362 resultados para Mafia - Rusia
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特殊磁铁主要指用于同步加速器束流的注入和引出系统中的各类磁铁,如切割磁铁、BUMP磁铁、KICKER磁铁等。从结构和用途上来看,特殊磁铁基本属于二极偏转磁铁范畴;与常规的二极磁铁相比,只是在运行模式、磁场分布和好场区位置、杂散场分布、磁铁功能以及磁铁结构和材料等方面具有突出的特殊性。如切割磁铁的好场区要紧贴切割边,而切割边外侧的杂散场要降到主场的千分之一以下;BUMP磁铁和KICKER磁铁的磁场值不高,但要以很快的脉冲方式工作,所以就具有大电流、线圈匝数少的特点。各种特殊的性能要求使得特殊磁铁的设计和制造相当复杂。 HIRFL-CSR工程共有四台切割磁铁、四套BUMP磁铁以及两套KICKER磁铁用于加速器束流的注入和引出系统中。论文介绍了特殊磁铁的选型、材料选取、电磁设计、二维及三维磁场计算、电磁参数计算、冷却计算、结构设计以及工艺设计等磁铁设计的全部过程;另外,对磁铁研制的具体细节以及技术要求、加工制造以及测试结果也作了比较全面的介绍。论文将磁铁的二维及三维磁场计算作为设计和论述的重点;因为就目前的技术水平来说,二维及三维磁场的计算是磁铁设计的主要环节,是磁场优化的主要手段,也是其他主要电磁参数计算的基础。特别是三维磁场的计算结果,是磁铁设计的主要技术依据,是一种仿真度极高且经济实用的模拟过程。一些比较成熟的磁场计算软件,如TOSCA、ANSYS、MAFIA等更是具有人机界面简单、建模方便、计算结果直观可靠等优点。特殊磁铁的磁场计算所用的程序是TOSCA;从文中提供的测试结果看,计算结果与实测值的误差只有 1 %,可见其结果是极其可信的。从测试和运行结果来看,各种特殊磁铁的研制是成功的。特殊磁铁的成功研制为HIRFL-CSR的束流注入和引出提供了硬件基础
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为了提高HIRFL的束流指标,特别是束流强度,以满足放射性次级束流线(RIBLL)及大科学工程兰州重离子冷却储存环(CSR)对束流的更高要求,目前 HIRFL 正在进行很多方面的改造,其中之一便是建造一台新聚束器B1来改善注入器 SFC 与主加速器SSC之间的给向匹配。为了克服非线性效应,新B1设计工作在多模式下,频率范围为 22MHz~54MHz,最高电压达110kV。由于较宽的工作频率范围、较高的电压及有限的空间位置,新B1聚束器的腔体设计存在许多困难。本论文的主要工作便是设计新B1聚束器的腔体。主要工作可分为三部分:1.腔体设计:在这部分,我们利用三维电磁场模拟程序-MAFIA,辅之以传输线近似法,设计出了满足物理要求的腔体方案,给出了模拟计算所得到了的腔体主要参数,并就这些参数的可信度进行了评估。2.耦合环设计:在这部分,我们利用 MAFIA 模拟得到的结果,从腔体的等效集总电路出发,推导出了耦合环参数与腔体特性参数之间的关系,并设计出了满足物理要求的耦合方案。3.冷却系统设计:这部分的主要工作为从对流、传导换热理论出发,结合新B1的实际,建立了自己的传热模型,设计了新B1腔体的冷却系统,计算了腔体的最高工作温度,并讨论了工作温度的升高对腔体性能的影响。另外,在论文的最后一章还介绍了其它一些工作,主要包括SFC中 Dee 电压分布计算、原B2腔体的实验研究以及原B1腔体的传输线近似法模拟。
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本文比较系统地介绍了扇聚焦回旋加速器内部的束流动力学及其注入系统的一般理论,并结合两台具体的扇聚焦回旋加速器的设计讨论了在回旋加速器以及静电反射镜内空间电荷效应对束流的影响。第一章简单介绍了回旋加速器的发展历史及分类、强流回旋加速器的应用,加速器驱动系统ADS(Accelerator Driving System)、能量放大器EA(Energy Amplifier)方案以及本文工作的主要内容。第二章首先介绍了扇聚焦回旋加速器的基本理论,包括扇聚焦回旋加速器内的轨道理论(静态平衡轨道及加速轨道性质)以及相空间的描述方法等。然后详细讨论了回旋加速器内空间电荷效应的影响及研究方法,包括空间电荷作用下粒子的运动方程、空间电荷电场的不同种类、求解空间电荷电场的基本方法和模型以及空间电荷效应对束流轨道特性和相空间传输特性的影响等。在本章的第4节中,介绍了两台强流扇聚焦回旋加速器(50MeV-6mA H_2~+超导扇聚焦回旋加速器和17MeV-2mA H~-扇聚焦回旋加速器)的具体设计步骤和计算结果,讨论了这两台扇聚焦回旋加速器中加速轨道和相空间的传输以及空间电荷效应的影响。最后,简单介绍了设计时所使用的两个计算程序AGORA_SCE和CINEZ_SCE。第三章首先简单介绍了用于扇聚焦回旋加速器的各种注入方法以及在轴向注入时所采用的不同种类的静电偏转镜。然后详细介绍了目前最常用的螺旋扇型静电偏转镜的基本工作原理,如参考粒子的运动轨道及偏转镜的光学性质等,讨论了螺旋线型静电偏转镜中空间电荷效应的影响。最后仍然以50MeV-6mAH_2~+和17MeV-2mA H~-这两台扇聚焦回旋加速器为例,对它们的静电偏转镜进行了设计,并分别研究了它们在空间电荷效应影响下的轨道特性及相空间传输特性。第四章简单介绍了工作中所用到的一些计算工具,如三维电磁场计算程序MAFIA以及等时场分析程序EQUIL,并给出了17MeV-2mA H~-扇聚焦回旋加速器的等时场的计算结果。论文的最后部分简单总结了本文的工作,并提出了今后进一步的工作设想。
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切割磁铁主要用于加速器束流的注入和引出系统中。从结构和用途上来看,切割磁铁是一种特殊的二极偏转磁铁;与常规的二极磁铁相比,它有结构复杂、好场区位置特殊、杂散磁场低、运行条件苛刻等特点。特别是切割磁铁的切割边,设计和制造相当复杂,它是屏蔽杂散磁场、得到理想磁场分布的决定因素;另外,为了便于真空管道的烘烤,防止烘烤真空管道时烧坏磁铁线圈,切割磁铁还必须有一套调节灵活、复位方便的传动机构。HIRFL-CSR工程共有四台切割磁铁用于加速器束流的注入和引出系统中。论文介绍了切割磁铁的选型、切割磁铁样机的电磁设计、二维磁场计算、结构设计以及工艺设计等磁铁设计的全部过程;另外,对切割磁铁样机总体的以及主要部件的技术要求、加工以及测试结果也作了比较全面的介绍。论文详细介绍了切割磁铁样机的二维磁场的计算;因为就目前的技术水平来说,二维磁场的计算是磁铁设计的主要环节,是磁场优化的主要手段;特别是二维磁场的计算结果,是磁铁设计的主要技术依据,是一种经济实用的模拟过程。一些比较成熟的场计算软件,如TOSCA、ANSYS|、MAFIA等更是具有人机界面简单、建模方便、计算结果直观可靠等优点。切割磁铁的磁场计算所用的程序是TOSCA;从文中提供的测试结果看,计算结果与实测值的误差只有1%,可见其结果是极其可信的。样机的成功研制为切割磁铁的设计和加工积累了经验。
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本文研究了用于九五国家大科学工程“兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环HIRFL-CSR”上的Schottky探针及利用schottky质谱仪进行核质量测量,研究了当前国际上核质量测量研究方法并结合当前的核质量测量研究现状,根据CSR能提供的实验条件,研究认为在HIRFL-CSR上利用Schttkv质谱仪方法进行核质量测量有很广阔的前景。根据HIRFL-CSR束流参数和束诊要求,设计了schottky探针电极及超高真空Schottky探针安装靶室。利用三维电磁场模拟计算程序MAFIA优化了Schottky探针的结构和形状。通过改变电极板的边缘场矫正板的长度和角度,在极板间获得了最佳的场分布。模拟结果表明对水平和垂直方向的探针矫正板长度分别为4cm、3cm并且夹角分别为30、20度时在探针极板间可得到很好的横向匀场。对Schottky样机的信号响应进行的仔细的测试,获得了较满意的结果。本文还研究了利用Schottky质谱仪进行核质量测量的Schottky信号处理方法与质量测量原理,对当前远离β稳定线的核质量测量前景做了仔细分析。对Schottky探针用于CSR的束流参数测量和核质量测量方法进行了较深入的探讨。
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In this study, we establish a relation between the representation of space in Muñiz’s essays and the construction of the essayist’s complex identity which combines Spanish, Jewish and Mexican traits. We concentrate on Angelina Muñiz’s essays Las raíces y las ramas (1993) and El canto del peregrino (1999). Methodologically, we rely on Maingueneau’s concept of ‘scenography’, according to which the text stages its own situation of enunciation. Our starting point is the triple Spanish-Jewish-Mexican identity of the essayist. Our research question is about how the essayist deals with the space corresponding to respectively the Spanish and Mexican part of her identity. Secondly, we analyse the representation in the essays of a space corresponding to her Jewish roots. We find that Muñiz’s vision of space is not static; the essayist’s vision on space is dynamic, open, free and characterized by a constant free movement across national borders. Similar to the concept of space of the ‘diaspora’, her vision is constructed without the limitations imposed by national borderlines or geographical distances.
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El presente estudio realiza un análisis comparativo entre la novela del mexicano Juan Rulfo, Pedro Páramo (1955), y un cuento del escritor ruso Dostoievski que trata también el tema del Más allá, titulado Bobok (1873). Paralelamente, se trabaja con la posibilidad de que el relato ruso hubiese podido ser una más de las fuentes literarias de la novela mexicana, y se trata de determinar las posibles conexiones -directas o indirectas- entre las dos obras. Ambas son puestas en común por su género literario, y a partir de ahí se estudian los elementos constitutivos que tienen en común, sus afinidades y divergencias más llamativas.
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his essay is premised on the following: a conspiracy to fix or otherwise manipulate the outcome of a sporting event for profitable purpose. That conspiracy is in turn predicated on the conspirators’ capacity to: (a) ensure that the fix takes place as pre-determined; (b) manipulate the betting markets that surround the sporting event in question; and (c) collect their winnings undetected by either the betting industry’s security systems or the attention of any national regulatory body or law enforcement agency.
Unlike many essays on this topic, this contribution does not focus on the “fix”– part (a) of the above equation. It does not seek to explain how or why a participant or sports official might facilitate a betting scam through either on-field behaviour that manipulates the outcome of a game or by presenting others with privileged inside information in advance of a game. Neither does this contribution seek to give any real insight into the second part of the above equation: how such conspirators manipulate a sports betting market by playing or laying the handicap or in-play or other offered betting odds. In fact, this contribution is not really about the mechanics of sports betting or match fixing at all; rather it is about the sometimes under explained reason why match fixing has reportedly become increasingly attractive as of late to international crime syndicates. That reason relates to the fact that given the traditional liquidity of gambling markets, sports betting can, and has long been, an attractively accessible conduit for criminal syndicates to launder the proceeds of crime. Accordingly, the term “winnings”, noted in part (c) of the above equation, takes on an altogether more nefarious meaning.
This essay’s attempt to review the possible links between match fixing in sport, gambling-related “winnings” and money laundering is presented in four parts.
First, some context will be given to what is meant by money laundering, how it is currently policed internationally and, most importantly, how the growth of online gambling presents a unique set of vulnerabilities and opportunities to launder the proceeds of crime. The globalisation of organised crime, sports betting and transnational financial services now means that money laundering opportunities have moved well beyond a flutter on the horses at your local racetrack or at the roulette table of your nearest casino. The growth of online gambling platforms means that at a click it is possible for the proceeds of crime in one jurisdiction to be placed on a betting market in another jurisdiction with the winnings drawn down and laundered in a third jurisdiction and thus the internationalisation of gambling-related money laundering threatens the integrity of sport globally.
Second, and referring back to the infamous hearings of the US Senate Special Committee to Investigate Organised Crime in Interstate Commerce of the early 1950s, (“the Kefauver Committee”), this article will begin by illustrating the long standing interest of organised crime gangs – in this instance, various Mafia families in the United States – in money laundering via sports gambling-related means.
Third, and using the seminal 2009 report “Money Laundering through the Football Sector” by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF, an inter-governmental body established in 1989 to promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system), this essay seeks to assess the vulnerabilities of international sport to match fixing, as motivated in part by the associated secondary criminality of tax evasion and transnational economic crime.
The fourth and concluding parts of the essay spin from problems to possible solutions. The underlying premise here is that heretofore there has been an insularity to the way that sports organisations have both conceptualised and sought to address the match fixing threat e.g., if we (in sport) initiate player education programmes; establish integrity units; enforce codes of conduct and sanctions strictly; then our integrity or brand should be protected. This essay argues that, although these initiatives are important, the source and process of match fixing is beyond sport’s current capacity, as are the possible solutions.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
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Les Hells Angels (HA) sont un groupe de motards qui surprennent par leur longévité. Implantés dans la province en 1977, ils sont toujours présents et actifs. Pourtant, ils ont évolué dans un contexte où les risques endogènes et exogènes furent croissants : conflits internes chez les motards, hostilités et rivalités inter groupes, opérations policières, incarcérations massives et changements législatifs sont autant d’obstacles qui se sont dressés devant eux. Que signifie être un motard et comment sont-ils demeurés résilients? Bien que différentes forces matérielles et organisationnelles aident les HA à surmonter les difficultés, nous avançons que l’élément clé de cette continuité réside dans leur réputation. En ce sens, nous adhérons à la thèse de Gambetta (2009) qui affirme que la persistance de la croyance en l’immortalité de la mafia provoque un phénomène de self-fulfilling prophecy qui rend l’organisation effectivement résiliente. Cet argument est ici appliqué aux Hells du Québec. Des entrevues auprès de motards incarcérés et non incarcérés, de délinquants non motards et de membres du personnel du Service correctionnel du Canada, ont permis de constater que l’étiquette de « Hells Angels » influence la vie des individus qui la portent. Les résultats supportent l’hypothèse que la réputation d’être une organisation dangereuse offre au groupe une valeur économique et symbolique. Néanmoins, la réputation des Hells Angels engendre des aspects négatifs pour les individus qui endossent ce nom. Il devient intéressant de comprendre l’impact d’une telle étiquette à travers différentes phases d’une carrière collective.
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This paper offers an institutional approach to the problems raised by Mafia infiltration of legitimate businesses. It contributes to an economic theory that reconnects economics, law and ethics. It demonstrates that the efficiency criterion alone is not sufficient to correctly analyze the nature and consequences of Mafia infiltration on economies and societies. On the contrary, the reintroduction of ethics enables a better understanding of the phenomenon to the point that law – driven by ethical and not only efficiency considerations – is a necessary tool for those wanting to fight against the destruction of legal economies by Mafiosi.