Estudio de asociación entre genotipo de DAT1 y transtorno por déficit de atención / hiperactividad

Introducción: El TDAH tiene un componente genético importante; el gen de transportador de Dopamina (DAT1) se ha asociado con susceptibilidad al TDAH y con sus endofenotipos. El VNTR de 40pb en la región 3’UTR aumenta la expresión del DAT1. En Colombia no hay ningún estudio previo que indique evidencia de la asociación genética entre TDAH y el gen DAT1. Objetivo: Determinar asociación entre el VNTR del DAT1 y el fenotipo y/o endofenotipos del TDAH. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 73 pacientes con TDAH y 75 controles, se valoró en los casos inteligencia y funciones ejecutivas. Mediante (PCR) se amplificó el VNTR DAT1. Se establecieron estadísticos genético poblacionales, análisis de asociación y de regresión logística entre las pruebas neuropsicológicas y genotipo. Resultado: El polimorfismo del DAT1 no mostró asociación con TDAH, ni con alteraciones en las funciones ejecutivas. El genotipo 10/10 del VNTR DAT1 se encontró asociado con el índice de velocidad de procesamiento (p <0,05). En el subgrupo hiperactividad hubo asociación con algunas subpruebas de flexibilidad cognitiva, número de respuestas correctas, total de errores, número de respuestas perseverativas (p ≤ 0.01). En el subgrupo mixto se asoció con índice de comprensión verbal (p <0,05). Conclusiones: No hubo asociación entre el polimorfismo VNTR (DAT1) y el fenotipo de TDAH. Se encontraron asociaciones entre genotipo y algunos test de flexibilidad cognitiva e índice de comprensión verbal. Se establecieron los estadísticos genético poblacionales de este polimorfismo para la población analizada, el cual corresponde al primer reporte de una muestra de nuestro país.

Estudi d'un receptor quinasa atípic (Mark) i de les proteïnes que interaccionen amb el seu domini intracel·lular. Transducció del senyal i desenvolupament en blat de moro (Zea mays)

Aquesta tesi doctoral s'engloba dins d'un projecte general d'estudi de gens implicats en l'embriogènesi del blat de moro. L'embriogènesi del blat de moro, i en general la de totes les plantes superiors, es dóna en tres etapes: una primera etapa on es diferencien tots els diversos teixits que formaran l'embrió, una segona etapa on l'embrió acumula productes de reserva i un tercer període, la dormància, que finalitza quan les condicions ambientals són les idònies per a la germinació. En el laboratori estàvem interessats, concretament, en l'estudi de gens implicats en la primera etapa morfogenètica, on els diferents teixits i estructures embrionàries queden definides. Per tal d'estudiar gens que s'expressaven en aquest període, una de les estratègies que es va realitzar fou un crivellat diferencial entre teixit embrionari i teixit de planta adulta. D'entre els diferents clons obtinguts, un corresponia a un clon parcial que presentava similitud amb receptors quinasa i que fou objecte d'estudi. A partir d'aquest clon es va obtenir el clon complet i es va anomenar MARK (per Maize Atypical Receptor Kinase). MARK presenta una estructura típica d'un receptor quinasa amb un domini extracel.lular, que conté 6 còpies imperfectes de LRR (Leucine- Rich Repeats), un únic domini transmembrana i un domini quinasa intracel.lular. El domini quinasa de MARK presenta, però, algunes variacions en els residus aminoacídics que es consideren claus per a la funció catalítica dels dominis quinasa. En concret cinc dels aminoàcids considerats essencials per a la fosforilació es troben substituits en el domini quinasa de MARK (DK-MARK). Els experiments de fosforilació in vitro que es van realitzar al laboratori, van mostrar com MARK era incapaç de fosforilar in vitro. Aquesta característica no és, però, exclusiva de MARK. Una búsqueda en les bases de dades ens van permetre identificar altres seqüències que també presentaven els mateixos o altres canvis en aquestes posicions aminoacídiques. En les bases de dades de plantes es van identificar un conjunt de seqüències genòmiques o ESTs amb aquestes característiques i només una d'elles, la proteïna TMKL1 d'Arabidopsis, ha sigut descrita com un receptor quinasa incapaç de fosforilar in vitro. Respecte a la búsqueda de receptors similars a MARK en les bases de dades d'animals, es van identificar també un conjunt de proteïnes que, en alguns casos, s'ha descrit que no tenen activitat quinasa in vivo. Per exemple, un dels casos més ben estudiats és el del receptor erbB3 que forma part de la família de receptors del EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor). Aquesta família de receptors està formada per 4 receptors: erbB1, erbB2, erbB3 i erbB4, dels quals només l'erbB3 no presenta activitat catalítica. S'ha descrit que erbB3 és capaç, tot i no fosforilar in vivo, de participar activament en la transducció del senyal formant heterodímers amb els altres membres de la família. Així, erbB3 és fosforilat pel seu partner i pot iniciar la cascada de transducció del senyal. La participació d'erbB3 en la transducció del senyal és essencial ja que embrions de ratolí knock-out pel gen erbB3 són inviables. Així doncs, el fet que receptors quinasa catalíticament inactius participin en les cascades de transducció del senyal, suggereix l'existència de nous mecanismes d'acció per a la transducció del senyal. Per tant, l'objectiu d'aquest treball fou l'estudi del mecanisme d'acció de MARK mitjançant la caracterització les proteïnes capaces d'interaccionar amb el seu domini quinasa. Per tal d'assolir aquest objectiu, es va realitzar un crivellat de doble-híbrid amb una llibreria de cDNA d'embrions de blat de moro de 7 DAP. D'aquest crivellat es va obtenir un conjunt de possibles clons positius que foren seqüenciats i entre els quals es van escollir per un estudi més detallat aquells que s'havien obtingut més vegades com a clons independents. Aquests clons codificaven per: una SAMDC (S-Adenosil Descarboxilasa), una eIF5 (Eukaryotic translation initiation), una hypothetical protein, una unknown protein, una gamma-adaptina i una MAP4K. Amb aquests 6 clons es van fer estudis in vitro i in vivo per tal de confirmar al seva interacció amb DK-MARK. Els estudis in vivo es van realitzar amb la soca de llevat AH109, una soca més astringent que la utilitzada en el crivellat, ja que presenta tres gens marcadors: Histidina, Adenina i Lacz. Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar que els clons codificants per SAMDC i eIF5 no van créixer en un medi selectiu per His i Ade i, per tant o es tracta de falsos positius del sistema o la seva interacció amb DK-MARK és dèbil. D'altra banda, la resta dels clons analitzats (proteïna hipotètica, una proteïna de funció desconeguda, la gamma-adaptina i una MAP4K) van créixer en medis en absència de Histidina i Adenina. Els assatjos de b-galactosidasa van ser tots positius a excepció de la proteïna hipotètica suggerint que potser aquesta interacció sigui més feble. D'altra banda també es van realitzar estudis in vitro amb la tècnica del pull-down. Els resultats obtinguts amb aquesta tècnica van recolzar els obtinguts en cèl.lules de llevat, ja que tots els clons analitzats a excepció dels codificants per SAMDC i eIF5 van donar un resultat d'interacció amb KD-MARK in vitro positiu. Davant aquests resultats ens vam centrar en l'estudi de la proteïna similar a MAP4K, doncs algunes proteïnes de la seva família s'han relacionat amb receptors de membrana. Els clons que es va obtenir del crivellat codificaven per una proteïna similar amb el domini C-terminal a les proteïnes BnMAP4Ka1 i a2 de Brassica napus. Aquestes proteïnes presenten una forta similitud de seqüència amb proteïnes de la família GCK/SPS1 que formen part d'un grup particular de MAPK relacionades amb la proteïna Ste20 (sterile 20 protein) de llevat. Ste20p activa la MAP3K de llevat Ste11 directament per fosforilació, transduint d'aquesta manera el senyal del receptor de feromones de creuament de les cèl.lules de llevat i es pot, doncs, considerar com una proteïna del tipus MAP4K (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase). En els darrers anys, s'han identificat un gran nombre de proteïnes similars a Ste20: fins a una trentena en mamífers, en Drosophila, en Caenorhabditis elegans i en altres organismes. Segons la seva estructura aminoacídica, la família Ste20 s'ha classificat en dues subfamílies: les proteïnes STE20/PAK (p21-activated kinases) i la subfamília GCK/SPS1 (germinal center kinases). Les dues subfamílies estan formades per proteïnes que contenen un domini quinasa i un domini regulador, però, mentre que les proteïnes PAK presenten el domini quinasa en la part C-terminal, les GCKs el presenten en la regió N terminal. Les proteïnes GCK presenten una elevada diversitat estructural en el domini regulador permetent la seva classificació en 6 subfamílies. Mitjançant la tècnica del RACE es va obtenir el clon de cDNA complet que es va anomenar MIK (MARK Interacting Kinase). Amb la tècnica del Southern blot es va poder determinar que el gen MIK és un gen de còpia única en el genoma de blat de moro. Per tal d'analitzar la possible interacció entre DK-MARK i MIK, es va estudiar tant el patró d'expressió d'ambdós gens com el seu patró d'acumulació d'ambdues proteïnes durant l'embriogènesi del blat de moro. El patró d'expressió, analitzat per Northen blot va mostrar uns patrons coincidents al llarg de l'embriogènesi des del seu inici fins als 20 DAP amb una acumulació màxima de mRNA en embrions de 15 DAP. D'altra banda per tal d'estudiar el patró d'acumulació de la proteïna MIK així com per comparar-lo amb el de MARK, es van realitzar estudis de Westerns blot. Els resultats també van mostrar una coincidència en el temps de l'acumulació de les proteïnes MARK i MIK durant l'embriogènesi de blat de moro amb una major acumulació en embrions de 15 i 20 DAP. Es van dur a terme també estudis d'immunolocalitzacions sobre embrions de blat de moro de 15 DAP per tal d'estudiar en quins teixits s'acumulaven ambdues proteïnes. Les immunolocalitzacions van mostrar una major acumulació tant de MARK com de MIK en les zones meristemàtiques i en el teixit vascular sobretot del coleòptil on s'aprecia una forta co-localització de MARK i MIK. Totes aquestes dades són compatibles, doncs, amb una possible interacció de les proteïnes MARK i MIK, tot i que no la demostren. Per tal de demostrar la interacció es van realitzar experiments d'immunoprecipitació in vivo a partir d'extractes d'embrions. Malauradament, els resultats no són clars i en aquests moments en el laboratori s'estan posant a punt aquests experiments. També es van realitzar estudis comparatius de seqüència amb diferents proteïnes de la família GCK, mostrant una major similitud amb les proteïnes de la subfamília GCK-III. La subfamília GCK-III ha estat molt poc estudiada i en formen part un conjunt de proteïnes amb funcions molt diverses des de l'apoptosi, la citoquinesi o l'anòxia cel.lular. Per tant, la similitud de seqüència possiblement fa referència a una conservació en el mecanisme d'acció més que no pas a una conservació funcional. La possible interacció de MARK amb el domini C-terminal de MIK (el domini regulador) podria activar aquesta última iniciant una cascada de transducció del senyal en un model en el que una proteïna del tipus GCK-III faria de lligam directa entre un receptor de membrana i una cascada de senyalització intracel.lular. Aquest tipus de lligam entre un recepctor de membrana i mòduls intracel.lulars de senyalització s'ha descrit per a altres proteïnes GCK, si bé no directament sinó a través de proteïnes adaptadores. D'altra banda, la interacció directa de MARK, un receptor quinasa atípic que no té activitat catalítica, amb MIK suggereix un mecanisme on receptors atípics podrien interaccionar en la transducció del senyal activant la via de les MAPK.

Nerve terminal GABAA receptors activate Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent signaling to inhibit voltage-gated Ca2+ influx and glutamate release

-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, a family of Cl-permeable ion channels, mediate fast synaptic inhibition as postsynaptically enriched receptors for -aminobutyric acid at GABAergic synapses. Here we describe an alternative type of inhibition mediated byGABAA receptors present on neocortical glutamatergic nerve terminals and examine the underlying signaling mechanism(s). By monitoring the activity of the presynaptic CaM kinase II/synapsin I signaling pathway in isolated nerve terminals, we demonstrate that GABAA receptor activation correlated with an increase in basal intraterminal [Ca2]i. Interestingly, this activation of GABAA receptors resulted in a reduction of subsequent depolarization-evoked Ca2 influx, which thereby led to an inhibition of glutamate release. To investigate how the observed GABAA receptor-mediated modulation operates, we determined the sensitivity of this process to the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 1 antagonist bumetanide, as well as substitution of Ca2 with Ba2, or Ca2/calmodulin inhibition by W7. All of these treatments abolished the modulation by GABAA receptors. Application of selective antagonists of voltage-gated Ca2 channels (VGCCs) revealed that the GABAA receptor-mediated modulation of glutamate release required the specific activity of L- and R-type VGCCs. Crucially, the inhibition of release by these receptors was abolished in terminals isolated from R-type VGCC knock-out mice. Together, our results indicate that a functional coupling between nerve terminal GABAA receptors and L- or R-type VGCCs is mediated by Ca2/calmodulin-dependent signaling. This mechanism provides a GABA-mediated control of glutamatergic synaptic activity by a direct inhibition of glutamate release.

Effects of neuropathy on high-voltage-activated Ca2+ current in sensory neurones

Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) have emerged as targets to treat neuropathic pain; however, amongst VDCCs, the precise role of the CaV2.3 subtype in nociception remains unproven. Here, we investigate the effects of partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) on Ca2+ currents in small/medium diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurones isolated from CaV2.3(−/−) knock-out and wild-type (WT) mice. DRG neurones from CaV2.3(−/−) mice had significantly reduced sensitivity to SNX-482 versusWTmice. DRGs from CaV2.3(−/−) mice also had increased sensitivity to the CaV2.2 VDCC blocker -conotoxin. In WT mice, PSNL caused a significant increase in -conotoxin-sensitivity and a reduction in SNX-482-sensitivity. In CaV2.3(−/−) mice, PSNL caused a significant reduction in -conotoxin-sensitivity and an increase in nifedipine sensitivity. PSNL-induced changes in Ca2+ current were not accompanied by effects on voltagedependence of activation in either CaV2.3(−/−) or WT mice. These data suggest that CaV2.3 subunits contribute, but do not fully underlie, drug-resistant (R-type) Ca2+ current in these cells. In WT mice, PSNL caused adaptive changes in CaV2.2- and CaV2.3-mediated Ca2+ currents, supporting roles for these VDCCs in nociception during neuropathy. In CaV2.3(−/−) mice, PSNL-induced changes in CaV1 and CaV2.2 Ca2+ current, consistent with alternative adaptive mechanisms occurring in the absence of CaV2.3 subunits.

The role of myeloid receptors on murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells in induction of type I interferon

This study tested the hypothesis that a set of predominantly myeloid restricted receptors (F4/80, CD36, Dectin-1, CD200 receptor and mannan binding lectins) and the broadly expressed CD200 played a role in a key function of plasmacytoid DC (pDC), virally induced type I interferon (IFN) production. The Dectin-1 ligands zymosan, glucan phosphate and the anti-Dectin-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2A11 had no effect on influenza virus induced IFNα/β production by murine splenic pDC. However, mannan, a broad blocking reagent against mannose specific receptors, inhibited IFNα/β production by pDC in response to inactivated influenza virus. Moreover, viral glycoproteins (influenza virus haemagglutinin and HIV-1 gp120) stimulated IFNα/β production by splenocytes in a mannan-inhibitable manner, implicating the function of a lectin in glycoprotein induced IFN production. Lastly, the effect of CD200 on IFN induction was investigated. CD200 knock-out macrophages produced more IFNα than wild-type macrophages in response to polyI:C, a MyD88-independent stimulus, consistent with CD200's known inhibitory effect on myeloid cells. In contrast, blocking CD200 with an anti-CD200 mAb resulted in reduced IFNα production by pDC-containing splenocytes in response to CpG and influenza virus (MyD88-dependent stimuli). This suggests there could be a differential effect of CD200 on MyD88 dependent and independent IFN induction pathways in pDC and macrophages. This study supports the hypothesis that a mannan-inhibitable lectin and CD200 are involved in virally induced type I IFN induction.

Hcp2, a secreted protein of the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, is required for competitive fitness against bacteria and yeasts

When analysing the secretome of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, we identified hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp) as one of the secreted proteins. Hcp is assumed to be an extracellular component of the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Two copies of hcp genes are present in the Pst DC3000 genome, hcp1 (PSPTO_2539) and hcp2 (PSPTO_5435). We studied the expression patterns of hcp genes and tested the fitness of hcp knock-out mutants in host plant colonization and in inter-microbial competition. We found that the hcp2 gene is expressed, most actively at the stationary growth phase, and that the Hcp2 protein is secreted via T6SS and appears in the culture medium as covalently linked dimers. Expression of hcp2 is not induced in planta and it does not contribute to virulence or colonisation in tomato or Arabidopsis plants. Instead, hcp2 is required for survival in competition with enterobacteria and yeasts, and its function is associated with suppression of the growth of these competitors. This is the first report on bacterial T6SS-associated genes functioning in competition against yeast. Our results suggest that the T6SS of P. syringae may play an important role in bacterial fitness, allowing this plant pathogen to survive in conditions where it has to compete with other micro-organisms for resources.

The role of SEF14 and SEF17 fimbriae in the adherence of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis to inanimate surfaces

To gain an understanding of the role of fimbriae and flagella in the adherence of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis to inanimate surfaces, the extent of adherence of viable wild-type strains to a polystyrene microtitration plate was determined by a crystal violet staining assay, Elaboration of surface antigens by adherent bacteria was assayed by fimbriae- and flagella-specific ELISAs, Wild-type Enteritidis strains adhered well at 37 degrees C and 25 degrees C when grown in microtitration wells in Colonisation Factor Antigen broth, but not in other media tested, At 37 degrees C, adherent bacteria elaborated copious quantities of SEF14 fimbrial antigen, whereas at 25 degrees C adherent bacteria elaborated copious quantities of SEF17 fimbrial antigen. Non-fimbriate and non-flagellate knock-out mutant strains were also assessed in the adherence assay. Mutant strains unable to elaborate SEF14 and SEF17 fimbriae adhered poorly at 37 degrees C and 25 degrees C, respectively, but adherence was not abolished. Non-motile mutant strains showed reduced adherence whilst type-1, PEF and LPF fimbriae appeared not to contribute to adherence in this assay. These data indicate that SEF17 and SEF14 fimbriae mediate bacterial cell aggregation on inanimate surfaces under appropriate growth conditions.

The du2J mouse model of ataxia and absence epilepsy has deficient cannabinoid CB1 receptor-mediated signalling

Key point summary • Cerebellar ataxias are progressive debilitating diseases with no known treatment and are associated with defective motor function and, in particular, abnormalities to Purkinje cells. • Mutant mice with deficits in Ca2+ channel auxiliary α2δ-2 subunits are used as models of cerebellar ataxia. • Our data in the du2J mouse model shows an association between the ataxic phenotype exhibited by homozygous du2J/du2J mice and increased irregularity of Purkinje cell firing. • We show that both heterozygous +/du2J and homozygous du2J/du2J mice completely lack the strong presynaptic modulation of neuronal firing by cannabinoid CB1 receptors which is exhibited by litter-matched control mice. • These results show that the du2J ataxia model is associated with deficits in CB1 receptor signalling in the cerebellar cortex, putatively linked with compromised Ca2+ channel activity due to reduced α2δ-2 subunit expression. Knowledge of such deficits may help design therapeutic agents to combat ataxias. Abstract Cerebellar ataxias are a group of progressive, debilitating diseases often associated with abnormal Purkinje cell (PC) firing and/or degeneration. Many animal models of cerebellar ataxia display abnormalities in Ca2+ channel function. The ‘ducky’ du2J mouse model of ataxia and absence epilepsy represents a clean knock-out of the auxiliary Ca2+ channel subunit, α2δ-2, and has been associated with deficient Ca2+ channel function in the cerebellar cortex. Here, we investigate effects of du2J mutation on PC layer (PCL) and granule cell (GC) layer (GCL) neuronal spiking activity and, also, inhibitory neurotransmission at interneurone-Purkinje cell(IN-PC) synapses. Increased neuronal firing irregularity was seen in the PCL and, to a less marked extent, in the GCL in du2J/du2J, but not +/du2J, mice; these data suggest that the ataxic phenotype is associated with lack of precision of PC firing, that may also impinge on GC activity and requires expression of two du2J alleles to manifest fully. du2J mutation had no clear effect on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency at IN-PC synapses, but was associated with increased sIPSC amplitudes. du2J mutation ablated cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R)-mediated modulation of spontaneous neuronal spike firing and CB1Rmediated presynaptic inhibition of synaptic transmission at IN-PC synapses in both +/du2J and du2J/du2J mutants; effects that occurred in the absence of changes in CB1R expression. These results demonstrate that the du2J ataxia model is associated with deficient CB1R signalling in the cerebellar cortex, putatively linked with compromised Ca2+ channel activity and the ataxic phenotype.

Rap1-Rac1 circuits potentiate platelet activation.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the potential crosstalk between Rap1 and Rac1, 2 small GTPases central to platelet activation, particularly downstream of the collagen receptor GPVI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared the activation response of platelets with impaired Rap signaling (double knock-out; deficient in both the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, CalDAG-GEFI, and the Gi-coupled receptor for ADP, P2Y12), to that of wild-type platelets treated with a small-molecule Rac inhibitor, EHT 1864 (wild-type /EHT). We found that Rac1 is sequentially activated downstream of Rap1 on stimulation via GPVI. In return, Rac1 provides important feedback for both CalDAG-GEFI- and P2Y12-dependent activation of Rap1. When analyzing platelet responses controlled by Rac1, we observed (1) impaired lamellipodia formation, clot retraction, and granule release in both double knock-out and EHT 1864-treated wild-type platelets; and (2) reduced calcium store release in EHT 1864-treated wild-type but not double knock-out platelets. Consistent with the latter finding, we identified 2 pools of Rac1, one activated immediately downstream of GPVI and 1 activated downstream of Rap1. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate important crosstalk between Rap1 and Rac1 downstream of GPVI. Whereas Rap1 signaling directly controls sustained Rac1 activation, Rac1 affects CalDAG-GEFI- and P2Y12-dependent Rap1 activation via its role in calcium mobilization and granule/ADP release, respectively.

Fucoidan is a novel platelet agonist for the C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2)

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from Fucus vesiculosus, decreases bleeding time and clotting time in hemophilia, possibly through inhibition of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. However, its effect on platelets and the receptor by which fucoidan induces cellular processes has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that fucoidan induces platelet activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Fucoidan-induced platelet activation was completely abolished by the pan-Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor, PP2, or when Syk is inhibited. PP2 abolished phosphorylations of Syk and Phospholipase C-γ2. Fucoidan-induced platelet activation had a lag phase, which is reminiscent of platelet activation by collagen and CLEC-2 receptor agonists. Platelet activation by fucoidan was only slightly inhibited in FcRγ-chain null mice, indicating that fucoidan was not acting primarily through GPVI receptor. On the other hand, fucoidan-induced platelet activation was inhibited in platelet-specific CLEC-2 knock-out murine platelets revealing CLEC-2 as a physiological target of fucoidan. Thus, our data show fucoidan as a novel CLEC-2 receptor agonist that activates platelets through a SFK-dependent signaling pathway. Furthermore, the efficacy of fucoidan in hemophilia raises the possibility that decreased bleeding times could be achieved through activation of platelets.

Retinoid-Related Receptor (ROR) alpha mRNA Expression Is Altered in the Brain of Male Mice Lacking All Ligand-Binding Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TR) Isoforms

In the vertebrate brain, the thalamus serves as a relay and integration station for diverse neuronal information en route from the periphery to the cortex. Deficiency of TH during development results in severe cerebral abnormalities similar to those seen in the mouse when the retinoic acid receptor (ROR)α gene is disrupted. To investigate the effect of the thyroid hormone recep-tors (TRs) on RORalpha gene expression, we used intact male mice, in which the genes encoding the α and beta TRs have been deleted. In situ hybridization for RORalpha mRNA revealed that this gene is expressed in specific areas of the brain including the thalamus, pons, cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus. Our quantitative data showed differences in RORalpha mRNA expression in different subthalamic nuclei between wild-type and knock-out mice. For example, the centromedial nucleus of the thalamus, which plays a role in mediating nociceptive and visceral information from the brainstem to the basal ganglia and cortical regions, has less expression of RORalpha mRNA in the knockout mice (-37%) compared to the wild-type controls. Also, in the dorsal geniculate (+72%) and lateral posterior nuclei (+58%) we found more RORalpha mRNA in dKO as compared to dWT animals. Such differences in RORalpha mRNA expression may play a role in the behavioral alterations resulting from congenital hypothyroidism.

Deletion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Receptor 1 (TNFR1) Protects against Diet-induced Obesity by Means of Increased Thermogenesis

In diet-induced obesity, hypothalamic and systemic inflammatory factors trigger intracellular mechanisms that lead to resistance to the main adipostatic hormones, leptin and insulin. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is one of the main inflammatory factors produced during this process and its mechanistic role as an inducer of leptin and insulin resistance has been widely investigated. Most of TNF-alpha inflammatory signals are delivered by TNF receptor 1 (R1); however, the role played by this receptor in the context of obesity-associated inflammation is not completely known. Here, we show that TNFR1 knock-out (TNFR1 KO) mice are protected from diet-induced obesity due to increased thermogenesis. Under standard rodent chow or a high-fat diet, TNFR1 KO gain significantly less body mass despite increased caloric intake. Visceral adiposity and mean adipocyte diameter are reduced and blood concentrations of insulin and leptin are lower. Protection from hypothalamic leptin resistance is evidenced by increased leptin-induced suppression of food intake and preserved activation of leptin signal transduction through JAK2, STAT3, and FOXO1. Under the high-fat diet, TNFR1 KO mice present a significantly increased expression of the thermogenesis-related neurotransmitter, TRH. Further evidence of increased thermogenesis includes increased O(2) consumption in respirometry measurements, increased expressions of UCP1 and UCP3 in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, respectively, and increased O(2) consumption by isolated skeletal muscle fiber mitochondria. This demonstrates that TNF-alpha signaling through TNFR1 is an important mechanism involved in obesity-associated defective thermogenesis.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may modulate the protease activity of Candida albicans

The phenotypic pressure exerted by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on autochthonous and pathogenic microbiota remains sparsely known. In this study, we investigated if some NSAIDs increment or diminish the secretion of aspartyl-proteases (Sap) by Candida albicans grown under different phenotypes and oxygen availability using a set of SAP knock-out mutants and other set for genes (EFG1 and CPH1) that codify transcription factors involved in filamentation and protease secretion. Preconditioned cells were grown under planktonic and biofilm phenotypes, in normoxia and anoxia, in the presence of plasma concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, indomethacin, nimesulide, piroxicam, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. For diclofenac, indomethacin, nimesulide, and piroxicam the secretion rates of Sap by SAP1-6, EFG1. and CPH1 mutants were similar or, even, inferior to parental wildtype strain. This suggests that neither Sap 1-6 isoenzymes nor Efg1/Cph1 pathways may be entirely responsible for protease release when exposed to these NSAIDs. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen enhanced Sap secretion rates in three environmental conditions (normoxic biofilm, normoxic planktonic and anoxic planktonic). In other hand, aspirin seems to reduce the Sap-related pathogenic behavior of candidal biofilms. Modulation of Sap activity may occur according to candidal phenotypic state, oxygen availability, and type of NSAID to which the cells are exposed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evidence for a common role for the serine-type Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen proteases : implications for vaccine and drug design

Serine repeat antigens (SERAs) are a family of secreted “cysteine-like” proteases of Plasmodium parasites. Several SERAs possess an atypical active-site serine residue in place of the canonical cysteine. The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum possesses six “serine-type” (SERA1 to SERA5 and SERA9) and three “cysteine-type” (SERA6 to SERA8) SERAs. Here, we investigate the importance of the serine-type SERAs to blood-stage parasite development and examine the extent of functional redundancy among this group. We attempted to knock out the four P. falciparum serine-type SERA genes that have not been disrupted previously. SERA1, SERA4, and SERA9 knockout lines were generated, while only SERA5, the most strongly expressed member of the SERA family, remained refractory to genetic deletion. Interestingly, we discovered that while SERA4-null parasites completed the blood-stage cycle normally, they exhibited a twofold increase in the level of SERA5 mRNA. The inability to disrupt SERA5 and the apparent compensatory increase in SERA5 expression in response to the deletion of SERA4 provides evidence for an important blood-stage function for the serine-type SERAs and supports the notion of functional redundancy among this group. Such redundancy is consistent with our phylogenetic analysis, which reveals a monophyletic grouping of the serine-type SERAs across the genus Plasmodium and a predominance of postspeciation expansion. While SERA5 is to some extent further validated as a target for vaccine and drug development, our data suggest that the expression level of other serine-type SERAs is the only barrier to escape from anti-SERA5-specific interventions.

Caracterização de células-tronco mesenquimais de camundongos normais e do modelo murino de MPS I

Existe um interesse crescente pelo controle das condições de cultivo necessárias para a expansão de células-tronco de indivíduos adultos devido ao grande potencial para o desenvolvimento de pesquisa básica e de aplicações terapêuticas apresentado pelas mesmas. Atualmente, a literatura apresenta poucos trabalhos que detalhem a biologia da célula-tronco mesenquimal (MSC) de camundongo, revelando a necessidade de estudos voltados para este tema. Quatro culturas de longa duração foram produzidas com células da medula óssea de camundongos normais e IDUA knock-out através de técnicas de cultivo relativamente simples. Estas culturas puderam ser mantidas por até 40 passagens, e demonstraram ser morfologicamente homogêneas. Células dessas culturas puderam ser induzidas a diferenciarem-se ao longo de vias de diferenciação adipogênica e osteogênica, e revelaram ser capazes de suportar o crescimento e a proliferação de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. Por apresentarem tais características funcionais, essas populações celulares foram operacionalmente definidas como MSCs. Quando o repertório de marcadores de superfície dessas células foi observado por meio de citometria de fluxo, verificou-se que elas eram positivas para Sca-1, CD29, CD44 e CD49e, e eram negativas para CD11b, CD13, CD18, CD19, CD31, CD45, CD49d e Gr-1 Este perfil de moléculas de superfície assemelha-se àquele descrito para a MSC humana, e indica ausência de contaminantes hematopoiéticos. Uma verificação preliminar da freqüência da MSC na medula óssea de camundongo foi realizada, trazendo a estimativa de que uma MSC está presente numa faixa de 11.000 – 27.000 células. Finalmente, os dados revelaram que não há diferenças imediatamente perceptíveis entre camundongos normais e do modelo murino de MPS I no tocante à MSC, o que indica que os trabalhos futuros visando à correção da deficiência de α-L-iduronidase neste modelo utilizando a MSC são viáveis. O estabelecimento da metodologia para o cultivo e expansão da MSC murina através de técnicas simples vem preencher uma lacuna existente no campo dos modelos experimentais animais, trazendo novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de terapia celular/genética em modelos experimentais murinos.