976 resultados para Key parameters
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El objetivo de este trabajo es dar una visión de cuál es el potencial y beneficio que una Oficina de Gestión de Proyectos (PMO) es capaz de aportar a una organización. Cómo contribuye y garantiza que la estrategia de la compañía se está ejecutando. Para ello se realiza un estudio comparativo de tres empresas internacionales que pertenecen al ámbito TI. Se han seleccionado parámetros de medida clave para la obtención de datos. El análisis de los datos ha proporcionado la información necesaria para contestar cómo la PMO puede contribuir a ayudar a una organización a tener un progreso mensurable hacia el logro de la estrategia. ---ABSTRACT---The objective of this thesis is to highlight the potential benefits that a Project Management Office (PMO) is capable of providing to companies and businesses. The use of PMO greatly helps businesses succeed in strategic planning. In order to prove its effectiveness, I have provided a comparative study between three different international IT companies. These companies were selected for key parameters in obtaining data. The information gathered from the analysis of these companies has provided the necessary information to conclude that the implementation of PMO helps organizations make measurable progress in the area of strategic planning.
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This paper deals with the assessment of the contribution of the second bending mode to the dynamic behavior of simply supported railway bridges. Traditionally the contributions of modes higher than the fundamental have been considered of little importance for the computation of the magnitudes of interest to structural engineers (vertical deflections, bending moments, etc.). Starting from the dimensionless equations of motion of a simply supported beam subjected to moving loads, the key parameters governing the dynamic behavior are identified. Then, a parametric study over realistic ranges of values of those parameters is conducted, and the influence of the second mode examined in detail. The main purpose is to decide whether the second mode should be taken into account for the determination of the maximum displacement and acceleration in high-speed bridges. In addition, the reasons that cause the contribution of the second bending mode to be relevant in some situations are highlighted, particularly with regard to the computation of the maximum acceleration.
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La presente tesis se centra en el estudio de los fenómenos de transporte de los isótopos de hidrógeno, y más concretamente del tritio, en materiales de interés para los reactores de fusión nuclear. Los futuros reactores de fusión nuclear necesitarán una Planta de Tritio, con una envoltura regeneradora (breeding blanket) y unos sistemas auxiliares claves para su diseño. Por lo tanto su desarrollo y cualificación son cruciales para demostrar que los reactores de fusión son una opción viable como futura fuente de energía. Se han resaltado los diferentes retos de la difusión y retención de estas especies ligeras para cada sistema de la Planta de Tritio, y se han identificado las necesidades experimentales y paramétricas para abordar las simulaciones de difusión, como factores de transporte como la difusividad, absorción/desorción, solubilidad y atrapamiento. Se han estudiado los fenómenos de transporte y parámetros del T en el metal líquido LiPb, componente del breeding blanket tanto para una planta de fusión magnética como inercial. Para ello se han utilizado dos experimentos con características diversas, uno de ellos se ha llevado a cabo en un reactor de alto flujo, y por lo tanto, en condiciones de irradiación, y el otro sin irradiación. Los métodos de simulación numérica aplicados se han adaptado a los experimentos para las mediciones y para estudiar el régimen de transporte. En el estudio de estos experimentos se ha obtenido un valor para algunos de los parámetros claves en el transporte y gestión del tritio en el reactor. Finalmente se realiza un cálculo de la acumulación y difusión de tritio en una primera pared de tungsteno para un reactor de fusión inercial. En concreto para el proyecto de fusión por láser europeo, HiPER (para sus fases 4a y 4b). Se ha estudiado: la implantación de los isótopos de H y He en la pared de W tras una reacción de fusión por iluminación directa con un láser de 48MJ; el efecto en el transporte de T de los picos de temperatura en el W debido a la frecuencia de los eventos de fusión; el régimen de transporte en la primera pared. Se han identificado la naturaleza de las trampas más importantes para el T y se ha propuesto un modelo avanzado para la difusión con trampas. ABSTRACT The present thesis focuses into study the transport phenomenons of hydrogen isotopes, more specifically tritium, in materials of interest for nuclear fusion reactors. The future nuclear reactors will be provided of a Tritium Plant, with its breeding blanket and its auxiliary systems, all of them essential components for the plant. Therefore a reliable development and coalification are key issues to prove the viability of the nuclear fusion reactors as an energy source. The currently challenges for the diffusion and accumulation of these light species for each system of the TP has been studied. Experimental and theoretical needs have been identified and analyzed, specially from the viewpoint of the parameters. To achieve reliable simulations of tritium transport, parameters as diffusivity, absorption/desorption, solubility and trapping must be reliables. Transport phenomenon and parameters of T in liquid metal have been studied. Lead lithium is a key component of the breeding blanket, either in magnetic or inertial fusion confinement. Having this aim in mind, two experiments with different characteristics have been used; one of them has been realized in a high flux reactor, and hence, under irradiation conditions. The other one has been realized without radiation. The mathematical methods for the simulation have been adapted to the experiments, for the measures and also to study the transport behavior. A value for some key parameters for tritium management has been obtained in these studies. Finally, tritium accumulation and diffusion in a W first wall of an inertial nuclear fusion reactor has been assessed. A diffusion model of the implanted H, D, T and He species for the two initial phases of the proposed European laser fusion Project HiPER (namely, phase 4a and phase 4b) has been implemented using Tritium Migration Analysis Program, TMAP7. The effect of the prompt and working temperatures and the operational pulsing modes on the diffusion are studied. The nature of tritium traps in W and their performance has been analyzed and discussed.
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El presente proyecto, consiste en el diseño básico de una hoja Excel para un tanque de almacenamiento de gasóleo de automoción (gasóleo A). El presente tanque se ha situado en el parque de almacenamiento de Loeches (Comunidad de Madrid). Se han realizado los cálculos necesarios para el diseño de todas las partes de dicho tanque, la envolvente, el fondo de tanque y el techo. Al igual que el cálculo de peso de éste, y un listado de accesorios adicionales necesarios para su puesta en marcha. Se ha desarrollado la programación en Excel, de una ficha para calcular los parámetros principales del tanque diseñado. Se ha llevado a cabo el diseño y fabricación de un tanque de acero, vertical, cilíndrico, de fondo plano, no enterrado, soldados, para el almacenamiento de líquidos a temperatura ambiente. La capacidad del tanque es de un volumen nominal de 25.000 m3 y una altura de 20 metros, se almacenará gasóleo de automoción, con una densidad de 835 kg/m3. Este tipo de gasóleo es el producto derivado del petróleo más consumido en España.This project consists of the basic design of an Excel spreadsheet to a storage tank of diesel fuel (oil A). This tank is located in the storage yard Loeches (Madrid). It have been made the necessary calculations for the design of all parts of the tank, the envelope, the tank bottom and roof. As the weight calculation thereof, and a list of additional accessories required for its implementation and location. It has been developed programming Excel, a record key parameters to calculate tank designed. It has been carried out the design and manufacture of a steel tank, vertical, cylindrical, flat bottom, not buried, soldiers, for storing liquids at room temperature. The tank capacity is of a nominal capacity of 25,000 m3 and a height of 20 meters, diesel fuel is stored, with a density of 835 kg/m3. This type of oil is the oil product most consumed in Spain.
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Polysilicon production costs contribute approximately to 25-33% of the overall cost of the solar panels and a similar fraction of the total energy invested in their fabrication. Understanding the energy losses and the behaviour of process temperature is an essential requirement as one moves forward to design and build large scale polysilicon manufacturing plants. In this paper we present thermal models for two processes for poly production, viz., the Siemens process using trichlorosilane (TCS) as precursor and the fluid bed process using silane (monosilane, MS).We validate the models with some experimental measurements on prototype laboratory reactors relating the temperature profiles to product quality. A model sensitivity analysis is also performed, and the efects of some key parameters such as reactor wall emissivity, gas distributor temperature, etc., on temperature distribution and product quality are examined. The information presented in this paper is useful for further understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of both deposition technologies, and will help in optimal temperature profiling of these systems aiming at lowering production costs without compromising the solar cell quality.
Optimización de cimentaciones directas de medianería y esquina mediante modelos de elementos finitos
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Existe un amplio catálogo de posibles soluciones para resolver la problemática de las zapatas de medianería así como, por extensión, las zapatas de esquina como caso particular de las anteriores. De ellas, las más habitualmente empleadas en estructuras de edificación son, por un lado, la utilización de una viga centradora que conecta la zapata de medianería con la zapata del pilar interior más próximo y, por otro, la colaboración de la viga de la primera planta trabajando como tirante. En la primera solución planteada, el equilibrio de la zapata de medianería y el centrado de la respuesta del terreno se consigue gracias a la colaboración del pilar interior con su cimentación y al trabajo a flexión de la viga centradora. La modelización clásica considera que se logra un centrado total de la reacción del terreno, con distribución uniforme de las tensiones de contacto bajo ambas zapatas. Este planteamiento presupone, por tanto, que la viga centradora logra evitar cualquier giro de la zapata de medianería y que el pilar puede, por ello, considerarse perfectamente empotrado en la cimentación. En este primer modelo, el protagonismo fundamental recae en la viga centradora, cuyo trabajo a flexión conduce frecuentemente a unas escuadrías y a unas cuantías de armado considerables. La segunda solución, plantea la colaboración de la viga de la primera planta, trabajando como tirante. De nuevo, los métodos convencionales suponen un éxito total en el mecanismo estabilizador del tirante, que logra evitar cualquier giro de la zapata de medianería, dando lugar a una distribución de tensiones también uniforme. Los modelos convencionales existentes para el cálculo de este tipo de cimentaciones presentan, por tanto, una serie de simplificaciones que permiten el cálculo de las mismas, por medios manuales, en un tiempo razonable, pero presentan el inconveniente de su posible alejamiento del comportamiento real de la cimentación, con las consecuencias negativas que ello puede suponer en el dimensionamiento de estos elementos estructurales. La presente tesis doctoral desarrolla un contraste de los modelos convencionales de cálculo de cimentaciones de medianería y esquina, mediante un análisis alternativo con modelos de elementos finitos, con el objetivo de poner de manifiesto las diferencias entre los resultados obtenidos con ambos tipos de modelización, analizar cuáles son las variables que más influyen en el comportamiento real de este tipo de cimentaciones y proponer un nuevo modelo de cálculo, de tipo convencional, más ajustado a la realidad. El proceso de investigación se desarrolla mediante una etapa experimental virtual que utiliza como modelo un pórtico tipo de edificación, ortogonal, de hormigón armado, con dos vanos y número variable de plantas. Tras identificar el posible giro de la cimentación como elemento clave en el comportamiento de las zapatas de medianería y de esquina, se adoptan como variables de estudio aquellas que mayor influencia puedan tener sobre el citado giro de las zapatas y sobre la rigidez del conjunto del elemento estructural. Así, se han estudiado luces de 3 m a 7 m, diferente número de plantas desde baja+1 hasta baja+4, resistencias del terreno desde 100 kN/m2 hasta 300 kN/m2, relaciones de forma de la zapata de medianería de 1,5 : 1 y 2 : 1, aumento y reducción de la cuantía de armado de la viga centradora y variación del canto de la viga centradora desde el mínimo canto compatible con el anclaje de la armadura de los pilares hasta un incremento del 75% respecto del citado canto mínimo. El conjunto de pórticos generados al aplicar las variables indicadas, se ha calculado tanto por métodos convencionales como por el método de los elementos finitos. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto importantes discrepancias entre ambos métodos que conducen a importantes diferencias en el dimensionamiento de este tipo de cimentaciones. El empleo de los métodos tradicionales da lugar, por un lado, a un sobredimensionamiento de la armadura de la viga centradora y, por otro, a un infradimensionamiento, tanto del canto de la viga centradora, como del tamaño de la zapata de medianería y del armado de la viga de la primera planta. Finalizado el análisis y discusión de resultados, la tesis propone un nuevo método alternativo, de carácter convencional y, por tanto, aplicable a un cálculo manual en un tiempo razonable, que permite obtener los parámetros clave que regulan el comportamiento de las zapatas de medianería y esquina, conduciendo a un dimensionamiento más ajustado a las necesidades reales de este tipo de cimentación. There is a wide catalogue of possible solutions to solve the problem of party shoes and, by extension, corner shoes as a special case of the above. From all of them, the most commonly used in building structures are, on one hand, the use of a centering beam that connects the party shoe with the shoe of the nearest interior pillar and, on the other hand, the collaboration of the beam of the first floor working as a tie rod. In the first proposed solution, the balance of the party shoe and the centering of the ground response is achieved thanks to the collaboration of the interior pillar with his foundation along with the bending work of the centering beam. Classical modeling considers that a whole centering of the ground reaction is achieved, with uniform contact stress distribution under both shoes. This approach to the issue presupposes that the centering beam manages to avoid any rotation of the party shoe, so the pillar can be considered perfectly embedded in the foundation. In this first model, the leading role lies in the centering beam, whose bending work usually leads to important section sizes and high amounts of reinforced. The second solution, consideres the collaboration of the beam of the first floor, working as tie rod. Again, conventional methods involve a total success in the stabilizing mechanism of the tie rod, that manages to avoid any rotation of the party shoe, resulting in a stress distribution also uniform. Existing conventional models for calculating such foundations show, therefore, a series of simplifications which allow calculation of the same, by manual means, in a reasonable time, but have the disadvantage of the possible distance from the real behavior of the foundation, with the negative consequences this could bring in the dimensioning of these structural elements. The present thesis develops a contrast of conventional models of calculation of party and corner foundations by an alternative analysis with finite element models with the aim of bring to light the differences between the results obtained with both types of modeling, analysis which are the variables that influence the real behavior of this type of foundations and propose a new calculation model, conventional type, more adjusted to reality. The research process is developed through a virtual experimental stage using as a model a typical building frame, orthogonal, made of reinforced concrete, with two openings and variable number of floors. After identifying the possible spin of the foundation as the key element in the behavior of the party and corner shoes, it has been adopted as study variables, those that may have greater influence on the spin of the shoes and on the rigidity of the whole structural element. So, it have been studied lights from 3 m to 7 m, different number of floors from lower floor + 1 to lower floor + 4, máximum ground stresses from 100 kN/m2 300 kN/m2, shape relationships of party shoe 1,5:1 and 2:1, increase and decrease of the amount of reinforced of the centering beam and variation of the height of the centering beam from the minimum compatible with the anchoring of the reinforcement of pillars to an increase of 75% from the minimum quoted height. The set of frames generated by applying the indicated variables, is calculated both by conventional methods such as by the finite element method. The results show significant discrepancies between the two methods that lead to significant differences in the dimensioning of this type of foundation. The use of traditional methods results, on one hand, to an overdimensioning of the reinforced of the centering beam and, on the other hand, to an underdimensioning, both the height of the centering beam, such as the size of the party shoe and the reinforced of the beam of the first floor. After the analysis and discussion of results, the thesis proposes a new alternative method, conventional type and, therefore, applicable to a manual calculation in a reasonable time, that allows to obtain the key parameters that govern the behavior of party and corner shoes, leading to a dimensioning more adjusted to the real needings of this type of foundation.
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Los fenómenos dinámicos pueden poner en peligro la integridad de estructuras aeroespaciales y los ingenieros han desarrollado diferentes estrategias para analizarlos. Uno de los grandes problemas que se plantean en la ingeniería es cómo atacar un problema dinámico estructural. En la presente tesis se plantean distintos fenómenos dinámicos y se proponen métodos para estimar o simular sus comportamientos mediante un análisis paramétrico determinista y aleatorio del problema. Se han propuesto desde problemas sencillos con pocos grados de libertad que sirven para analizar las diferentes estrategias y herramientas a utilizar, hasta fenómenos muy dinámicos que contienen comportamientos no lineales, daños y fallos. Los primeros ejemplos de investigación planteados cubren una amplia gama de los fenómenos dinámicos, como el análisis de vibraciones de elementos másicos, incluyendo impactos y contactos, y el análisis de una viga con carga armónica aplicada a la que también se le añaden parámetros aleatorios que pueden responder a un desconocimiento o incertidumbre de los mismos. Durante el desarrollo de la tesis se introducen conceptos y se aplican distintos métodos, como el método de elementos finitos (FEM) en el que se analiza su resolución tanto por esquemas implícitos como explícitos, y métodos de análisis paramétricos y estadísticos mediante la técnica de Monte Carlo. Más adelante, una vez ya planteadas las herramientas y estrategias de análisis, se estudian fenómenos más complejos, como el impacto a baja velocidad en materiales compuestos, en el que se busca evaluar la resistencia residual y, por lo tanto, la tolerancia al daño de la estructura. Se trata de un suceso que puede producirse por la caída de herramienta, granizo o restos en la pista de aterrizaje. Otro de los fenómenos analizados también se da en un aeropuerto y se trata de la colisión con un dispositivo frangible, el cual tiene que romperse bajo ciertas cargas y, sin embargo, soportar otras. Finalmente, se aplica toda la metodología planteada en simular y analizar un posible incidente en vuelo, el fenómeno de la pérdida de pala de un turbohélice. Se trata de un suceso muy particular en el que la estructura tiene que soportar unas cargas complejas y excepcionales con las que la aeronave debe ser capaz de completar con éxito el vuelo. El análisis incluye comportamientos no lineales, daños, y varios tipos de fallos, y en el que se trata de identificar los parámetros clave en la secuencia del fallo. El suceso se analiza mediante análisis estructurales deterministas más habituales y también mediante otras técnicas como el método de Monte Carlo con el que se logran estudiar distintas incertidumbres en los parámetros con variables aleatorias. Se estudian, entre otros, el tamaño de pala perdida, la velocidad y el momento en el que se produce la rotura, y la rigidez y resistencia de los apoyos del motor. Se tiene en cuenta incluso el amortiguamiento estructural del sistema. Las distintas estrategias de análisis permiten obtener unos resultados valiosos e interesantes que han sido objeto de distintas publicaciones. ABSTRACT Dynamic phenomena can endanger the integrity of aerospace structures and, consequently, engineers have developed different strategies to analyze them. One of the major engineering problems is how to deal with the structural dynamics. In this thesis, different dynamic phenomena are introduced and several methods are proposed to estimate or simulate their behaviors. The analysis is considered through parametric, deterministic and statistical methods. The suggested issues are from simple problems with few degrees of freedom, in order to develop different strategies and tools to solve them, to very dynamic phenomena containing nonlinear behaviors failures, damages. The first examples cover a wide variety of dynamic phenomena such as vibration analysis of mass elements, including impacts and contacts, and beam analysis with harmonic load applied, in which random parameters are included. These parameters can represent the unawareness or uncertainty of certain variables. During the development of the thesis several concepts are introduced and different methods are applied, such as the finite element method (FEM), which is solved through implicit and explicit schemes, and parametrical and statistical methods using the Monte Carlo analysis technique. Next, once the tools and strategies of analysis are set out more complex phenomena are studied. This is the case of a low-speed impact in composite materials, the residual strength of the structure is evaluated, and therefore, its damage tolerance. This incident may occur from a tool dropped, hail or debris throw on the runway. At an airport may also occur, and it is also analyzed, a collision between an airplane and a frangible device. The devise must brake under these loads, however, it must withstand others. Finally, all the considered methodology is applied to simulate and analyze a flight incident, the blade loss phenomenon of a turboprop. In this particular event the structure must support complex and exceptional loads and the aircraft must be able to successfully complete the flight. Nonlinear behavior, damage, and different types of failures are included in the analysis, in which the key parameters in the failure sequence are identified. The incident is analyzed by deterministic structural analysis and also by other techniques such as Monte Carlo method, in which it is possible to include different parametric uncertainties through random variables. Some of the evaluated parameters are, among others, the blade loss size, propeller rotational frequency, speed and angular position where the blade is lost, and the stiffness and strength of the engine mounts. The study does also research on the structural damping of the system. The different strategies of analysis obtain valuable and interesting results that have been already published.
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En la actualidad muchas estructuras de hormigón armado necesitan ser reforzadas debido a diversas razones: errores en el proyecto o construcción, deterioro debido a efectos ambientales, cambios de uso o mayores requerimientos en los códigos. Los materiales compuestos, también conocidos como polímeros reforzados con fibras (FRP), están constituidos por fibras continuas de gran resistencia y rigidez embebidas en un material polimérico. Los FRP se utilizan cada vez más en aplicaciones estructurales debido a sus excelentes propiedades (elevadas resistencia y rigidez específicas y resistencia a la corrosión). Una de las aplicaciones más atractivas es el refuerzo de pilares mediante confinamiento para incrementar su resistencia y ductilidad. El confinamiento puede conseguirse pegando capas de FRP envolviendo el pilar en la dirección de los cercos (con las fibras orientadas en dirección perpendicular al eje del elemento). Se han realizado numerosos estudios experimentales en probetas cilíndricas pequeñas confinadas con encamisados de FRP y sometidas a compresión axial, y se han propuesto varios modelos sobre el hormigón confinado con FRP. Es sabido que el confinamiento de pilares de sección no circular es menos eficiente. En una sección circular, el FRP ejerce una presión de confinamiento uniforme sobre todo el perímetro, mientras que en una sección rectangular la acción de confinamiento se concentra en las esquinas. Esta tesis presenta los resultados de una investigación experimental sobre el comportamiento de probetas de hormigón de sección cuadrada confinadas con FRP y sometidas a compresión centrada. Se realizaron un total de 42 ensayos investigándose el comportamiento en las direcciones axial y transversal. Las variables del estudio incluyen: la resistencia del hormigón, el tipo de fibras (vidrio o carbono), la cuantía de refuerzo y el radio de curvatura de las esquinas. Los resultados de los ensayos realizados muestran que el confinamiento con FRP puede mejorar considerablemente la resistencia y ductilidad de pilares de hormigón armado de sección cuadrada con las esquinas redondeadas. La mejora conseguida es mayor en los hormigones de baja resistencia que en los de resistencia media. La deformación de rotura de la camisa de FRP es menor que la que se obtiene en ensayos de tracción normalizados del laminado, y la eficiencia del confinamiento depende en gran medida del radio de redondeo de las esquinas. Los resultados se han comparado con los obtenidos según los modelos teóricos más aceptados. Hay dos parámetros críticos en el ajuste de los modelos: el factor de eficiencia de la deformación y el efecto de confinamiento en secciones no circulares. Nowadays, many existing RC structures are in need of repair and strengthening for several reasons: design or construction errors, deterioration caused by environmental effects, change in use of the structures or revisions of code requirements. Composite materials, also known as fibre reinforced polymers (FRP), are composed of high strength and stiffness continuous fibres embedded in a polymer material. FRP materials are being increasingly used in many structural applications due to their excellent properties (high strength- and stiffness-toweight ratio, good corrosion behaviour). One of the most attractive applications of FRP is the confinement of concrete columns to enhance both strength and ductility. Concrete confinement can be achieved by bonding layers of hoop FRP around the column (fibres oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis). Many experimental studies have been conducted on small-scale plain concrete specimens of circular cross-sections confined with FRP and subjected to pure axial compressive loading, and several design models have been proposed to describe the behaviour of FRP-confined concrete. It is widely accepted that the confinement of non-circular columns is less efficient than the confinement of circular columns. In a circular cross section, the jacket exerts a uniform confining pressure over the entire perimeter. In the case of a rectangular cross section, the confining action is mostly concentrated at the corners. This thesis presents the results of a comprehensive experimental investigation on the behaviour of axially loaded square concrete specimens confined with FRP. A total of 42 compression tests were conducted, and the behaviour of the specimens in the axial and transverse directions were investigated. The parameters considered in this study are: concrete strength, type of fibres (glass or carbon), amount of FRP reinforcement and corner radius of the cross section. The tests results indicate that FRP confinement can enhance considerably the compressive strength and ductility of RC square columns with rounded corners. The enhancement is more pronounced for low- than for normal-strength concrete. The rupture strain of the FRP jacket is lower than the ultimate strain obtained by standard tensile testing of the FRP material, and the confinement efficiency significantly depends on the corner radius. The confined concrete behaviour was predicted according to the more accepted theoretical models and compared with experimental results. There are two key parameters which critically influence the fitting of the models: the strain efficiency factor and the effect of confinement in non-circular sections.
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A significant amount of research has been conducted on FRP-confined circular columns, but much less is known about rectangular/square columns in which the effectiveness of confinement is much reduced. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations on low strength square concrete columns confined with FRP. Axial compression tests were performed on ten intermediate size columns. The tests results indicate that FRP composites can significantly improve the bearing capacity and ductility of square section reinforced concrete columns with rounded corners. The strength enhancement ratio is greater the lower the concrete strength and also increases with the stiffness of the jacket. The confined concrete behaviour was predicted according to the more accepted theoretical models and compared with experimental results. There are two key parameters which critically influence the fitting of the models: the strain efficiency factor and the effect of confinement in non-circular sections.
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Wave energy conversion has an essential difference from other renewable energies since the dependence between the devices design and the energy resource is stronger. Dimensioning is therefore considered a key stage when a design project of Wave Energy Converters (WEC) is undertaken. Location, WEC concept, Power Take-Off (PTO) type, control strategy and hydrodynamic resonance considerations are some of the critical aspects to take into account to achieve a good performance. The paper proposes an automatic dimensioning methodology to be accomplished at the initial design project stages and the following elements are described to carry out the study: an optimization design algorithm, its objective functions and restrictions, a PTO model, as well as a procedure to evaluate the WEC energy production. After that, a parametric analysis is included considering different combinations of the key parameters previously introduced. A variety of study cases are analysed from the point of view of energy production for different design-parameters and all of them are compared with a reference case. Finally, a discussion is presented based on the results obtained, and some recommendations to face the WEC design stage are given.
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Explanations of self-thinning in plant populations have focused on plant shape and packing. A dynamic model based on the structure of local interactions successfully reproduces the pattern and can be approximated to identify key parameters and relationships. The approach generates testable new explanations for differences between species and populations, unifies self-thinning with other patterns in plant population dynamics, and indicates why organisms other than plants can follow the law.
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Las fórmulas basadas en la teoría de la elasticidad son ampliamente utilizadas para el cálculo de asientos de cimentaciones, ya que la totalidad de la normativa geotécnica recomienda su empleo. No obstante, estos métodos no cubren todas las situaciones geotécnicamente posibles ya que frecuentemente las condiciones geológicas son complejas. En este trabajo se analiza la influencia de la presencia de una capa rígida inclinada en los asientos elásticos de una cimentación superficial. Para ello se han resuelto 273 modelos tridimensionales no lineales de elementos finitos, variando los parámetros clave del problema: la inclinación y la profundidad de la capa rígida y la rigidez de la cimentación. Finalmente, se ha realizado un análisis estadístico de los resultados de los modelos y se ha propuesto una fórmula que puede ser utilizada en el cálculo de asientos por métodos elásticos, para tener en consideración la presencia de una capa rígida inclinada en profundidad.
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On 2 April in Lausanne, after months of intense negotiations, Iran and the E3+3 (France, Germany, and the UK plus China, Russia, and the US) agreed on a framework deal for the resolution of the nuclear dispute. EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Federica Mogherini, and Iran's Foreign Minister, Mohammad Javad Zarif, issued a joint statement announcing that "solutions on key parameters of a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" have been found. While differences remain on several issues, including the scope of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections and sanctions relief, the statement has nevertheless raised hopes that a final deal may be reached this summer. If accomplished, an agreement would bring an end to more than a decade of tensions between Iran and the international community. This would result in the lifting of several sanctions, which were adopted against Iran by the United Nations, the EU, and the US. Unsurprisingly therefore, Iran's economy and in particular its energy sector are now the subject of worldwide attention.
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A volume-averaged two-phase model addressing the main transport phenomena associated with hot tearing in an isotropic mushy zone during solidification of metallic alloys has recently been presented elsewhere along with a new hot tearing criterion addressing both inadequate melt feeding and excessive deformation at relatively high solid fractions. The viscoplastic deformation in the mushy zone is addressed by a model in which the coherent mush is considered as a porous medium saturated with liquid. The thermal straining of the mush is accounted for by a recently developed model taking into account that there is no thermal strain in the mushy zone at low solid fractions because the dendrites then are free to move in the liquid, and that the thermal strain in the mushy zone tends toward the thermal strain in the fully solidified material when the solid fraction tends toward one. In the present work, the authors determined how variations in the parameters of the constitutive equation for thermal strain influence the hot tearing susceptibility calculated by the criterion. It turns out that varying the parameters in this equation has a significant effect on both liquid pressure drop and viscoplastic strain, which are key parameters in the hot tearing criterion. However, changing the parameters in this constitutive equation will result in changes in the viscoplastic strain and the liquid pressure drop that have opposite effects on the hot tearing susceptibility. The net effect on the hot tearing susceptibility is thus small.
Resumo:
Water recovery is one of the key parameters in flotation modelling for the purposes of plant design and process control, as it determines the circulating flow and residence time in the individual process units in the plant and has a significant effect on entrainment and froth recovery. This paper reviews some of the water recovery models available in the literature, including both empirical and fundamental models. The selected models are tested using the data obtained from the experimental work conducted in an Outokumpu 3 m(3) tank cell at the Xstrata Mt Isa copper concentrator. It is found that all the models fit the experimental data reasonably well for a given flotation system. However, the empirical models are either unable to distinguish the effect of different cell operating conditions or required to determine the empirical model parameters to be derived in an existing flotation system. The model developed by [Neethling, SJ., Lee, H.T., Cilliers, J.J., 2003, Simple relationships for predicting the recovery of liquid from flowing foams and froths. Minerals Engineering 16, 1123-1130] is based on fundamental understanding of the froth structure and transfer of the water in the froth. It describes the water recovery as a function of the cell operating conditions and the froth properties which can all be determined on-line. Hence, the fundamental model can be used for process control purposes in practice. By incorporating additional models to relate the air recovery and surface bubble size directly to the cell operating conditions, the fundamental model can also be used for prediction purposes. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.