Evaporation from a shallow water table: Diurnal dynamics of measured and simulated water and heat regime at the vicinity of a drying sand surface

Accurate estimates of water losses by evaporation from shallow water tables are important for hydrological, agricultural, and climatic purposes. An experiment was conducted in a weighing lysimeter to characterize the diurnal dynamics of evaporation under natural conditions. Sampling revealed a completely dry surface sand layer after 5 days of evaporation. Its thickness was <1 cm early in the morning, increasing to reach 4?5 cm in the evening. This evidence points out fundamental limitations of the approaches that assume hydraulic connectivity from the water table up to the surface, as well as those that suppose monotonic drying when unsteady conditions prevail. The computed vapor phase diffusion rates from the apparent drying front based on Fick's law failed to reproduce the measured cumulative evaporation during the sampling day. We propose that two processes rule natural evaporation resulting from daily fluctuations of climatic variables: (i) evaporation of water, stored during nighttime due to redistribution and vapor condensation, directly into the atmosphere from the soil surface during the early morning hours, that could be simulated using a mass transfer approach and (ii) subsurface evaporation limited by Fickian diffusion, afterward. For the conditions prevailing during the sampling day, the amount of water stored at the vicinity of the soil surface was 0.3 mm and was depleted before 11:00. Combining evaporation from the surface before 11:00 and subsurface evaporation limited by Fickian diffusion after that time, the agreement between the estimated and measured cumulative evaporation was significantly improved.

Tying up the loose ends in simple correspondence analysis

Although correspondence analysis is now widely available in statistical software packages and applied in a variety of contexts, notably the social and environmental sciences, there are still some misconceptions about this method as well as unresolved issues which remain controversial to this day. In this paper we hope to settle these matters, namely (i) the way CA measures variance in a two-way table and how to compare variances between tables of different sizes, (ii) the influence, or rather lack of influence, of outliers in the usual CA maps, (iii) the scaling issue and the biplot interpretation of maps,(iv) whether or not to rotate a solution, and (v) statistical significance of results.

Impact of etanercept-methotrexate therapy on patient-reported outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients with up to 12 months of symptoms.

Background/Purpose: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are critical in evaluating RA treatment effects on function and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Significant improvement in PROs has been reported in RA studies of biologic agents, including etanercept (ETN), but most studies have been conducted in patients with established disease. In addition to assessing treatment effects in early RA, there is interest in therapeutic strategies that allow dose reduction or withdrawal of biologic therapy (biologic-free) after induction of response. The PRIZE trial is an ongoing, 3-period study to evaluate the efficacy of combined ETN and methotrexate (MTX) therapy in patients with early, moderate-to-severe RA and to assess whether efficacy (remission) can be maintained with ETN dose reduction or biologic-free (Period 2) or drug-free (Period 3). Herein we report PROs associated with ETN 50 mg QW plus MTX (ETN50/MTX) therapy administered for 52 wks in Period 1 (induction) of the PRIZE trial. Methods: In Period 1, MTX- and biologic-naı‥ve patients with early, active RA (symptom onset 12 mo from enrollment; DAS28 _3.2) received open-label ETN50/MTX for 52 wks. The starting dose of MTX was 10 mg QW; at the discretion of the investigator, titration was permitted up to a maximum of 25 mg QW to achieve remission. Corticosteroid boosts were administered to patients not achieving low disease state at wks 13 and 26, unless contraindicated or not tolerated. PROs were assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) total score; Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS); EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) total index; Short Form Health Survey (SF-36); Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue; Work Instability Scale for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RAWIS); and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Rheumatoid Arthritis (WPAI:RA). Results: A total of 306 patients received treatment in Period 1 (mITT population); 222 (73%) patients completed the period. The majority of patients were female (70%), with a mean age of 50 y, mean DAS28 of 6.0 (median, 6.0), and duration of disease symptoms from onset of 6.5 months (median, 6.3 mo). Significant and clinically meaningful improvements in PROs, including in HAQ, EQ-5D, SF-36, and FACIT-Fatigue, were demonstrated with ETN50/MTX therapy from baseline to the final on therapy visit (Table; P_0.0001). Similar improvements were observed in all dimensions of RA-WIS and WPAI:RA (Table; P_0.0001). Conclusion: Combination therapy with ETN50/MTX for 52 wks in patients with _12 mo of symptomatic, active RA resulted in significant, clinically important improvements in measures of physical function, including normal HAQ (66.6% of patients), HR-QoL, fatigue, and work productivity. These outcomes are consistent with those reported in prior studies in patients with more established disease.

A fresh look at interferon-alpha signaling and treatment outcomes in chronic hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. The current standard therapy for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) consists of a combination of pegylated IFN alpha (pegIFNalpha) and ribavirin. It achieves a sustained viral clearance in only 50-60% of patients. To learn more about molecular mechanisms underlying treatment failure, we investigated IFN-induced signaling in paired liver biopsies collected from CHC patients before and after administration of pegIFNalpha. In patients with a rapid virological response to treatment, pegIFNalpha induced a strong up-regulation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). As shown previously, nonresponders had high expression levels of ISGs before therapy. Analysis of posttreatment biopsies of these patients revealed that pegIFNalpha did not induce expression of ISGs above the pretreatment levels. In accordance with ISG expression data, phosphorylation, DNA binding, and nuclear localization of STAT1 indicated that the IFN signaling pathway in nonresponsive patients is preactivated and refractory to further stimulation. Some features characteristic of nonresponders were more accentuated in patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 and 4 compared with genotypes 2 and 3, providing a possible explanation for the poor response of the former group to therapy. Taken together with previous findings, our data support the concept that activation of the endogenous IFN system in CHC not only is ineffective in clearing the infection but also may impede the response to therapy, most likely by inducing a refractory state of the IFN signaling pathway.

Long-term follow-up of colorectal carcinoma patients by repeated CEA radioimmunoassay.

One of the major practical applications of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay is the monitoring of colorectal carcinoma patients after complete tumor resection. During the last 5 years, we have followed by repeated CEA assays 66 patients with histologically confirmed colon or rectum adenocarcinoma. Among 19 patients who developed a tumor recurrence, 17 had increased CEA levels preceding the clinical diagnosis by 2 to 26 months. Among the 47 patients who did not show any clinical evidence of tumor recurrence, 35 had CEA values remaining below the limit of 5 ng/ml, whereas 12 had moderate elevations of CEA level fluctuating around this limit. The majority of patients in this last group were heavy smokers or had liver enlargement, but in a few of them we did not find a satisfactory explanation for their moderately increased CEA levels. While our results confirm that repeated CEA assays can predict tumor recurrence with a lead time of several months over clinical diagnosis, they also give a word of warning concerning the interpretation of moderate elevations of CEA level. A moderate increase of CEA level can be the result of early distant metastases, local recurrence or exacerbation of an inflammatory disease. We feel that the decision of second look operations based on CEA results should be made only if increasing CEA values have been observed on three different blood samples taken within a period of 3 months and if no nonmalignant diseases known to increase CEA level are present. Ultimately only randomized clinical studies will determine if second look operations motivated by elevated CEA levels can improve the quality and length of survival of patients with colorectal carcinoma.

Quantify this! Report on a round table discussion on quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics.

Following the success of the first round table in 2001, the Swiss Proteomic Society has organized two additional specific events during its last two meetings: a proteomic application exercise in 2002 and a round table in 2003. Such events have as their main objective to bring together, around a challenging topic in mass spectrometry, two groups of specialists, those who develop and commercialize mass spectrometry equipment and software, and expert MS users for peptidomics and proteomics studies. The first round table (Geneva, 2001) entitled "Challenges in Mass Spectrometry" was supported by brief oral presentations that stressed critical questions in the field of MS development or applications (Stöcklin and Binz, Proteomics 2002, 2, 825-827). Topics such as (i) direct analysis of complex biological samples, (ii) status and perspectives for MS investigations of noncovalent peptide-ligant interactions; (iii) is it more appropriate to have complementary instruments rather than a universal equipment, (iv) standardization and improvement of the MS signals for protein identification, (v) what would be the new generation of equipment and finally (vi) how to keep hardware and software adapted to MS up-to-date and accessible to all. For the SPS'02 meeting (Lausanne, 2002), a full session alternative event "Proteomic Application Exercise" was proposed. Two different samples were prepared and sent to the different participants: 100 micro g of snake venom (a complex mixture of peptides and proteins) and 10-20 micro g of almost pure recombinant polypeptide derived from the shrimp Penaeus vannamei carrying an heterogeneous post-translational modification (PTM). Among the 15 participants that received the samples blind, eight returned results and most of them were asked to present their results emphasizing the strategy, the manpower and the instrumentation used during the congress (Binz et. al., Proteomics 2003, 3, 1562-1566). It appeared that for the snake venom extract, the quality of the results was not particularly dependant on the strategy used, as all approaches allowed Lication of identification of a certain number of protein families. The genus of the snake was identified in most cases, but the species was ambiguous. Surprisingly, the precise identification of the recombinant almost pure polypeptides appeared to be much more complicated than expected as only one group reported the full sequence. Finally the SPS'03 meeting reported here included a round table on the difficult and challenging task of "Quantification by Mass Spectrometry", a discussion sustained by four selected oral presentations on the use of stable isotopes, electrospray ionization versus matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization approaches to quantify peptides and proteins in biological fluids, the handling of differential two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry data resulting from high throughput experiments, and the quantitative analysis of PTMs. During these three events at the SPS meetings, the impressive quality and quantity of exchanges between the developers and providers of mass spectrometry equipment and software, expert users and the audience, were a key element for the success of these fruitful events and will have definitively paved the way for future round tables and challenging exercises at SPS meetings.

Immunologic work up of subjects who didn't respond appropriately to a rabies post exposure prophylaxis

Background New recommendations for rabies postexposure prophylaxis (rPEP) were published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization in 2010. In view of these new recommendations, the adequacy of rPEP among patients consulting the travel clinic of the University Hospital of Lausanne has been investigated and 6,8% of patients have been identified as non-responders with the new rPEP regimen. In this study we have selected the non-responders for a complete immunologic work up. Method Clinical and paraclinical immunologic investigations have been done to the non- responders patients. Those investigations have been conducted to look for an increased susceptibility to infections and an immunodeficiency. The investigations included a clinical evaluation, a full blood count, measurement of the immunoglobulin levels, a numeration of the subpopulations of the lymphocytes, a HIV test and an evaluation of the humoral response to tetanus, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B vaccinations. A lymphocyte proliferation assay with rabies antigen was performed to assess the cellular immune response. Results 9 subjects with rabies antibody titers ≤0,5 IU/ml after an rPEP with 4 doses were included in this study (=non-responders). 8/9 of these non-responders had an unremarkable medical history. 9/9 of them had normal paraclinical tests that did not suggest an immunodeficiency. The results of the lymphocyte proliferation assay with rabies antigen showed a significant correlation between the level of the humoral and cellular response. Conclusion These results suggest that a 4 dose intramuscular rPEP elicits in some patients a relatively poor humoral and cellular response, even in the absence of any immunosuppression. A serology on day 21 of the rPEP seems therefore useful to identify the patients who don't respond appropriately. Those non-responders should receive additional doses until they reach an antibody titer above 0.5 IU/ml.

Catching up with competitiveness in emerging markets – An analysis of the role of the firm’s technology management strategies

Emerging markets have experienced rapid economic growth, and manufacturing firms have had to face the effects of globalisation. Some of the major emerging economies have been able to create a supportive business environment that fosters innovation, and China is a good example of a country that has been able to increase value-added investments. Conversely, when we look at Russia, another big emerging market, we witness a situation in which domestic firms struggle more with global competitiveness. Innovation has proven to be one of the most essential ingredients for firms aiming to grow and become more competitive. In emerging markets, the business environment sets many constraints for innovation. However, open strategic choices in new product development enable companies in emerging markets to expand their resource base and capability building. Networking and close inter-firm cooperation are essential in this regard. In this dissertation, I argue that technology transfer is one of the key tools for these companies to become internationally networked and to improve their competitiveness. It forces companies to reach outside the company and national borders, which in many cases, is a major challenge for firms in emerging markets. This dissertation focuses on how companies can catch up with competitiveness in emerging markets. The empirical studies included in the dissertation are based on analyses of survey data mainly of firms and their strategies in the Russian manufacturing industry. The dissertation contributes to the current strategic management literature by further investigating technology management strategies in manufacturing firms in emerging markets and the benefits of more open approaches to new product development and innovation.

Crowland Municipality : an act for regulating and governing auctioneers, and other persons putting up for sale, goods, wares, and merchandise to the highest or best bidder., 1854

On February 1st, 1854 an act was passed in order to regulate the sale of goods, wares and merchandise. Section I pertained to the fact that any merchant would first obtain a license. Section II deemed that no merchant should sell any wine or spirituous liquors, beer or ale within the municipality of Crowland in any less quantity than 5 gallons or less than 12 bottles in any place other than a House of Public Entertainment without having obtained a license. Section III was in regard to licensing any person who would use a billiard table which was set up for hire or gain. Section IV stated that all sums of money paid by the keepers of Houses of Public Entertainment plus the imperial duty of 2 pound would be payable to the Treasurer of the Municipality of Crowland. Section V was written regarding the continuance of the act to regulate inns, taverns, temperance houses and other Houses of Public Entertainment. Section VI specified that all recesses (not authorized to sell liquor) would pay the sum of 2 pounds. Section VII declared that Peter Benedict was appointed Revenue Inspector of the township and section VIII stated that recess-keepers who took out liquor licenses would be required to pay 6 pounds 5 shillings and for violating this they would pay a penalty. This document was written by Leonard M. Matthews, Township reeve and Alex Reid, clerk.

Literary meals in Canada : the Food/books of Austin Clarke, Hiromi Goto, Tessa McWatt and Fred Wah

Literary Meals in Canada étudie Pig Tails ’n Breadfruit d'Austin Clarke, Chorus of Mushrooms et The Kappa Child de Hiromi Goto, This Body de Tessa McWatt, ainsi que Diamond Grill de Fred Wah. Cette thèse entreprend d’établir la signification de la nourriture dans ces récits, ce qu'elle permet aux auteur(e)s d'exprimer par rapport à divers thématiques—les structures sociales, la culture, le langage, ou encore la subjectivité—et comment ils/elles établissent des connexions entre elles, et quelles conclusions ils/elles en tirent. En d'autres termes, cette thèse s'interroge sur les stratégies utilisées par ces auteur(e)s lorsqu'ils écrivent de la “nourritéra-ture.” Ma lecture de ces oeuvres est aussi ancrée au sein d'une conversation sur la nourriture au sens large: que ce soit dans les cercles académiques, dans les supermarchés, par l'intermédiaire des étiquettes, ou dans les médias. J'examine comment mon corpus littéraire répond, infirme, ou confirme les discours actuels sur la nourriture. Divisé en quatre chapitres—Production, Approvisionnement, Préparation, et Consommation—ce mémoire précise la signification du “literary supermarket” de Rachel Bowlby, en s'appuyant sur les travaux de Michael Pollan et Hiromi Goto; compare la haute cuisine d'Escoffier à la “hot-cuisine” d'Austin Clarke; recherche les connections entre l’acte de faire la cuisine et celui de l’écrire chez Luce Giard, Austin Clarke, et Fred Wah; confronte les préceptes d'Emily Post concernant les bonnes manières de la table à la cacophonie et aux bruits de mastication chez Hiromi Goto; et relie Tessa McWatt et Elspeth Probyn qui partagent, toutes deux, un intérêt et une approche à la sustentation des corps. Les textes qui composent ce corpus sont des “foodbooks” (“aliment-textes”). La nourriture, et les différentes activités qui y sont associées, y est transcrite. C’est pourquoi cette thèse accorde une grande importance aux particularités de ce moyen d'expression.

Fourier-Matrizen und Ringe mit Basis

Bei der Bestimmung der irreduziblen Charaktere einer Gruppe vom Lie-Typ entwickelte Lusztig eine Theorie, in der eine sogenannte Fourier-Transformation auftaucht. Dies ist eine Matrix, die nur von der Weylgruppe der Gruppe vom Lie-Typ abhängt. Anhand der Eigenschaften, die eine solche Fourier- Matrix erfüllen muß, haben Geck und Malle ein Axiomensystem aufgestellt. Dieses ermöglichte es Broue, Malle und Michel füur die Spetses, über die noch vieles unbekannt ist, Fourier-Matrizen zu bestimmen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine Untersuchung und neue Interpretation dieser Fourier-Matrizen, die hoffentlich weitere Informationen zu den Spetses liefert. Die Werkzeuge, die dabei entstehen, sind sehr vielseitig verwendbar, denn diese Matrizen entsprechen gewissen Z-Algebren, die im Wesentlichen die Eigenschaften von Tafelalgebren besitzen. Diese spielen in der Darstellungstheorie eine wichtige Rolle, weil z.B. Darstellungsringe Tafelalgebren sind. In der Theorie der Kac-Moody-Algebren gibt es die sogenannte Kac-Peterson-Matrix, die auch die Eigenschaften unserer Fourier-Matrizen besitzt. Ein wichtiges Resultat dieser Arbeit ist, daß die Fourier-Matrizen, die G. Malle zu den imprimitiven komplexen Spiegelungsgruppen definiert, die Eigenschaft besitzen, daß die Strukturkonstanten der zugehörigen Algebren ganze Zahlen sind. Dazu müssen äußere Produkte von Gruppenringen von zyklischen Gruppen untersucht werden. Außerdem gibt es einen Zusammenhang zu den Kac-Peterson-Matrizen: Wir beweisen, daß wir durch Bildung äußerer Produkte von den Matrizen vom Typ A(1)1 zu denen vom Typ C(1) l gelangen. Lusztig erkannte, daß manche seiner Fourier-Matrizen zum Darstellungsring des Quantendoppels einer endlichen Gruppe gehören. Deswegen ist es naheliegend zu versuchen, die noch ungeklärten Matrizen als solche zu identifizieren. Coste, Gannon und Ruelle untersuchen diesen Darstellungsring. Sie stellen eine Reihe von wichtigen Fragen. Eine dieser Fragen beantworten wir, nämlich inwieweit rekonstruiert werden kann, zu welcher endlichen Gruppe gegebene Matrizen gehören. Den Darstellungsring des getwisteten Quantendoppels berechnen wir für viele Beispiele am Computer. Dazu müssen unter anderem Elemente aus der dritten Kohomologie-Gruppe H3(G,C×) explizit berechnet werden, was bisher anscheinend in noch keinem Computeralgebra-System implementiert wurde. Leider ergibt sich hierbei kein Zusammenhang zu den von Spetses herrührenden Matrizen. Die Werkzeuge, die in der Arbeit entwickelt werden, ermöglichen eine strukturelle Zerlegung der Z-Ringe mit Basis in bekannte Anteile. So können wir für die meisten Matrizen der Spetses Konstruktionen angeben: Die zugehörigen Z-Algebren sind Faktorringe von Tensorprodukten von affinen Ringe Charakterringen und von Darstellungsringen von Quantendoppeln.

How to make a Table of Contents to cover only part of the file in MS Word 2010

A Table of Contents can be tweaked so that it picks up the content from only part of a file (such as an Appendix). This video shows you how to make such a change to a Table of Contents that is based upon Heading Styles. For best viewing Download the video.

Creating a Table of Contents to cover only part of a file's content using MS Word 2011 for Apple computers

A Table of Contents can be tweaked so that it picks up the content from only part of a file (such as an Appendix). This video shows you how to make such a change to a Table of Contents that is based upon Heading Styles. For best viewing Download the video.

How do I get the Chapter number in Table or Figure captions to restart in Appendices using the University thesis template in Word 2010?

If you have added the Chapter number to your Table or Figure captions they will show as 1.1, 1.2 and so on. This is linked to the numbering used in the Heading 1 style. However, once you get to the Appendices the last Chapter number will continue throughout the Appendices as the Appendix heading isn't Heading 1. So what you need to do is get Word to understand that the style from which it should be picking up the first part of the Caption has changed and that it will need to restart the numbering again in each subsequent Appendix. This isn't too complex but you must follow the instructions to the letter or else it won't work.

Diferencias entre la regla de exclusión probatoria nacional y la regla de exclusión del Derecho Internacional Penal: análisis de tres casos de injerencias en comunicaciones privadas.

Teniendo en cuenta tres casos dentro del contexto del conflicto armado donde la jurisdicción penal colombiana estudia la admisión o exclusión de medios probatorios producidos a partir de injerencias de comunicaciones, encontramos que no siempre se aplica la regla de exclusión cuando no cuentan con una orden judicial previa. Ante este problema, buscamos como se ha solucionado, teniendo como referente la el Derecho Internacional Humanitario, el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. Lo anterior nos da base para entender la regla de exclusión de que se ha venido desarrollando dentro del Derecho Internacional Penal. Si bien estas reglas nos sirven para solucionar estos tres casos, terminan siendo contradictorios a lo que ha venido desarrollando la Corte Constitucional. De esta manera, si bien esta Corte consideró que la regla de Estatuto de Roma, va en concordancia con la nuestra regla de exclusión nacional, tal afirmación es errónea.