Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

BACKGROUND: The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. METHODS: We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. FINDINGS: 292,982 (95% UI 261,017-327,792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376,034 (343,483-407,574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1-1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6-3·6) in Iceland. INTERPRETATION: Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Estudo de diferentes parâmetros de estresse oxidativo na adrenoleucodistrofia ligada ao X

A adrenoleucodistrofia ligada ao cromossomo X (X-ALD) é uma doença peroxissomal bioquimicamente caracterizada pelo acúmulo de ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa (“Very Long Chain Fatty Acids” - VLCFA), principalmente os ácidos hexacosanóico (C26:0) e tetracosanóico (C24:0), em diferentes tecidos e fluidos orgânicos. A doença é clinicamente caracterizada por progressiva desmielinização central e periférica e insuficiência adrenal. Os mecanismos exatos do dano cerebral na X-ALD são pouco conhecidos. O tratamento usual para X-ALD com a mistura gliceroltrioleato/gliceroltrierucato na proporção 4:1, conhecido como óleo de Lorenzo (OL), em combinação com uma dieta de restrição dos VLCFA normaliza os níveis de VLCFA, mas em pacientes sintomáticos os sintomas neurológicos persistem ou progridem. Os radicais livres parecem estar envolvidos em um grande número de enfermidades no ser humano, tais como nas doenças neurodegenerativas (como doença de Parkinson, doença de Alzheimer e esclerose múltipla), nas doenças crônico-inflamatórias, nas doenças vasculares e no câncer. Considerando que a geração de radicais livres está envolvida em várias desordens neurodegenerativas, no presente estudo foram avaliados vários parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em plasma, eritrócitos e fibroblastos de pacientes sintomáticos com X-ALD. Também foi avaliado o efeito do tratamento com OL sobre diferentes parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em plasma e em eritrócitos de pacientes sintomáticos e assintomáticos com X-ALD tratados e não tratados com OL. Considerando que não é possível estudar estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de pacientes com X-ALD, foi avaliado o efeito in vitro da mistura VI ácido oleico (C18:1)/ácido erúcico (C22:1) sobre diversos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em plasma e em eritrócitos humanos normais e em córtex cerebral de ratos adicionados dos ácidos hexacosanóico(C26:0) e tetracosanóico (C24:0). Foi verificado um aumento significativo da quimiluminescência e das espécies reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS), refletindo uma indução da peroxidação lipídica, bem como uma diminuição da reatividade antioxidante total (TAR) medida em plasma de pacientes sintomáticos, indicando uma capacidade deficiente em rapidamente combater um aumento das espécies reativas. Também foi observado um aumento da atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) em eritrócitos e das atividades da catalase (CAT) e da superóxido dismutase (SOD) em fibroblastos dos pacientes sintomáticos estudados. Estes dados sugerem que o estresse oxidativo pode estar envolvido na fisiopatologia da X-ALD. Verificamos também que o OL não reverteu o aumento do TBA-RS no plasma de indivíduos X-ALD. A determinação de TAR não apresentou alterações no plasma de pacientes X-ALD sintomáticos e assintomáticos antes e após o tratamento com OL. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes CAT, GPx e SOD não se mostrou alterada em eritrócitos destes pacientes tratados ou não com OL. Nos experimentos in vitro, foi constatado um aumento significativo da quimiluminescência e de TBA-RS em plasma humano e em córtex cerebral de ratos adicionados dos ácidos C26:0C24:0, porém a mistura C18:1/C22:1 não reverteu este efeito. A medida de TAR não se mostrou alterada em córtex cerebral de ratos adicionado de C26:0C24:0, bem como não foi modificada pela mistura C18:1/C22:1. Por outro lado, a adição de C26:0C24:0 em plasma humano diminuiu a medida de TAR, porém a mistura C18:1/C22:1 não alterou esse efeito. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes CAT e GPx não foram alteradas em eritrócitos humanos e em córtex cerebral de ratos pela adição de C26:0C24:0 , nem pela mistura C18:1/C22:1. O mesmo foi observado na medida de SOD em eritrócitos humanos adicionados de C26:0C24:0. A medida da atividade da SOD em córtex cerebral de ratos apresentou um aumento significativo induzido por C26:0C24:0 , porém a presença da mistura C18:1/C22:1 não modificou este efeito. Estes resultados sugerem fortemente que o estresse oxidativo possa estar envolvido na fisiopatologia da X-ALD e que o tratamento com óleo de Lorenzo não modifica estes parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Assim, novas estratégias terapêuticas deveriam ser investigadas para pacientes de X-ALD.

El rey que es formosura de Espanna : imagens do poder real na obra de Afonso X, o sábio (1221-1284)

O rei castelhano Afonso X, o Sábio (1221-1284) é considerado como o idealizador de uma vasta obra que inclui textos de caráter jurídico, historiográfico, científico e sua produção poética. Este estudo propõe evidenciar o caráter propagandístico da obra afonsina considerando as condições de produção e difusão dos textos e a sua relação com o projeto político centralizador do Rei Sábio. Procurando observar a maneira pela qual o pensamento político afonsino é revelado em sua obra, são aqui analisadas as imagens do rex christianus, cujo poder provém de Deus, do rex iustus, cuja função é administrar a justiça em seu reino, e do rex sapiens, que dispõe da virtude e do conhecimento necessários para bem governar.

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Pirólise rápida catalítica do capim elefante utilizando materiais mesoporosos e óxidos metálicos para deoxigenação em bio-óleo

The fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a thermochemical conversion process for production energy which have been very atratactive due to energetic use of its products: gas (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc.), liquid (bio-oil) and charcoal. The bio-oil is the main product of fast pyrolysis, and its final composition and characteristics is intrinsically related to quality of biomass (ash disposal, moisture, content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and efficiency removal of oxygen compounds that cause undesirable features such as increased viscosity, instability, corrosiveness and low calorific value. The oxygenates are originated in the conventional process of biomass pyrolysis, where the use of solid catalysts allows minimization of these products by improving the bio-oil quality. The present study aims to evaluate the products of catalytic pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) using solid catalysts as tungsten oxides, supported or not in mesoporous materials like MCM-41, derived silica from rice husk ash, aimed to reduce oxygenates produced in pyrolysis. The biomasss treatment by washing with heated water (CEL) or washing with acid solution (CELix) and application of tungsten catalysts on vapors from the pyrolysis process was designed to improve the pyrolysis products quality. Conventional and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC/MS. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X ray fluorescence, temperature programmed reduction and thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic studies applying the Flynn and Wall model were performed in order to evaluate the apparent activation energy of holoceluloce thermal decomposition on samples elephant grass (CE, CEL and CELix). The results show the effectiveness of the treatment process, reducing the ash content, and were also observed decrease in the apparent activation energy of these samples. The catalytic pyrolysis process converted most of the oxygenate componds in aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc

Análise de viabilidade de injeção de fluidos alternativos ao vapor em reservatórios de óleo pesado

Many of hydrocarbon reserves existing in the world are formed by heavy oils (°API between 10 and 20). Moreover, several heavy oil fields are mature and, thus, offer great challenges for oil industry. Among the thermal methods used to recover these resources, steamflooding has been the main economically viable alternative. Latent heat carried by steam heats the reservoir, reducing oil viscosity and facilitating the production. This method has many variations and has been studied both theoretically and experimentally (in pilot projects and in full field applications). In order to increase oil recovery and reduce steam injection costs, the injection of alternative fluid has been used on three main ways: alternately, co-injected with steam and after steam injection interruption. The main objective of these injection systems is to reduce the amount of heat supplied to the reservoir, using cheaper fluids and maintaining the same oil production levels. This works discusses the use of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane and water as an alternative fluid to the steam. The analyzed parameters were oil recoveries and net cumulative oil productions. The reservoir simulation model corresponds to an oil reservoir of 100 m x 100 m x 28 m size, on a Cartesian coordinates system (x, y and z directions). It is a semi synthetic model with some reservoir data similar to those found in Brazilian Potiguar Basin. All studied cases were done using the simulator STARS from CMG (Computer Modelling Group, version 2009.10). It was found that waterflood after steam injection interruption achieved the highest net cumulative oil compared to other fluids injection. Moreover, it was observed that steam and alternative fluids, co-injected and alternately, did not present increase on profitability project compared with steamflooding

Processo de maturação das gônadas de pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) alimentado com dois níveis proteicos e suplementados com óleo de milho

Investigou-se o efeito da adição de C18:2n6, por meio da inclusão de óleo de milho em dietas com dois níveis de proteína bruta, sobre o processo de maturação de gametas de pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, mantidos em tanques-rede. Foram avaliados: taxa de sobrevivência, relação peso x comprimento, fator de condição (K) e índice gonadossomático (IGS). O experimento foi realizado entre março de 2004 e fevereiro de 2006, em 12 tanques-rede, distribuídos em seis viveiros-escavados de 600m² e densidade de estocagem de 20 peixes/tanque-rede. Utilizaram-se três tratamentos (T) com duas repetições/viveiro: T1 com 28% de PB; T2 com 28% de PB + 5% óleo de milho e T3 com 40% de PB. O crescimento foi ligeiramente mais alto nos peixes do T3. As taxas de sobrevivência foram acima de 77%. Pode-se inferir que as rações ofertadas não causaram alterações histomorfológicas durante o processo de maturação gonadal dessa espécie. O IGS e o K foram ligeiramente mais altos nos animais alimentados com a ração enriquecida com óleo de milho.

Aplicação de óleo fúsel isolado e em mistura com glifosato na pós-emergência tardia de plantas daninhas

Este trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Cana IAC, Ribeirão Preto, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do óleo fúsel isolado e em mistura com glifosato, aplicado na pós-emergência tardia de plantas daninhas de uma comunidade natural. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), com 13 tratamentos em quatro repetições, sendo 52 parcelas de 3 x 3 m cada. A aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada em 22/3/2006, com equipamento costal pressurizado munido de barra com quatro pontas de pulverização Teejet 110.02 TT, regulado para volume de calda de 212 L ha-1. Avaliaram-se a porcentagem de controle aos 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias após a aplicação do tratamento (DAA) e a massa seca, aos 42 DAA. Para a maioria dos tratamentos somente não houve 100% de controle devido à presença de plantas daninhas dos gêneros Commelina e Cyperus spp., que, mesmo com partes amareladas, foram mais tolerantes à aplicação dos produtos. O controle obtido com óleo fúsel aplicado isoladamente não ultrapassou 20%, aos 42 DAA.

Interação tritrófica e influência de produtos químicos e vegetais no complexo: brássicas x traça-das-crucíferas x parasitóides de ovos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção de fitomassa, teor e produtividade do óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. em função da adubação orgânica

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de fitomassa, teor e produtividade do óleo essencial de Baccharis dracuculifolia DC., em função de doses de adubo orgânico, e foram utilizadas mudas produzidas por semente, e mantidas sob sombrite pelo período de 84 dias até serem transplantadas para o campo, no espaçamento de 1,0 x 1,0 m, com irrigação por gotejamento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e as doses de composto orgânico foram: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 t ha-1. Foi realizada uma colheita, aos 150 dias após o transplante das mudas. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação e analisado em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (Shimadzu, QP-5000). Todos os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F seguido da análise de regressão e o teste Tukey para os dados: massa seca útil da parte aérea, teor e produtividade do óleo essencial. Para as variáveis massa seca total e massa seca útil da parte aérea, as dosagens estudadas influenciaram as plantas, que apresentaram os melhores resultados na dose 50 t ha-1. Para teor de óleo não houve influência significativa para as dosagens estudadas, porém a dose 30 t ha-1 apresentou o melhor resultado. Entretanto para a produtividade do óleo essencial, as dosagens estudadas influenciaram as plantas, que na dosagem 30 t ha-1 obtiveram os melhores resultados.

Bio-óleo e biogás da degradação termoquímica de lodo de esgoto doméstico em cilindro rotativo

The objective of this study was to produce biofuels (bio-oil and gas) from the thermal treatment of sewage sludge in rotating cylinder, aiming industrial applications. The biomass was characterized by immediate and instrumental analysis (elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy - SEM, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and ICP-OES). A kinetic study on non-stationary regime was done to calculate the activation energy by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis evaluating thermochemical and thermocatalytic process of sludge, the latter being in the presence of USY zeolite. As expected, the activation energy evaluated by the mathematical model "Model-free kinetics" applying techniques isoconversionais was lowest for the catalytic tests (57.9 to 108.9 kJ/mol in the range of biomass conversion of 40 to 80%). The pyrolytic plant at a laboratory scale reactor consists of a rotating cylinder whose length is 100 cm with capable of processing up to 1 kg biomass/h. In the process of pyrolysis thermochemical were studied following parameters: temperature of reaction (500 to 600 ° C), flow rate of carrier gas (50 to 200 mL/min), frequency of rotation of centrifugation for condensation of bio-oil (20 to 30 Hz) and flow of biomass (4 and 22 g/min). Products obtained during the process (pyrolytic liquid, coal and gas) were characterized by classical and instrumental analytical techniques. The maximum yield of liquid pyrolytic was approximately 10.5% obtained in the conditions of temperature of 500 °C, centrifugation speed of 20 Hz, an inert gas flow of 200 mL/min and feeding of biomass 22 g/min. The highest yield obtained for the gas phase was 23.3% for the temperature of 600 °C, flow rate of 200 mL/min inert, frequency of rotation of the column of vapor condensation 30 Hz and flow of biomass of 22 g/min. The non-oxygenated aliphatic hydrocarbons were found in greater proportion in the bio-oil (55%) followed by aliphatic oxygenated (27%). The bio-oil had the following characteristics: pH 6.81, density between 1.05 and 1.09 g/mL, viscosity between 2.5 and 3.1 cSt and highest heating value between 16.91 and 17.85 MJ/ kg. The main components in the gas phase were: H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. Hydrogen was the main constituent of the gas mixture, with a yield of about 46.2% for a temperature of 600 ° C. Among the hydrocarbons formed, methane was found in higher yield (16.6%) for the temperature 520 oC. The solid phase obtained showed a high ash content (70%) due to the abundant presence of metals in coal, in particular iron, which was also present in bio-oil with a rate of 0.068% in the test performed at a temperature of 500 oC.

Quantificação do linalol no óleo essencial da Aniba duckei Korstermans utilizando uma nova coluna capilar POLYH4-MD em Cromatografia Gasosa

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aplicação da espectroscopia de absorção de raios X no estudo do comportamento do íon Cu2+ em micelas inversas

This work deals with the application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy on the study of the behavior of Cu2+ ions in inverse micelles. The formation of copper nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsions in pseudo-ternary systems of cetyl trimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) surfactant, butanol co-surfactant, heptane as oil phase and aqueous solutions of CuSO4.5H2O, and NaBH4. The microemulsions were prepared with a fixed percentage (60 %) of oil phase and a variable water to tensoative proportion. It was observed an increase on Cu2+ reduction by the sodium borohydride in microemulsions with 13 % of aqueous phase, independent of the reaction time. For the microemulsions in which the aqueous phase is composed only by the CuSO4 solution, it was observed that the color of the solution depends on the water to surfactant ratio. These changes in color were attributed to a competition for the hidratation water between the polar head of the tensoative and Cu2+ ions with the eventual substitution of oxygen by bromine atoms in the first coordination shell of Cu2+ ions

Craqueamento termocatalítico de óleo de girassol na presença da peneira molecular SAPO-5

The catalytic cracking of triglycerides presents itself as a possible alternative to the production of biofuels with low emission of pollutants. In this work were synthesized the SAPO-5, the catalysts for the cracking reaction of soybean oil is presented. The solids were powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analyses indicated that the synthesis method has employed to obtain materials with high surface area and high acid. The soybean oil thermal and thermal catalytic cracking, realized from the room temperature to 450 ºC in a simple distillation system, has allowed obtaining two liquid fractions, each consisting of two phases, one aqueous and another organic, organic liquid (OL). The OL obtained from first fractions has shown high acid index, even in the thermal catalytic process. The products obtained in the cracking of soybean oil were analyzed by distillation, acid number, infra-red spectroscopy, density, viscosity, carbon residue, cetane number determination and characterization. The analysis of the products obtained in the presence and in the absence of the SAPO-5 permitted to conclude that all the solids tested presented catalytic activity in the deoxygenation of final products only at the second step of the cracking process