stylet pathway, (R) resting during stylet pathway, (Xc) contact of stylets with xylem vessels, (Xi) active xylem ingestion, (N) interruption within the xylem phase (during Xc or Xi), and (W) withdrawal of stylet from the plant. The sharpshooter spent 91.8% of its probing time with its stylet in the xylem, where the main activity was ingestion (Xi: 97.5%). During a probe, the most likely sequence of events is secretion of salivary sheath and pathway (S) through epidermal and parenchyma cells (all individuals), followed by contact with xylem (Xc) (67.6% of all individuals) and ingestion (Xi) (88.3% of those that exhibit waveform Xc). The mean time to contact the xylem (Xc) and initiate ingestion (Xi) after onset of the first probe was 27.8 and 34.2 min, respectively. However, sustained xylem ingestion (Xi > 5 min) was established after 39.8 min, on average. This information is basic for future studies on the transmission mechanisms of X. fastidiosa and in order to establish control strategies aimed at interfering with this process.