Adubo de liberação lenta na produção de mudas de mamoeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir as doses adequadas de um adubo de liberação lenta para a produção de mudas dos principais genótipos de mamoeiro cultivados no Estado do Espírito Santo. O experimento foi realizado em estufa agrícola, na Empresa Caliman Agrícola S.A., em Linhares-ES, sob delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x6. Foram avaliados cinco genótipos de mamoeiro 'Golden', 'Calimosa', 'Tainung 01', 'INCAPER 09' e 'INCAPER 39', cultivados em substrato comercial fertilizado com seis doses de um adubo de liberação lenta, fórmula NPK + (Mg) 13-06-16 + (1,4): 0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0 e 12,5 kg m-3. Houve diferenças no crescimento e no estado nutricional das mudas de mamoeiro em relação ao genótipo e às doses do adubo de liberação lenta utilizados. As doses do adubo que proporcionaram os maiores valores para altura e massa seca total das mudas de mamoeiro foram: 11,2 e 11,3 kg m-3 para o 'Golden'; 7,7 e 7,9 kg m-3 para o 'Calimosa'; 11,6 e 10,9 kg m-3 para o 'Tainung 01'; 10,5 e 10,6 kg m-3 para o 'INCAPER 09', e 11,0 e 9,6 kg m-3 para o 'INCAPER 39', respectivamente. Nessas mesmas doses do adubo, as mudas apresentaram adequado nível nutricional.

Disponibilidade de nutrientes e crescimento de porta-enxertos de citros fertilizados com fertilizantes convencionais e de liberação lenta

Os fertilizantes de liberação lenta são usados para reduzir a frequência das adubações por disponibilizar gradualmente os nutrientes às plantas. Entretanto, a liberação de nutrientes deve coincidir com a demanda nutricional das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a disponibilidade de N, P e K e o crescimento de dois porta-enxertos de citros quando fertilizados com fertilizantes de liberação lenta e fertilizantes convencionais. Foram avaliados dois manejos de adubação em substrato comercial (com fertilizantes de liberação lenta e somente com fertilizantes convencionais), dois porta-enxertos (limoeiro 'Cravo' e tangerineira 'Sunki') e cinco épocas de avaliação (30; 60; 90; 120 e 180 dias após o replantio das mudas), com cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela. O emprego do fertilizante de liberação lenta aumentou o diâmetro de caule, número de folhas, teores de P nas folhas e disponibilidade de P e K no substrato, quando comparado ao emprego da fertilização convencional.

Simulação e análise dosimétrica de protonterapia e íons de carbono no tratamento do melanoma uveal

OBJETIVO: Este artigo apresenta a avaliação dosimétrica da radioterapia por íons de carbono em comparação à protonterapia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As simulações computacionais foram elaboradas no código Geant4 (GEometry ANd Tracking). Um modelo de olho discretizado em voxels implementado no sistema Siscodes (sistema computacional para dosimetria em radioterapia) foi empregado, em que perfis de dose em profundidade e curvas de isodose foram gerados e superpostos. Nas simulações com feixe de íons de carbono, distintos valores de energia do feixe foram adotados, enquanto nas simulações com feixe de prótons os dispositivos da linha de irradiação foram incluídos e diferentes espessuras do material absorvedor foram aplicadas. RESULTADOS: As saídas das simulações foram processadas e integradas ao Siscodes para gerar as distribuições espaciais de dose no modelo ocular, considerando alterações do posicionamento de entrada do feixe. Os percentuais de dose foram normalizados em função da dose máxima para um feixe em posição de entrada específica, energia da partícula incidente e número de íons de carbono e de prótons incidentes. CONCLUSÃO: Os benefícios descritos e os resultados apresentados contribuem para o desenvolvimento das aplicações clínicas e das pesquisas em radioterapia ocular por íons de carbono e prótons.

Íons nitrênio

This paper reviews the chemistry of nitrenium ions, the nitrogen analogues of the carbenium ions, showing the pioneering studies and some synthetic applications.

Espectroscopia óptica de vidros fluoroindatos dopados com íons Er3+ e Yb3+

Optical spectroscopy in the 400-1700nm wavelength range was performed on rare earth doped heavy metal fluoride (HMF) glasses. In the present work In-based fluoride glasses with a fixed 2 mol % YbF3 concentration and an ErF3 content ranging from 0 to 8 mol % were investigated. According to the experimental spectroscopic data a dependence in the absorption coefficient, the photoluminescence intensity and in the radiative lifetime could be verified as a function of the ErF3 content. In addition, at liquid nitrogen temperature, light emission corresponding to indirect transitions in the infrared energy range could be easily observed as a consequence of the low phonon frequency characteristic of this class of fluoride glasses. For all the studied compositions, strong upconversion to the green and red light was observed by pumping these Er3+- and Yb3+-doped HMF glasses with 790 and 980nm photon sources.

Ácido L-ascórbico: reações de complexação e de óxido-redução com alguns íons metálicos de transição

The strong reducing action of L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) are of fundamental interest in biochemical and related process. The oxidation of ascorbic acid by molecular oxygen and others oxidants are of fundamental importance, involving the intervention of transition metal ions as catalysts and the formation transition metal complexes of ascorbic acid as intermediates. The present article is intended to cover some aspects of the reactions of ascorbic acid and related compounds involving some transition metal ions.

Determinação permanganimétrica de íons Fe3+ com o uso de zinco metálico como redutor - uma contribuição ao ensino de química analítica

The classical volumetric titration of Fe2+ with MnO4-, used in some routine analysis as well as in undergraduate courses was improved. SnCl2 (to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+) and HgCl2 (to oxidize excess SnCl2) were substituted by metallic zinc in boiling solutions, thus avoiding the toxic HgCl2 and Hg2Cl2; nitrate ions do not interfere in the improved methodology (it is an interference in the classical one) and the reproducibility of the determinations is increased by using metallic zinc. Determinations by students of undergraduate courses are discussed.

Cinética e mecanismo da reação de auto-oxidação de S(IV) catalisada por íons metálicos de transição

The oxidation process of sulfur (IV) species (SO2, HSO3- e SO32-) by oxygen, catalysed by trace metal ion and complexes, can play an important role in atmospheric, analytical and bioinorganic chemistry. An overview of the most important reactions in these fields is presented. A fascinating redox cycling of the metal ions and complexes during such autoxidation process was revealed by the combination of kinetics and coordination chemistry studies.

Adsorção de íons Cu2+ em latossolo vermelho-amarelo húmico

In environmental studies it is necessary to know the adsorption behavior of metals by soils, since the unfavorable effects of heavy metals and even the micronutrients at high concentrations in the environment are related to these adsorbents' ability to immobilize them. A sample of a humic yellow red oxisol from Araponga region in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, was used to verify the adsorption behavior of Cu2+ ions in this substrate. The mathematical model described by Langmuir's adsorption equation in its linearized form was applied and the values of the maximum capacity b and those of the constant related to the bonding energy a were obtained. Aliquots of copper nitrate solutions containing several concentrations of this metal were added to soil samples, the pH being predetermined for developing the adsorption experiments. The chemical and physical characterization of soil sample were performed by determining the organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, concentration of metals (Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Pb, and Cd), granulometric analysis and X-ray diffraction. Langmuir isotherms presented two distinct adsorption regions at both pH 4 and pH 5, showing that the adsorptive phenomenon occurs in two distinct stages. The adsorption sites for the lower part presented greater bonding energy and low adsorption capacity compared with the adsorption sites of the part of the curve corresponding to higher Cu concentrations in the equilibrating solution.

Obtenção de um material adsorvente para íons de metais pesados, através da eletropolimerização de 2-mercaptobenzimidazol à superfície de carbono vítreo reticulado

Electrochemical methods applied to organic species transformation has been used as excellent synthesis tools. C-C bonds can be established, making possible polymer synthesis by both anodic and cathodic reactions of suitable monomer species at the working electrode surface. In this study, anodic procedure was used to electropolymerization of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole at reticulated glassy carbon (RGC) surface. 2-mercaptobenzimidazole presents ligand sites towards Hg2+, Ag+ and Cu2+ ions. The obtained material has been able to adsorb the above mentioned ions in aqueous solution.

Íons carbônio

Carbonium ions are carbocations with a pentacoordinated carbon atom, where the electronic octet is maintained. They possess a three center two electron bond in order to keep the tetravalence of the carbon atom. This paper reviews the concept of carbonium ions, their formation, stability and reactions.

Substâncias húmicas aquáticas: fracionamento molecular e caracterização de rearranjos internos após complexação com íons metálicos

The aquatic humic substances (AHS) investigated in this study were conventionally isolated from Rio Negro waters - Amazonas State/Brazil by means of the collector XAD 8. A special five-stage tangential-flow ultrafiltration device was used for analytical fractionation of AHS. The fractionation patterns (6 fractions each) showed that metal traces remaining in AHS after their XAD 8 isolation have different size distributions. For instance, the major percentage of traces of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb (determined using ICP-AES) was preferably complexed by molecules with relatively high molecular size (30-100 kDa) and the following complexation order was characterized: F2 >> F1 = F4 = F5 > F3 > F6. Moreover, the species formed between AHS and metals prepared by spiking, showed distribution patterns changing as a function of the complexation time (ageing process), indicating a slow transformation process and an inner rearrangements in the binding sites within the AHS molecules.

Usando um website para explicar a espectrometria de ressonância ciclotrônica de íons por transformada de Fourier

This article shows the usefulness of a website to explain the concepts, operational events, vacuum system, applications and an experimental sequence of the Fourier Transform Ion Ciclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry technique (http://143.107.46.113/icr/icrj.html).

Determinação espectrofotométrica de dipirona em produtos farmacêuticos por injeção em fluxo pela geração de íons triiodeto

A flow injection spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the determination of metamizol in pharmaceutical formulations. The system is based on the reaction between metamizol and triiodide generated in the system by mixing iodate and iodide-starch solutions. The absorbance of triiodide-starch complex giving a steady-state baseline value which was monitored at 580 nm. The inverse peaks caused by metamizol samples were measured and there was a direct relationship between absorbance decreasing and metamizol concentration from 1.4 x 10-4 to 7.0 x 10-4 mol L-1. The RSD was 0.45 % for a metamizol solution 4.2 x 10-4 mol L-1 (n = 10) with a detection limit (three-fold blank standard deviation/slope) of 6.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 The feasibility of the system was demonstrated for the determination of metamizol in commercial samples with sixty results obtained per hour. The results obtained for metamizol in pharmaceutical formulations using the proposed flow procedure and those obtained using an iodimetric procedure are in agreement at the 95% confidence level and within an acceptable range of error.

Microemulsões: estrutura e aplicações como sistema de liberação de fármacos

Depending on formula composition, microemulsions may be used as a vehicle for drug administration. In this work the main applicable parameters used in the development of pharmaceutical microemulsions (ME) are analyzed. The conceptual description of the system, theoretical parameters related to formation of internal phases and some aspects of ME stability are described. The pseudo ternary phase diagram is used to characterize ME boundaries and to describe different structures in several regions of the diagram. Some applications of ME as drug delivery systems for different administration routes are also analyzed. ME offer advantages as drug delivery systems, because they favor drug absorption, being in most cases faster and more efficient than other methods in delivering the same amount of drug.