Influence of iodine value on combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that has been shown to reduce many exhaust emissions, except oxides of nitrogen (NOx), in diesel engine cars. This is of special concern in inner urban areas that are subject to strict environmental regulations, such as EURO norms. Also, the use of pure biodiesel (B100) is inhibited because of its higher NOx emissions compared to petroleum diesel fuel. The aim of this present work is to investigate the effect of the iodine value and cetane number of various biodiesel fuels obtained from different feed stocks on the combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The biodiesel fuels were chosen from various feed stocks such as coconut, palm kernel, mahua (Madhuca indica), pongamia pinnata, jatropha curcas, rice bran, and sesame seed oils. The experimental results show an approximately linear relationship between iodine value and NOx emissions. The biodiesels obtained from coconut and palm kernel showed lower NOx levels than diesel, but other biodiesels showed an increase in NOx. It was observed that the nature of the fatty acids of the biodiesel fuels had a significant influence on the NOx emissions. Also, the cetane numbers of the biodiesel fuels are affected both premixed combustion and the combustion rate, which further affected the amount of NOx formation. It was concluded that NOx emissions are influenced by many parameters of biodiesel fuels, particularly the iodine value and cetane number.

Environmental aspects and challenges of oilseed produced biodiesel in Southeast Asia

Research on alternative fuel for the vehemently growing number of automotivesis intensified due to environmental reasons rather than turmoil in energy price and supply. From the policy and steps to emphasis the use of biofuel by governments all around the world, this can be comprehended that biofuel have placed itself as a number one substitute for fossil fuels. These phenomena made Southeast Asia a prominent exporter of biodiesel. But thrust in biodiesel production from oilseeds of palm and Jatropha curcas in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand is seriously threatening environmental harmony. This paper focuses on this critical issue of biodiesels environmental impacts, policy, standardization of this region as well as on the emission of biodiesel in automotive uses. To draw a bottom line on feasibilities of different feedstock of biodiesel, a critical analysis on oilseed yield rate, land use, engine emissions and oxidation stability is reviewed. Palm oil based biodiesel is clearly ahead in all these aspects of feasibility, except in the case of NOx where it lags from conventional petro diesel.

Understanding invasion history: genetic structure and diversity of two globally invasive plants and implications for their management

Aim: Resolving the origin of invasive plant species is important for understanding the introduction histories of successful invaders and aiding strategies aimed at their management. This study aimed to infer the number and origin(s) of introduction for the globally invasive species, Macfadyena unguis-cati and Jatropha gossypiifolia using molecular data. Location: Native range: Neotropics; Invaded range: North America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Pacific Islands and Australia. Methods: We used chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) to elucidate the origin(s) of introduced populations and calculated the genetic diversity in native and introduced regions. Results: Strong genetic structure was found within the native range of M. unguis-cati, but no genetic structuring was evident in the native range of J. gossypiifolia. Overall, 27 haplotypes were found in the native range of M. unguis-cati. Only four haplotypes were found in the introduced range, with more than 96% of introduced specimens matching a haplotype from Paraguay. In contrast, 15 haplotypes were found in the introduced range of J. gossypiifolia, with all invasive populations, except New Caledonia, comprising multiple haplotypes. Main conclusions: These data show that two invasive plant species from the same native range have had vastly different introduction histories in their non-native ranges. Invasive populations of M. unguis-cati probably came from a single or few independent introductions, whereas most invasive J. gossypiifolia populations arose from multiple introductions or alternatively from a representative sample of genetic diversity from a panmictic native range. As introduced M. unguis-cati populations are dominated by a single haplotype, locally adapted natural enemies should make the best control agents. However, invasive populations of J. gossypiifolia are genetically diverse and the selection of bio-control agents will be considerably more complex.

Jatrophanviljely ja maankäyttö Vietnamissa

Biofuels are under discussion all over the world today. There are fears that the farming of biofuel plants hurts food production and weakens the food security of the poor. On the other hand, biofuel production could lessen the green house gas emissions caused by transportation, and it could also spread the profits from fuel markets more evenly between countries. The aim of this thesis is to find out how an oil plant called jatropha curcas L., which is used for biodiesel production, can affect the sustainability of livelihoods in Vietnam from the point of view of land use. Special attention is given to the effects of jatropha farming on food production, land productivity, natural resources of livelihoods and global livelihood. Jatropha belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, and it grows naturally in tropical and subtropical areas. It can be grown on poor soils, its seeds have high oil content, and it cannot be eaten due to its toxicity. The plant grows naturally in Vietnam, and during the past few years it has also begun to be farmed for making biodiesel. Population growth in Vietnam has slowed down, but the population's standard of living and energy consumption are still rising quickly. An interest in the international biodiesel markets has awoken following Vietnam's opening up to international trade. Jatropha diesel plays a significant part in Vietnam’s clean fuel strategy, and many companies have set up jatropha plantations to produce raw material for biodiesel. Diesel made from jatropha is planned to be used both locally and for export. This thesis uses a theoretical concept of sustainable livelihoods. According to the theory, the resources that people have shape their livelihood possibilities. Farming of jatropha affects the livelihoods of people especially through land use, as land use changes have effects on many of the livelihood resources. In addition to the written sources, the material of the thesis is based on 14 interviews in Vietnam and Finland, and on observation during a field trip to Northern Vietnam in the spring of 2008. The results of the thesis show that jatropha diesel can support the sustainability of livelihoods at different scales if it is produced with deliberation. However, positive results are only possible if decisions are made carefully and more experience is collected. The possibilities of sustainable jatropha farming depend mainly on the previous land use methods and ways of production. Farming of jatropha does not threaten food production in Vietnam if the farming plans are implemented as planned. Jatropha may take some land from cassava, but at the same time, food production can be increased if mixed farming is used on some farms. Plenty of new research information and practical experiences on jatropha farming has to be collected before results of the real sustainability of the farming are ready. Carefully considered continuation and documentation of present and future projects would help to understand the possibilities of jatropha diesel in Vietnam and elsewhere.

Spray characterization of straight vegetable oils at high injection pressures

We present results of high pressure spray characterization of Straight Vegetable Oils (SVOs) which are potential diesel fuel substitutes. SVO sprays are visualized at high injection pressures (up to 1600 bar) to study their atomization characteristics. Spray structure studies are reported for the first time for Jatropha and Pongamia vegetable oils, under atmospheric conditions. Jatropha and Pongamia SVO sprays are found to be poorly atomized and intact liquid cores are observed even at an injection pressure of 1600 bar. Non-Newtonian behavior of Jatropha and Pongamia oil is shown to be the reason for observed spray structure. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFERVESCENT ATOMIZATION OF BIO-OIL FUELS

This paper presents the work on detailed characterization of effervescent spray of Jatropha and Pongamia pure plant oils. The spray characteristics of these biofuels are compared with those of diesel. Both macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics at different injection pressures and gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR) have been studied. The particle/droplet imaging analysis (PDIA) technique along with direct imaging methods are used for the purpose of spray characterization. Due to their higher viscosity, pure plant oils showed poor atomization compared to diesel and a blend of diesel and pure plant oil at a given GLR. Pure plant oil sprays showed a lower spray cone angle when compared to diesel and blends at lower GLRs. However, the difference is not significant at higher GLRs. Droplet size measurements at 100 mm downstream of the exit orifice showed reduction in Sauter mean diameter (SMD) diameter with increase in GLR. A radial variation in the SMD is observed for the blend and pure plant oils. Pure oils showed a larger variation when compared to the blend. Spray unsteadiness has been characterized based on the image-to-image variation in the mean droplet diameter and fluctuations in the spray cone angle. Results showed that pure plant oil sprays are more unsteady at lower GLRs when compared to diesel and blend. A critical GLR is identified at which the spray becomes steady. The three regimes of spray operation, namely ``steady spray,'' ``pulsating spray,'' and ``spray and unbroken liquid jet'' are identified in the injection pressure-GLR parameter space for these pure plant oils. Two-phase flow imaging inside the exit orifice shows that for the pure plant oils, the flow is highly transient at low GLRs and the bubbly, slug, and annular two-phase flow regimes are all observed. However, at higher GLRs where the spray is steady, only the annular flow regime is observed.

Magnetic Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (mCLEAs) of Candida antarctica Lipase: An Efficient and Stable Biocatalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis

Enzyme-catalyzed production of biodiesel is the object of extensive research due to the global shortage of fossil fuels and increased environmental concerns. Herein we report the preparation and main characteristics of a novel biocatalyst consisting of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) which are covalently bound to magnetic nanoparticles, and tackle its use for the synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible vegetable and waste frying oils. For this purpose, insolubilized CALB was covalently cross-linked to magnetic nanoparticles of magnetite which the surface was functionalized with –NH2 groups. The resulting biocatalyst combines the relevant catalytic properties of CLEAs (as great stability and feasibility for their reutilization) and the magnetic character, and thus the final product (mCLEAs) are superparamagnetic particles of a robust catalyst which is more stable than the free enzyme, easily recoverable from the reaction medium and reusable for new catalytic cycles. We have studied the main properties of this biocatalyst and we have assessed its utility to catalyze transesterification reactions to obtain biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oils including unrefined soybean, jatropha and cameline, as well as waste frying oil. Using 1% mCLEAs (w/w of oil) conversions near 80% were routinely obtained at 30°C after 24 h of reaction, this value rising to 92% after 72 h. Moreover, the magnetic biocatalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused for at least ten consecutive cycles of 24 h without apparent loss of activity. The obtained results suggest that mCLEAs prepared from CALB can become a powerful biocatalyst for application at industrial scale with better performance than those currently available.

麻疯树种子油体以及种子萌发的蛋白质组学研究

麻疯树（Jatropha curcas L.）属大戟科麻疯树属多年生亚乔木，耐干旱、高温和贫瘠等，具很强的抗逆性，在干热河谷等边际土地上生长良好。其种子富含油脂，是制备生物柴油的理想材料，为重要的能源植物之一。油体（oil body）是种子细胞中重要的细胞器, 脂肪酸以三脂酰甘油（triacylglyeerols，TAG）的形式储存其内，是种子萌发和幼苗生长时所需碳骨架和能量的主要来源。种子萌发为生命萌动并构建成自养个体的过程，是高等植物生长发育中的重要事件。 本论文运用高通量的蛋白质组学研究手段，结合电镜技术和生理学分析，对麻疯树种子油体以及种子萌发过程中蛋白质表达、生理学响应和细胞结构变化进行了研究。 从麻疯树种子胚乳中分离油体，再从油体中提取蛋白，经双向凝胶电泳后，得到油体蛋白质组的二维表达谱，这些蛋白质主要分布在等电点5 ~ 10、分子量12 ~ 66 kDa的范围内;图像分析表明，油体蛋白质组至少有141个蛋白点，其中酸性蛋白74个，碱性蛋白67个，表达丰度较高的多为低分子量碱性蛋白。对其中36个重要蛋白点进行LC-MS/MS质谱分析，得到鉴定的蛋白分别为30个基因的表达产物，主要包括油体重要的结构蛋白油质蛋白（oleosin）和caleosin，麻疯树种子毒蛋白curcin，以及新鉴定得到的另一种可能的麻疯树种子毒蛋白，人体过敏反应蛋白橡胶延伸因子（REF）。还有四个与脂肪酸代谢相关的酶，其中3-羟酰-酰基载体蛋白（ACP）脱水/催化酶和醇酰基转移酶与脂肪酸合成有关，而脂氧合酶和磷脂酶D在脂肪酸降解中发挥作用，显示部分脂肪酸代谢相关的酶在油体储存状态就已附着在油体上，为种子萌发时动员油脂做好了准备。 麻疯树种子胚乳发达，在32℃湿润土壤中很快就会萌动，胚轴伸长露出胚根，长出新根，约4天后形成出土子叶幼苗。种子萌发过程中胚乳主要成分含量测定表明，含水量在前24小时迅速上升，至48小时增加缓慢，此后开始较快上升，可分为三个阶段，呈现“S”型的变化;粗脂肪和粗蛋白在前两个阶段变化不大，进入第三阶段后其含量迅速下降，前者先于后者，分别在萌发后72小时和96小时后开始明显减少，说明被大量降解、转化，供萌发生长利用，其中主要组分亚油酸最为明显。细胞超微结构观察发现，排列整齐充满整个胚乳细胞的油体和嵌合在油体中的蛋白储存泡在种子萌发过程中，随着线粒体、乙醛酸循环体和液泡的出现增多或增大而被逐渐解体、减少或消失;同时，发现脂肪酸主要在乙醛酸循环体、蛋白颗粒主要在液泡中被降解或转化。 蛋白质组学分析表明，麻疯树种子在萌发72小时过程中变化量在两倍以上的差异蛋白点共有141个，所有的差异蛋白均通过LC-MS/MS分析和NCBI蛋白数据库搜索得到鉴定。其中包括多个参与降解储藏油脂的酶，如乙醛酸循环途径中的顺乌头酸酶，异柠檬酸裂解酶和苹果酸脱氢酶等，均从种子萌发48小时开始表达量明显上升;葡糖异生途径中的酶在种子萌发中的积累略晚于乙醛酸循环途径，如烯醇酶，磷酸甘油酸变位酶，磷酸甘油酸激酶，磷酸丙糖异构酶和醛缩酶大多在萌发约60小时后表达量开始上调。分析结果表明，乙醛酸循环途径在种子萌发48小时后被激活，与电镜观察胚乳细胞发现油脂在萌发48小时时开始被动员相一致，因而大规模的油脂动员开始于种子萌发的第三阶段。 同时，蛋白质组学的分析结果也得到了种子胚乳组分变化分析及电镜观察结果的印证。超微细胞结构观察显示种子储藏蛋白降解在萌发第二阶段启动，主要在液泡中进行降解。粗脂肪的含量在72小时时显著降低，而电镜观察显示此时胚乳细胞中出现中央大液泡，出现大量的线粒体和乙醛酸循环体，细胞结构发生重大变化，萌发96小时后仅有少量油体残留于胚乳细胞中，这些都为储藏油脂在麻疯树种子萌发过程中的降解方式提供了重要证据。许多其他的功能蛋白在种子萌发过程中也发生了变化，表明种子萌发过程中不仅发生储藏物质的动员，也发生抗逆反应以及植物形态的构建等众多其他生理生化反应。 本研究首次对麻疯树种子油体进行了蛋白组成分析，并结合电镜技术及生理分析深入探讨了种子储藏物质在萌发中的降解方式，为更好的理解油体结构、木本油料种子的萌发机制和对麻疯树进行品种的改良提供了参考。

A numerical study into the effects of Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine blends with Jet-A fuel for civil aircraft engine

Growing concerns regarding fluctuating fuel costs and pollution targets for gas emissions, have led the aviation industry to seek alternative technologies to reduce its dependency on crude oil, and its net emissions. Recently blends of bio-fuel with kerosine, have become an alternative solution as they offer "greener" aircraft and reduce demand on crude oil. Interestingly, this technique is able to be implemented in current aircraft as it does not require any modification to the engine. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of blends of bio-synthetic paraffinic kerosine with Jet-A in a civil aircraft engine, focusing on its performance and exhaust emissions. Two bio-fuels are considered: Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (JSPK) and Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (CSPK); there are evaluated as pure fuels, and as 10% and 50% blend with Jet-A. Results obtained show improvement in thrust, fuel flow and SFC as composition of bio-fuel in the blend increases. At design point condition, results on engine emissions show reduction in NO x, and CO, but increases of CO is observed at fixed fuel condition, as the composition of bio-fuel in the mixture increases. Copyright © 2012 by ASME.

Production of biodiesel from the resources endogeneous of Timor Leste

Os biocombustíveis têm estado na linha da frente das políticas energéticas mundiais visto que as suas vantagens conseguem colmatar as incertezas e resolver alguns dos problemas associados aos combustíveis fósseis. O biodiesel tem provado ser um combustível muito fiável, alternativo ao petrodiesel. É uma mistura de ésteres alquílicos produzidos a partir de óleos vegetais e gorduras animais através de uma reacção de transesterificação. Como combustível, o biodiesel é economicamente viável, socialmente responsável, tecnicamente compatível e ambientalmente amigável. O principal desafio associado ao seu desenvolvimento tem a ver com a escolha de matéria-prima para a sua produção. Nos países do terceiro mundo, óleos alimentares são mais importantes para alimentar pessoas do que fazer funcionar carros. Esta tese tem como objectivos produzir/processar biodiesel a partir de recursos endógenos de Timor-Leste e medir/prever as propriedades termodinâmicas do biodiesel, a partir das dos esteres alquílicos. A síntese do biodiesel a partir dos óleos de Aleurites moluccana, Jatropha curcas e borras de café foram aqui estudados. As propriedades termodinâmicas como densidade, viscosidade, tensão superficial, volatilidade e velocidade do som também foram medidas e estimadas usando modelos preditivos disponíveis na literatura, incluindo as equações de estado CPA e soft-SAFT. Timor-Leste é um país muito rico em recursos naturais, mas a maioria da população ainda vive na pobreza e na privação de acesso a serviços básicos e condições de vida decentes. A exploração de petróleo e gás no mar de Timor tem sido controlado pelo Fundo Petrolífero. O país ainda carece de electricidade e combustíveis que são cruciais para materializar as políticas de redução da pobreza. Como solução, o governo timorense criou recentemente o Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento a 20 anos cujas prioridades incluem trazer o desenvolvimento do petróleo do mar para a costa sul de Timor-Leste e desenvolver as energias renováveis. É neste último contexto que o biodiesel se insere. O seu desenvolvimento no país poderá ser uma solução para o fornecimento de electricidade, a criação de empregos e sobretudo o combate contra a pobreza e a privação. Para ser usado como combustível, no entanto, o biodiesel deve possuir propriedades termodinâmicas coerentes com as especificadas nas normas da ASTM D6751 (nos Estados Unidos) ou EN 14214 (na Europa) para garantir uma adequada ignição, atomização e combustão do biodiesel no motor.

Produção de biodiesel, situação atual e perspetivas futuras

Foi objetivo deste trabalho, reunir informação sobre o estado atual do biodiesel no seu contexto geral em todo no mundo, fazendo um cruzamento de dados para nos ajudar a compreender a situação atual do biodiesel, em Portugal, assim como na Europa e no mundo. Começou-se por realçar a importância do Biodiesel, vantagens e desvantagens da utilização do biodiesel, considerando os aspetos ambientais, sociais e políticos associados à produção e utilização de biodiesel. No caso europeu, foi sublinhada a relevância da produção de biodiesel no contexto atual da diretiva renováveis. No que diz respeito a Europa, a colza e o girassol são as oleaginosas que representam um papel mais relevante na produção de biodiesel. A França e a Alemanha são países de destaque na Europa neste contexto, em que a Alemanha é responsável por cerca de 42% da produção mundial, sendo a sua produção feita a partir da colza. Na Europa, as principais empresas que estão a produzir biodiesel são a OVI, Prio Energy e Ecomotion. Os principais constrangimentos à produção de culturas para produção de biodiesel prendem-se com a mudança de uso do solo. Foi também objetivo salientar alguns aspetos e dados sobre a situação nacional. Atualmente as grandes produtoras de biocombustíveis – biodiesel –, a nível nacional são a Iberol e a Torrejana, detida pela Tracopol (base soja e colza). Estas duas empresas têm uma capacidade instalada de 200 mil toneladas, que é adquirida na totalidade pela Galp, o que permitiu atingir os 3% de penetração no combustível líquido comercializado. No entanto, em termos de área agrícola necessária a GALP aponta para a necessidade de 700000 e 1000000 ha, sendo inevitável a importação de semente para a produção de biocombustíveis. No que diz respeito ao continente americano, a oleaginosa mais usada é a soja sendo os principais países produtores o Brasil e os EUA. Também neste continente, a mudança do uso do solo é uma das principais condicionantes à produção destas culturas ricas em óleo. O continente asiático tem apostado fortemente na produção de culturas oleaginosas, com maior relevância para o óleo de palma. No extremo oriente, o óleo de palma é a matéria-prima mais representativa para a produção de biodiesel, sendo os principais países produtores a Malásia, a Indonésia e a China. A mudança do uso do solo é também problemática na produção de culturas para produção de óleo. No continente africano, Moçambique foi o país abordado com as suas culturas energéticas, as problemáticas das divisões dos terrenos e a aposta da Galp e da Visabeira no óleo de jatropha e de palma. No resto do continente a aposta tem recaído na produção de jatropha mas sem grandes sucessos.

Isolation and identification of native microalgae for biodiesel production

La demande croissante en carburants, ainsi que les changements climatiques dus au réchauffement planétaire poussent le monde entier à chercher des sources d’énergie capables de produire des combustibles alternatifs aux combustibles fossiles. Durant les dernières années, plusieurs sources potentielles ont été identifiées, les premières à être considérées sont les plantes oléagineuses comme source de biocarburant, cependant l’utilisation de végétaux ou d’huiles végétales ayant un lien avec l’alimentation humaine peut engendrer une hausse des prix des denrées alimentaires, sans oublier les questions éthiques qui s’imposent. De plus, l'usage des huiles non comestibles comme sources de biocarburants, comme l’huile de jatropha, de graines de tabac ou de jojoba, révèle un problème de manque de terre arable ce qui oblige à réduire les terres cultivables de l'industrie agricole et alimentaire au profit des cultures non comestibles. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation de microorganismes aquatiques, tels que les microalgues comme substrats pour la production de biocarburant semble être une meilleure solution. Les microalgues sont faciles à cultiver et peuvent croitre avec peu ou pas d'entretien. Elles peuvent ainsi se développer dans des eaux douces, saumâtres ou salées de même que dans les terres non cultivables. Le rendement en lipide peut être largement supérieur aux autres sources de biocarburant potentiel, sans oublier qu’elles ne sont pas comestibles et sans aucun impact sur l'industrie alimentaire. De plus, la culture intensive de microalgues pour la production de biodiesel pourrait également jouer un rôle important dans l'atténuation des émissions de CO2. Dans le cache de ce travail, nous avons isolé et identifié morphologiquement des espèces de microalgues natives du Québec, pour ensuite examiner et mesurer leur potentiel de production de lipides (biodiesel). L’échantillonnage fut réalisé dans trois régions différentes du Québec: la région de Montréal, la gaspésie et le nord du Québec, et dans des eaux douces, saumâtres ou salées. Cent souches ont été isolées à partir de la région de Montréal, caractérisées et sélectionnées selon la teneur en lipides et leur élimination des nutriments dans les eaux usées à des températures différentes (10 ± 2°C et 22 ± 2°C). Les espèces ayant une production potentiellement élevée en lipides ont été sélectionnées. L’utilisation des eaux usées, comme milieu de culture, diminue le coût de production du biocarburant et sert en même temps d'outil pour le traitement des eaux usées. Nous avons comparé la biomasse et le rendement en lipides des souches cultivées dans une eau usée par apport à ceux dans un milieu synthétique, pour finalement identifié un certain nombre d'isolats ayant montré une bonne croissance à 10°C, voir une teneur élevée en lipides (allant de 20% à 45% du poids sec) ou une grande capacité d'élimination de nutriment (>97% d'élimination). De plus, nous avons caractérisé l'une des souches intéressantes ayant montré une production en lipides et une biomasse élevée, soit la microalgue Chlorella sp. PCH90. Isolée au Québec, sa phylogénie moléculaire a été établie et les études sur la production de lipides en fonction de la concentration initiale de nitrate, phosphate et chlorure de sodium ont été réalisées en utilisant de la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse. Dans les conditions appropriées, cette microalgue pourrait produire jusqu'à 36% de lipides et croitre à la fois dans un milieu synthétique et un milieu issu d'un flux secondaire de traitement des eaux usées, et cela à 22°C ou 10°C. Ainsi, on peut conclure que cette souche est prometteuse pour poursuivre le développement en tant que productrice potentielle de biocarburants dans des conditions climatiques locales.

Modeling the interplay between land use, bioenergy production and climate change

Land use has become a force of global importance, considering that 34% of the Earth’s ice-free surface was covered by croplands or pastures in 2000. The expected increase in global human population together with eminent climate change and associated search for energy sources other than fossil fuels can, through land-use and land-cover changes (LUCC), increase the pressure on nature’s resources, further degrade ecosystem services, and disrupt other planetary systems of key importance to humanity. This thesis presents four modeling studies on the interplay between LUCC, increased production of biofuels and climate change in four selected world regions. In the first study case two new crop types (sugarcane and jatropha) are parameterized in the LPJ for managed Lands dynamic global vegetation model for calculation of their potential productivity. Country-wide spatial variation in the yields of sugarcane and jatropha incurs into substantially different land requirements to meet the biofuel production targets for 2015 in Brazil and India, depending on the location of plantations. Particularly the average land requirements for jatropha in India are considerably higher than previously estimated. These findings indicate that crop zoning is important to avoid excessive LUCC. In the second study case the LandSHIFT model of land-use and land-cover changes is combined with life cycle assessments to investigate the occurrence and extent of biofuel-driven indirect land-use changes (ILUC) in Brazil by 2020. The results show that Brazilian biofuels can indeed cause considerable ILUC, especially by pushing the rangeland frontier into the Amazonian forests. The carbon debt caused by such ILUC would result in no carbon savings (from using plant-based ethanol and biodiesel instead of fossil fuels) before 44 years for sugarcane ethanol and 246 years for soybean biodiesel. The intensification of livestock grazing could avoid such ILUC. We argue that such an intensification of livestock should be supported by the Brazilian biofuel sector, based on the sector’s own interest in minimizing carbon emissions. In the third study there is the development of a new method for crop allocation in LandSHIFT, as influenced by the occurrence and capacity of specific infrastructure units. The method is exemplarily applied in a first assessment of the potential availability of land for biogas production in Germany. The results indicate that Germany has enough land to fulfill virtually all (90 to 98%) its current biogas plant capacity with only cultivated feedstocks. Biogas plants located in South and Southwestern (North and Northeastern) Germany might face more (less) difficulties to fulfill their capacities with cultivated feedstocks, considering that feedstock transport distance to plants is a crucial issue for biogas production. In the fourth study an adapted version of LandSHIFT is used to assess the impacts of contrasting scenarios of climate change and conservation targets on land use in the Brazilian Amazon. Model results show that severe climate change in some regions by 2050 can shift the deforestation frontier to areas that would experience low levels of human intervention under mild climate change (such as the western Amazon forests or parts of the Cerrado savannas). Halting deforestation of the Amazon and of the Brazilian Cerrado would require either a reduction in the production of meat or an intensification of livestock grazing in the region. Such findings point out the need for an integrated/multicisciplinary plan for adaptation to climate change in the Amazon. The overall conclusions of this thesis are that (i) biofuels must be analyzed and planned carefully in order to effectively reduce carbon emissions; (ii) climate change can have considerable impacts on the location and extent of LUCC; and (iii) intensification of grazing livestock represents a promising venue for minimizing the impacts of future land-use and land-cover changes in Brazil.

Avaliação de produtos naturais no controle de biofilmes formados em sistema dinâmico

The biofilms microbial forms of association are responsible for generating, accelerating and / or induce the process of corrosion. The damage generated in the petroleum industry for this type of corrosion is significatives, representing major investment for your control. The aim of this study was to evaluate such tests antibiograms the effects of extracts of Jatropha curcas and essential oil of Lippia gracilis Schauer on microrganisms isolated from water samples and, thereafter, select the most effective natural product for further evaluation of biofilms formed in dynamic system. Extracts of J. curcas were not efficient on the complete inhibition of microbial growth in tests type antibiogram, and essential oil of L. gracilis Schauer most effective and determined for the other tests. A standard concentration of essential oil of 20 μL was chosen and established for the evaluation of the biofilms and the rate of corrosion. The biocide effect was determined by microbial counts of five types of microorganisms: aerobic bacteria, precipitating iron, total anaerobic, sulphate reducers (BRS) and fungi. The rate of corrosion was measured by loss of mass. Molecular identification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The data showed reduction to zero of the most probable number (MPN) of bacteria precipitating iron and BRS from 115 and 113 minutes of contact, respectively. There was also inhibited in fungi, reducing to zero the rate of colony-forming units (CFU) from 74 minutes of exposure. However, for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria there was no significant difference in the time of exposure to the essential oil, remaining constant. The rate of corrosion was also influenced by the presence of oil. The essential oil of L. gracilis was shown to be potentially effective