Hollow hemisphere and microcapsules of nonionic copolymer

Hemispherical colloidal nanowells or microwells with hollow interiors are becoming increasingly important for the encapsulation of functional materials. There has been rapid progress to develop new methods to obtain such structures. In this work, we present emulsification approach to generate hemisphere and microcapsules of biocompatible organic polymer. The precise control over the size is exhibited by applying variable vortex effect. The hemispheres and microcapsules of a copolymer (BPVA-PVA) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). These structures were used for loading of hydrophilic molecules and submicron colloidal particles to demonstrate their potential application. The introduction of hydrophobic groups on poly(vinyl alcohol) was crucial to obtain these structures.

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules for sustained delivery of water-soluble drugs

Polyelectrolyte capsules composed of weak polyelectrolytes are introduced as a simple and efficient system for spontaneous encapsulation of low molecular weight water-soluble drugs. Polyelectrolyte capsules were prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembling of weak polyelectrolytes, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly (methacrylic acid) (PMA) on polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) doped CaCO3 particles followed by core removal with ethylene-diaminetetraacetic add (EDTA). The loading process was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using tetramethylrhodamineisothiocyanate labeled dextran (TRITC-dextran) as a fluorescent probe. The intensity of fluorescent probe inside the capsule decreased with increase in cross-linking time. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (a model water-soluble drug) was spontaneously deposited into PAH/PMA capsules and their morphological changes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The quantitative study of drug loading was also elucidated which showed that drug loading increased with initial drug concentration, but decreased with increase in pH. The loaded drug was released in a sustained manner for 6 h, which could be further extended by cross-linking the capsule wall. The released drug showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli. These findings indicate that such capsules can be potential carriers for water-soluble drugs in sustained/controlled drug delivery applications. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Angelica archengelica extract induced perturbation of rat skin and tight junctional protein (ZO-1) of HaCaT cells

Background and purpose of the study: Herbal enhancers compared to the synthetic ones have shown less toxis effects. Coumarins have been shown at concentrations inhibiting phospoliphase C-Y (Phc-Y) are able to enhance tight junction (TJ) permeability due to hyperpoalation of Zonolous Occludense-1 (ZO-1) proteins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of ethanolic extract of Angelica archengelica (AA-E) which contain coumarin on permeation of repaglinide across rat epidermis and on the tight junction plaque protein ZO-1 in HaCaT cells. Methods: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) from the rat skin treated with different concentrations of AA-E was assessed by Tewameter. Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) on were performed on AA-E treated rat skin portions. The possibility of AA-E influence on the architecture of tight junctions by adverse effect on the cytoplasmic ZO-1 in HaCaT cells was investigated. Finally, the systemic delivery of repaglinide from the optimized transdermal formulation was investigated in rats. Results: The permeation of repaglinide across excised rat epidermis was 7-fold higher in the presence of AA-E (5% w/v) as compared to propylene glycol:ethanol (7:3) mixture. The extract was found to perturb the lipid microconstituents in both excised and viable rat skin, although, the effect was less intense in the later. The enhanced permeation of repaglinide across rat epidermis excised after treatment with AA-E (5% w/v) for different periods was in concordance with the high TEWL values of similarly treated viable rat skin. Further, the observed increase in intercellular space, disordering of lipid structure and corneocyte detachment indicated considerable effect on the ultrastructure of rat epidermis. Treatment of HaCaT cell line with AA-E (0.16% w/v) for 6 hrs influenced ZO-1 as evidenced by reduced immunofluorescence of anti-TJP1 (ZO-1) antibody in Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy studies (CLSM) studies. The plasma concentration of repaglinide from transdermal formulation was maintained higher and for longer time as compared to oral administration of repaglinide. Major conclusion: Results suggest the overwhelming influence of Angelica archengelica in enhancing the percutaneous permeation of repaglinide to be mediated through perturbation of skin lipids and tight junction protein (ZO-1).

Designing carboxymethyl cellulose based layer-by-layer capsules as a carrier for protein delivery

Stable hollow microcapsules composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) were produced by layer-by-layer adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto CaCO 3 microparticles. Subsequently the core was removed by addition of chelating agents for calcium ions. Zeta potential studies showed charge reversal with deposition of successive polyelectrolyte layers, indicating that the alternate electrostatic adsorption of polyelectrolytes of opposite charge was successfully achieved. The size and surface morphology of the capsules was characterized by various microscopy techniques. The pH responsive loading behavior was elucidated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies using fluorescence labeled dextran (FITC-dextran) and labeled BSA (FITC-BSA). CLSM images confirmed the open (pH ≤ 6) and closed state (pH ≥ 7) of the capsules. A model drug bovine serum albumin (BSA) was spontaneously loaded below its isoelectric point into hollow microcapsules, where BSA is positively charged. The loading of the BSA into the microcapsules was found to be dependent on the feeding concentration and pH of the medium. 65 of the loaded BSA was released over 7h of which about 34 was released in the first hour. These findings demonstrate that (CMC/PAH) 2 hollow capsules can be further exploited as a potential drug delivery system.

LbL-coated microcapsules as systems for encapsulation of optical brightening agent

We report the encapsulation of optical brightening agent (OBA) into hollow microcapsules prepared by the controlled Layer- by-Layer (LbL) self-assembly process, achieved by the sequential adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes using negatively charged silica template. Loading takes place by spontaneous deposition method which was proved by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using rhodamine 6G (Rd6G) as a fluorescent probe. The loading of the OBA into the microcapsules was found to be dependent on the feeding concentration, pH of the medium, and loading temperature. The encapsulation efficiency of OBA decreased on increasing feeding concentration. Maximum loading was observed at pH 4 and amount of OBA loaded decreased with increase in pH. The loaded OBA was released in a sustained manner for 8 h. No degradation of the OBA was observed during the process of encapsulation and release. Polyelectrolyte capsules potentially offer an innovative way of encapsulating large amounts of active materials for a variety of applications. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 127: 1609-1614, 2013

Taylor series expansion based multidimensional image reconstruction for confocal and 4pi microscopy

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction methodology based on Taylor series approximation (TSA) in a Bayesian image reconstruction formulation. TSA incorporates the requirement of analyticity in the image domain, and acts as a finite impulse response filter. This technique is validated on images obtained from widefield, confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and two-photon excited 4pi (2PE-4pi) fluorescence microscopy. Studies on simulated 3D objects, mitochondria-tagged yeast cells (labeled with Mitotracker Orange) and mitochondrial networks (tagged with Green fluorescent protein) show a signal-to-background improvement of 40% and resolution enhancement from 360 to 240 nm. This technique can easily be extended to other imaging modalities (single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), individual molecule localization SPIM, stimulated emission depletion microscopy and its variants).

In Vivo Genotoxicity Assessment of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Allium cepa Root Tip Assay at High Exposure Concentrations

The industrial production and commercial applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles have increased considerably in recent times, which has increased the probability of environmental contamination with these agents and their adverse effects on living systems. This study was designed to assess the genotoxicity potential of TiO2 NPs at high exposure concentrations, its bio-uptake, and the oxidative stress it generated, a recognised cause of genotoxicity. Allium cepa root tips were treated with TiO2 NP dispersions at four different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 mu g/mL). A dose dependant decrease in the mitotic index (69 to 21) and an increase in the number of distinctive chromosomal aberrations were observed. Optical, fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed chromosomal aberrations, including chromosomal breaks and sticky, multipolar, and laggard chromosomes, and micronucleus formation. The chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage were also validated by the comet assay. The bio-uptake of TiO2 in particulate form was the key cause of reactive oxygen species generation, which in turn was probably the cause of the DNA aberrations and genotoxicity observed in this study.

B-Spline potential function for maximum a-posteriori image reconstruction in fluorescence microscopy

An iterative image reconstruction technique employing B-Spline potential function in a Bayesian framework is proposed for fluorescence microscopy images. B-splines are piecewise polynomials with smooth transition, compact support and are the shortest polynomial splines. Incorporation of the B-spline potential function in the maximum-a-posteriori reconstruction technique resulted in improved contrast, enhanced resolution and substantial background reduction. The proposed technique is validated on simulated data as well as on the images acquired from fluorescence microscopes (widefield, confocal laser scanning fluorescence and super-resolution 4Pi microscopy). A comparative study of the proposed technique with the state-of-art maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) with quadratic potential function shows its superiority over the others. B-Spline MAP technique can find applications in several imaging modalities of fluorescence microscopy like selective plane illumination microscopy, localization microscopy and STED. (C) 2015 Author(s).

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在蛋白质晶体生长研究中的应用

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜与普通光学显微镜相比，其分辨率高，同时具有可对样品进行非侵入性无损伤断层扫描，以及对样品形貌进行三维成建等特点，因此，可作为研究晶体生长强有利的工具。本文介绍了其在定量测量晶体的个数，重组三维图像以获得晶体生长的过程信息及测定晶体生长台阶动态变化等方面的应用。还对激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在晶体生长研究的其它方面应用前景作了展望。

[V_Valencia_Catedral] Documentación Geométrica de la Portada de los Hierros de la Catedral de Valencia

[ES] La Portada de los Hierros tiene una configuración de retablo en piedra con una variada iconografía: cornisas, estatuas, escudos… Está formado por tres cuerpos, el central de 35 metros de altura y los dos laterales de 24, la anchura de cada uno es de unos 9 metros. Los cuerpos laterales se distribuyen en altura mediante tres niveles, teniendo el central un cuarto nivel superior que remata en una cruz flanqueada por dos figuras.

[B_Kortezubi_Santimamiñe] Trabajos topográficos de complemento al escaneado tridimensional de la cueva de Santimamiñe (Kortezubi, Bizkaia). Poligonal de precisión y apoyo topográfico

[ES] Se trata de una cueva de gran belleza e interés geológico, se desarrolla sinuosamente a lo largo de algo más de 350 metros alternando grandes salas y estrechos corredores. Cuenta con un conjunto de pinturas rupestres catalogadas en el Paleolítico Superior y está incluida en la lista de Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en «Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del Norte de España».

[R_Logroño_Muralla] Documentación geométrica del Cubo del Revellín (Logroño, La Rioja)

[ES] Documentación del exterior y del interior del cubo de la muralla de Logroño. Esta torre tiene una forma aproximadamente cilíndrica de 10 metros de radio. Al interior se compone de dos niveles, el superior (antiguo teatro) que forma una estancia circular con un pilar en el centro y el inferior que consiste en una estancia abovedada. Además se ha documentado una galería de acceso.

Identifying and interpreting stratification in sedimentary rocks on Mars : insight from Rover and orbital observations and terrestrial field analogs

Sedimentary rocks on Mars provide insight into past aqueous and atmospheric processes, climate regimes, and potential habitability. The stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary rocks on Mars is similar to that of Earth, indicating that the processes that govern deposition and erosion on Mars can be reasonably inferred through reference to analogous terrestrial systems. This dissertation aims to understand Martian surface processes through the use of (1) ground-based observations from the Mars Exploration Rovers, (2) orbital data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and (3) the use of terrestrial field analogs to understand bedforms and sediment transport on Mars. Chapters 1 and 2 trace the history of aqueous activity at Meridiani Planum, through the reconstruction of eolian bedforms at Victoria crater, and the identification of a potential mudstone facies at Santa Maria crater. Chapter 3 uses Terrestrial Laser Scanning to study cross-bedding in pyroclastic surge deposits on Earth in order to understand sediment transport in these events and to establish criteria for their identification on Mars. The final chapter analyzes stratal geometries in the Martian North Polar Layered Deposits using tools for sequence stratigraphic analysis, to better constrain past surface processes and past climate conditions on Mars.

空间激光跟瞄中指向驱动电机运动特性研究

设计了一种深空非合作目标的激光扫描、捕获、跟踪地面实验装置,通过模拟深空同轨道运动的两颗卫星跟瞄过程,在理论上计算了跟瞄装置中光束指向驱动电机的最小加速度和其在跟踪过程中的运动特性。理论分析与仿真结果表明,当卫星偏离光斑中心一定距离时,指向驱动电机先加速后减速,补偿这个偏心,重新捕获跟踪卫星;重新捕获到跟踪所需时间受电机加速度和望远镜探测精度以及探测器响应处理时间影响,其中探测器精度对重新捕获到跟踪所需时间影响较大,探测器响应处理时间要减小到最小;为了使从捕获到跟踪过程中卫星始终在扫描光斑范围内,经纬仪驱动电机的最小角加速度为25.5°/s2。

Análise da expressão de laminina durante o transplante de células mononucleares de medula óssea em ratos hepatectomizados

A medula óssea adulta possui duas populações de células-tronco importantes no tratamento de diversas doenças hepáticas: células-tronco hematopoiéticas (CTHs) e células-tronco mesenquimais. A regeneração do fígado após a hepatectomia é um processo complexo que requer a proliferação de todas as células hepáticas. Fatores de crescimento, citocinas e componentes da matriz extracelular são elementos-chave nesse processo. As lamininas são uma família de proteínas de matriz extracelular, com funções adesivas e quimiotáticas pelo recrutamento de integrinas e outros receptores de superfície celular. No fígado normal, a laminina é expressa nas veias porta e centrolobular. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a expressão de laminina durante a regeneração hepática induzida por hepatectomia parcial e após o transplante de células mononucleares de medula óssea. As células mononucleares de medula óssea foram obtidas dos fêmures e tíbias de ratos, isoladas, marcadas com DAPI e injetadas pela veia porta em ratos recém-hepatectomizados. Os fígados foram coletados 15 minutos, 1 dia e 3 dias após a hepatectomia e o transplante de células de medula óssea e congelados. Os cortes foram imunomarcados com anticorpos primários anti-CD34 e anti-laminina de rato e observados em microscópio confocal de varredura a laser. Os resultados mostraram que 15 minutos após a hepatectomia parcial, as células-tronco hematopoiéticas CD34+ transplantadas foram encontradas em contato com a laminina localizada nas veias porta e centrolobular, indicando que a laminina poderia participar na adesão inicial das células-tronco a esses vasos logo após o seu transplante. Além disso, 1 e 3 dias após a hepatectomia, as células mononucleares de medula óssea transplantadas foram observadas nos sinusóides hepáticos expressando laminina. Esses resultados sugerem que a laminina pode ser um componente da matriz extracelular importante para a adesão e enxerto de células de medula óssea no fígado após uma lesão. Nós também analisamos a expressão de osteopontina (OPN) em células de medula óssea e CTHs. Os resultados por microscopia confocal demonstraram que a maioria das células mononucleares de medula óssea recém-isoladas expressa quantidades variáveis de OPN. Além disso, algumas CTHs CD34+ também expressam OPN. Após 1 e 4 dias de cultura, observamos uma diminuição de células expressando CD34, e um aumento na expressão de OPN pelas células mononucleares de medula óssea.