Análise da influência do efeito esteira de aerogeradores no microclima na superfície do solo: o caso do parque eólico piloto de Macau/RN

This study aimed to evaluate the microclimate changes surrounding the wind farm Macau Pilot / RN, present in the municipality of the same name. To achieve this goal made use of remote sensing techniques using Landsat - 5 TM and 7 ETM +, from which made it possible evaluation of temperature changes on the surface, this around the park in periods prior to its implementation, to the today. For evaluation of the temperature data that has been generated by applying a template was performed its correlation with field data collection and evaluated the degree of correlation, in order to confirm the validity of the data acquired by satellite. Also held was a characterization of the climate of the region based on the data of this climatological station in Macau. Once collected this data made possible the evaluation of climate change policy in the study region. After validation of the temperature models, an analysis of the generated temperature histograms was performed visually could not identify any significant change. However when analyzing the temperature data at a higher level of detail, a data pattern of behavior was detected for both periods evaluated, yet could not see a distinction between the periods of pre-operation of the park, and post-operation . From this result was levantas hypotheses to explain the behavior of the data, the first of which is the presence of moisture in the soil, and the second to the soil composition. In order to validate the hypotheses were applied PDI techniques, involving a combination of different RGB bands of Landsat 5 and the implementation of Reason bands procedure that might show the elements present on the soil surface.

Surface thermal analysis of North Brabant cities and neighbourhoods during heat waves

The urban heat island effect is often associated with large metropolises. However, in the Netherlands even small cities will be affected by the phenomenon in the future (Hove et al., 2011), due to the dispersed or mosaic urbanisation patterns in particularly the southern part of the country: the province of North Brabant. This study analyses the average night time land surface temperature (LST) of 21 North-Brabant urban areas through 22 satellite images retrieved by Modis 11A1 during the 2006 heat wave and uses Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper to map albedo and normalized difference temperature index (NDVI) values. Albedo, NDVI and imperviousness are found to play the most relevant role in the increase of nighttime LST. The surface cover cluster analysis of these three parameters reveals that the 12 “urban living environment” categories used in the region of North Brabant can actually be reduced to 7 categories, which simplifies the design guidelines to improve the surface thermal behaviour of the different neighbourhoods thus reducing the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in existing medium size cities and future developments adjacent to those cities.

Influência do uso e ocupação do solo na qualidade da água e no processo erosivo da bacia de captação do Rio Barro Preto, Coronel Vivida-PR

This study was developed in objecting to investigate the use and occupation of land in 1999, 2005, 2011 e 2015 and estimate soil degradation by laminar erosion and the relation with water quality in 2015 in the catchment basin of the Barro Preto river, Coronel Vivida – PR. For multitemporal analysis of use and occupation of land in the basin used in the Landsat 5, 7 and 8 images and Geographic Information System. The laminar erosion was estimated by the Universal Soil Loss Equation through the systematization of calculations of the factors that compose the equation in SPRING/INPE. The water quality of the studied river section was evaluated according to the Water Quality Idex and the Resolution CONAMA n. 357/2005. The multitemporal analysis of the use and occupation of land has demonstrated that basin is predominantly agricultural in all years studied, as well as the permanent preservation area presents it not regularized during the period in accordance with the Brazilian Forest Code in force. In relation the quantification of laminar soil erosion in the study period, the rainfall and runoff factor was estimated considering the rainfall data from 1986 to 2014 and resulted in a value of 11.573,47 MJ/ha.mm/a. The Dystrophic Red Latosol, Dystrophic Red Nitisol, Fluvisol and Leptosol soil erodibility factor were 0,0138, 0,0137, 0,0207, 0,0196 t.ha.h/ha.MJ.mm/a, respectively. The topographical factor has demonstrated that the catchment basin has the rough terrain because the moderate and moderate strong classes are dominant in the study area. The cover and management and support practice factors were estimated according to the multitemporal analysis of the use and occupation of land in the basin and the values ranged from 0,0006 to 0,0688. The soil losses by laminar erosion were simulated with agriculture areas with corn and soybeans in no-till. The soil losses with maize crop in no-till in 1999, 2005, 2011 and 2015 were 9.782,75, 10.592,71, 9.636,61 e 11.058,26 t/year, respectively, and soybeans crops in no-till were 15.140,01, 16.645,20, 14.662,14 e 17.049,85 t/year, respectively. In relation with water quality of the section studied river, the average of Water Quality Index during the season were 55,47, 53,09 and 49,72, for the first, second and third sample point, respectively. Indication a decrease in water quality since the source to the last sample point. It is concluded that the use and occupation of land in the catchment basin interferes in the water quality, as well as in soil degradation.

Determinação de cenários futuros de uso e cobertura do solo e sua influência na vulnerabilidade ambiental : o caso do município de Formosa – GO

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia Ambiental e Recursos Hídricos, 2015.

Compartimentação fisiográfica para análise ambiental do potencial erosivo a partir das propriedades da rede de drenagem

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo compartimentar a sub-bacia do Baixo Rio Piracicaba - SP, em unidades homogêneas quanto à potencialidade à erosão visando a subsidiar o gerenciamento ambiental. A importância desta pesquisa concentra-se no intenso desenvolvimento dos processos erosivos na área em foco e na sua importância socioeconômica em níveis estadual e nacional. O procedimento adotado para atingir o objetivo foi a análise da rede de drenagem e dos lineamentos obtidos pelas imagens TM/Landsat-5. O resultado obtido foi a divisão da área em quatro compartimentos quanto à potencialidade à erosão: muito alta, alta, média e baixa. Concluiu-se que a área estudada é heterogênea, com regiões sujeitas a diferentes intensidades de processos erosivos e que a sistemática adotada se mostrou eficiente para caracterizar as compartimentações fisiográficas da potencialidade erosiva, e essas compartimentações podem e devem ser utilizadas como ponto de partida para estudos ambientais e de utilização do território, em consonância com o desenvolvimento sustentável.

Caracterização ambiental de bancos areno-lamosos nos campos petrolíferos de Macau e Serra (RN), como subsídio às medidas mitigadoras ao processo erosivo

On Rio Grande do Norte northern coast the process of sediment transport are intensely controlled by wind and sea (waves and currents) action, causing erosion and shoreline morphological instability. Due to the importance of such coastal zone it was realized the multi-spectral mapping and physical-chemical characterization of mudflats and mangroves aiming to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process on the oil fields of Macau and Serra installed at the study area. The multi-spectral bands of 2000 and 2008 LANDSAT 5 TM images were submitted on the several digital processing steps and RGB color compositions integrating spectral bands and Principal Components. Such processing methodology was important to the mapping of different units on surface, together with field works. It was possible to make an analogy of the spectral characteristics of wetlands with vegetations areas (mangrove), showing the possibility to make a restoration of this area, contributing with the environmental monitoring of that ecosystem. The maps of several units were integrated in GIS environment at 1:60,000 scale, including the classification of features according to the presence or absence of vegetation cover. Thus, the strategy of methodology established that there are 10.13 km2 at least of sandy-muddy and of these approximately 0.89 km2 with the possibility to be used in a reforestation of typical flora of mangrove. The physical-chemical characterization showed areas with potential to introduce local species of mangrove and they had a pH above neutral with a mean of 8.4. The characteristic particle size is sand in the fine fractions, the high levels of carbonate, organic matter and major and trace element in general are concentrated where the sediment had the less particles size, showing the high correlation that those elements have with smaller particles of sediment. The application of that methodological strategy is relevant to the better understanding of features behavior and physical-chemical data of sediment samples collected on field allow the analysis of efficiency/capability of sandy-muddy to reforestation with local mangrove species for mitigation of the erosive action and coastal processes on the areas occupied by the oil industry

Avaliação ambiental de manguezais adjacentes aos campos petrolíferos de Macau e Serra (RN), como subsídio às medidas mitigadoras ao processo erosivo

Among the various effects caused by the climate change and human intervention, the mangrove ecosystem changes through of the years has been worth mentioning, which hasn t known which are the pros and cons for the adjacent coastal and estuarine environments yet. It happens due to the present dynamism in these areas, besides of the difficult understanding of the processes associated with evolution. This study aimed to environmentally evaluate adjacent mangroves from the Macau and Serra oil fields, located on Rio Grande do Norte northern coast, to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process, as well as, according to the principles of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to assess the amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered by the studied ecosystem. An inventory was conducted through mangrouve mapping which has supplied this research, especially regarding to the structural characterization of mangrove areas. To understand the local mangrove behavior in a greater level detail, techniques of remote sensing, GIS and GPS were used to make an analogy between the current and past states of the mangrove studied, allowing to make anticipated projections for the future impacts or changes in that region. This study combined data from multispectral LANDSAT 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ with radar microwave data from SAR RADARSAT-1, which increased the interpretation capacity of the data from optical sensor systems. The interpretations have been supported by the data field, representing a better and innovative methodology for the environmental and taxonomic characterization of mangrove forests considered. The results reveal that mangroves of the Ponta do Tubarão Sustainable Development Reserve are biologically representative areas and providing a variety of benefits, especially for local communities, constituting the priority sites for actions development aimed at conservation. They also have been showing the necessity to make mitigating measures in order to recover degraded areas through reforestation or creating new areas of mangrove, as currently 7.1% of the mangrove forests studied are dead or in an advanced state of decomposition. The amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered proved very significant when analyzed for the whole area, which is able to sequester atmospheric 4,294,458 Ton CO2 per year

Assessing the role of Mediterranean evergreen oaks canopy cover in land surface albedo and temperature using a remote sensing-based approach

Modifications in vegetation cover can have an impact on the climate through changes in biogeochemical and biogeophysical processes. In this paper, the tree canopy cover percentage of a savannah-like ecosystem (montado/dehesa) was estimated at Landsat pixel level for 2011, and the role of different canopy cover percentages on land surface albedo (LSA) and land surface temperature (LST) were analysed. A modelling procedure using a SGB machine-learning algorithm and Landsat 5-TM spectral bands and derived vegetation indices as explanatory variables, showed that the estimation of montado canopy cover was obtained with good agreement (R2 = 78.4%). Overall, montado canopy cover estimations showed that low canopy cover class (MT_1) is the most representative with 50.63% of total montado area. MODIS LSA and LST products were used to investigate the magnitude of differences in mean annual LSA and LST values between contrasting montado canopy cover percentages. As a result, it was found a significant statistical relationship between montado canopy cover percentage and mean annual surface albedo (R2 = 0.866, p < 0.001) and surface temperature (R2 = 0.942, p < 0.001). The comparisons between the four contrasting montado canopy cover classes showed marked differences in LSA (χ2 = 192.17, df = 3, p < 0.001) and LST (χ2 = 318.18, df = 3, p < 0.001). The highest montado canopy cover percentage (MT_4) generally had lower albedo than lowest canopy cover class, presenting a difference of −11.2% in mean annual albedo values. It was also showed that MT_4 and MT_3 are the cooler canopy cover classes, and MT_2 and MT_1 the warmer, where MT_1 class had a difference of 3.42 °C compared with MT_4 class. Overall, this research highlighted the role that potential changes in montado canopy cover may play in local land surface albedo and temperature variations, as an increase in these two biogeophysical parameters may potentially bring about, in the long term, local/regional climatic changes moving towards greater aridity.

USO Y COBERTURA DE LA TIERRA EN COSTA RICA PARA 1992: UNA APLICACIÓN DE TELEDETECCIÓN ESPACIAL Y SISTEMAS DE INFORMACION GEOGRÁFICA

En el presente artículo se describe el procedimiento utilizado para actualizar el mapa de uso y cobertura de la tierra de Costa Rica para el año 1992. En el proceso se integró la cartografía análoga existente para 1985 a escala 1:200.000 e imágenes digitales del Mapeador Temático de LANDSAT para los años 1991 y 1993. Para comprobar la exactitud de la clasificación se usaron 1.372 puntos obtenidos de fotos aéreas de 1992 y trabajo de campo empleando un Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (SPG). Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe un 46.6% del país bajo pastos, un 32,9 bajo bosques y un 8,5% bajo uso agrícola. Un 7,8% del área se incluyó en una categoría denominada <<no clasificada, usos mezclados, deforestada>>. La exactitud global de la clasificación fue de un 74%; con una confusión entre pasto y bosque de un 19%.  SUMMARY The objective of this paper is to describe the process used by the authors to update the preliminary 1985 land use-land cover map of Costa Rica. Paper maps of 1985 at scale 1:200.000 we digitized, rasterized and use to label the output of a nonsupervised classification carried out using 1991-93 digital data from LANDSAT 5 (Thematic Mapper). Aerial photography and field work aided by a Global Positional System (GPS) was used to gather ground-truth data. A total of 1372 stratified points were used to test the accuracy of the final map. Our results showed that 46,6% of the country is under pasture, 32,9% under forest and 8.5% under agriculture. The nonclassified areas were lumped into one category that accounted for 7,8% of the country. Global accuracy of the classification was 74% with the confusion between forest and pasture accounting for 19% of this error.

Aplicação de geotecnologias: detecção remota e geoprocessamento: para a gestão ambiental dos recursos hídricos superficiais em Cambará do Sul, RS, Brasil.

Atualmente, a degradação ambiental é problema dos gestores municipais e os projetos de monitoramento / recuperação incluem coleta, integração e análise de dados de natureza diversa. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com uso de geotecnologias como suporte ao diagnóstico e gerenciamento ambiental do Município de Cambará do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O cartografia florestal gerou mapa de cobertura do solo por classificação MAXVER sobre imagens TM LANDSAT 5. O levantamento de campo diagnosticou os conflitos de uso conforme a Legislação Ambiental. A partir disto foi elaborada proposta de enquadramento por sub-bacias, visando monitoramento ambiental. O estudo demonstrou possibilidades de obter respostas rápidas com emprego de geotecnologias a baixo custo. As informações compõe banco de dados podendo ser atualizado periodicamente e consultado publicamente. Este trabalho faz parte do Projeto Curicaca, Convênio 025/96, Ministério do Meio Ambiente e abordou usos do solo e água visando a classificação de bacias hidrográficas.

A IMPORTÄNCIA DO USO DO SOLO COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SÕCIO-ECONOMICO DO PA NOVA AMAZONIA

Este artículo se propone discutir cuestiones acerca de la ocupación y uso del suelo del proyecto de asentamiento rural PA Nova Amazonia, Roraima, Brasil, con el fin de conceder subvenciones para la elaboración de proyectos de desarrollo sostenible. Los cuestionarios fueron aplicados a fin de determinar la situación de las familias, la cuantificación por medio de imágenes de satélite de la eliminación de la vegetación que se produjo entre un período y otro, la transformación de la interferencia humana en las prácticas agropecuarias como resultado de la expansión de la agricultura. Se utilizaron imágenes satelitales procesadas en 1995 y 2009 basado en los cambios del paisaje local, el Landsat 5 TM, bandas 3, 4, 5 a 30 m de resolución espacial, se reunieron aquí los estudios sobre los aspectos clave socioeconómico de la región, encontrándose que hay una gran zona de pastos naturales donde la agricultura requiere una preparación mediante la modificación del suelo para la práctica de esta actividad que afectan directamente a un residente del poder económico bajo. Los estudios fueron acompañados de propuestas concretas para futuras implementaciones de diseños que pueden satisfacer las necesidades de estas familias.

A CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR NO MUNICÍPIO DE FRUTAL-MG – BRASIL

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo realizar um levantamento das mudanças de área no uso do solo, sobretudo com o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar de 1985 a 2010 no município de Frutal (MG) – Brasil. A Metodologia utilizada foi por meio de mapeamentos em imagens do Sensor TM do satélite LANDSAT-5 e análise de levantamentos no Instituto Brasileiros de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), dados de Usinas presentes no município e do projeto CANASAT do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). Com os resultados obtidos foi possível observar a substituição das pastagens e culturas temporárias, pelas plantações de cana-de-açúcar, destinadas principalmente para a produção de biocombustíveis, neste caso, o etanol.

Avaliação da dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrográfica de contribuição para o reservatório de Barra Bonita - SP.

A interferência antrópica no ambiente ocorre de forma muito dinâmica e para acompanhá-la é preciso dispor de tecnologias eficientes, dentre as quais se destaca o sensoriamento remoto. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como propósito avaliar a dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrográfica de contribuição para o reservatório de Barra Bonita com aproximadamente 19.164,43 km2, situada no interior do Estado de São Paulo, mais especificamente, entre as coordenadas geográficas 21° 54? 20?? e 23° 57? 26?? Sul e 46° 39? 27?? e 48° 34? 52?? Oeste. Para tal foram utilizadas imagens dos sensores TM - Landsat 5 e ETM+ - Landsat7 referentes à 1990 e 2002, respectivamente. Estas imagens foram processadas utilizando o Spring 3.6 e aplicando uma classificação supervisionada. O classificador utilizado foi do tipo por regiões, sendo o método denominado Bhattacharya Distance com um limiar de aceitação de 90%. Desta forma foram obtidos os mapas de uso e cobertura da terra para 1990 e 2002, a partir dos quais foi possível calcular a área para 11 classes de uso e cobertura da terra e verificar as alterações ocorridas ao longo deste período. Utilizando o banco de dados SIDRA do IBGE foi possível obter dados de Produtividade Agrícola Municipal (PAM), de área plantada (em hectares), para culturas permanentes e temporárias da bacia em estudo, para os anos de 1990 a 2002. Os resultados desta fase foram importantes para confirmar as tendências observadas nos mapas de uso e cobertura da terra, obtidos em fase anterior. Neste trabalho foi possível identificar ainda locais próximos ao reservatório de Barra Bonita onde o uso inadequado da terra torna-se fonte de poluição difusa dos afluentes do reservatório de Barra Bonita. Estes locais foram georreferenciados em campo, fotografados e identificados no mosaico de imagens de 2002, fortalecendo a discussão dos resultados obtidos. Os resultados mostram que se trata de uma bacia bastante antropizada, onde medidas de planejamento devem ser tomadas no sentido de mitigar o processo de degradação ambiental.

Mapping the Pasture Steppe in Bayankhongor, Mongolia: comparison of classification methods, using Landsat-8 and geophysical data

Grasslands in semi-arid regions, like Mongolian steppes, are facing desertification and degradation processes, due to climate change. Mongolia’s main economic activity consists on an extensive livestock production and, therefore, it is a concerning matter for the decision makers. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems provide the tools for advanced ecosystem management and have been widely used for monitoring and management of pasture resources. This study investigates which is the higher thematic detail that is possible to achieve through remote sensing, to map the steppe vegetation, using medium resolution earth observation imagery in three districts (soums) of Mongolia: Dzag, Buutsagaan and Khureemaral. After considering different thematic levels of detail for classifying the steppe vegetation, the existent pasture types within the steppe were chosen to be mapped. In order to investigate which combination of data sets yields the best results and which classification algorithm is more suitable for incorporating these data sets, a comparison between different classification methods were tested for the study area. Sixteen classifications were performed using different combinations of estimators, Landsat-8 (spectral bands and Landsat-8 NDVI-derived) and geophysical data (elevation, mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature) using two classification algorithms, maximum likelihood and decision tree. Results showed that the best performing model was the one that incorporated Landsat-8 bands with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature (Model 13), using the decision tree. For maximum likelihood, the model that incorporated Landsat-8 bands with mean annual precipitation (Model 5) and the one that incorporated Landsat-8 bands with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature (Model 13), achieved the higher accuracies for this algorithm. The decision tree models consistently outperformed the maximum likelihood ones.