O livro escolar no Maranhão império: produção, circulação e prescrições

Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

Hibridismo cultural: o imaginário europeu na construção da sexualidade feminina do primeiro século de colonização brasileira

The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the conceptions of sexuality and female sexual behavior and conduct, formed from the merger of information and securities purchased under the eyes, rules and guidelines established relations with the Holy Office during his visit to Inquisitorial Brazil in the late sixteenth century. It is a survey of historical methodology in which we used as the exploratory research and literature. In the sixteenth century the Church increases the pressure to change the sexual mores that were free in the Middle Ages, a fact which influences the rules and regulations that are adopted by the Holy Office regarding the person's sex life. The first structure was based on Brazilian sexual alliance between Indians and settlers, which led to sugar, by the Portuguese, the customs of the land, which included sexual practices free since the Indians were out of Christian influence. Supported by the absence of white women, the settlers took them wives of the earth, usually more than one, creating conflict with the Jesuits who condemned Indian polygamy. In this context, in 1591, landed on Brazilian soil Heitor Furtado de Mendonca, and with it, the First Visitation of the Holy Office to investigate, arguing, exploring feelings and behaviors, to discover the true facts, finally, to demonstrate the errors Faith and punish them with the rigor of ecclesiastical law. His passing opens us to visualize traces of sexuality in the current "Tropic" a racist, misogynist world where black women and degraded land could be subject to the wishes of the white man, with whom he could mate at will. Alone and forgotten, women have not found the colony margin to denounce or to speak and were stigmatized by the look of travelers and writers have been through here.

Retratos da Espanha em Os fantasmas de Goya

1792, Madri. After years of inactivity, the Spanish Inquisition is born again with the mission of containing the laic winds that blow from the revolutionary France. Inês Bilbatúa, a rich merchant’s daugther, is victim of the inquisitorial machinery which tortures and violates her, through one of their abetters, the Dominican monk Lorenzo. Before being arrested, the young lady had served as model for the painter Francisco of Goya, who had also portrayed the monk Lorenzo. The Aragonese painter’s figure serves as narrative conductor of a history that narrates the young Inês’ via crucis and, at the same time, it recreates the historical scenery of the Napoleonic invasion (1808), through a basic element, the painting. Our work intends to analyze the relationships among movie, painting and history present in “Goya’s ghosts” (2006), of the Czech director Milos Forman (1932) - whose script was adapted to a homonymous book in 2007 -, a movie that is based on the artistic production of Francisco of Goya y Lucientes (1746 -1828), official painter of Carlos’ IV (1788 -1808) court and the most lucid columnist of his time, that knew how to capture in his works the religious fanaticism, the populist fervour, the governor’s hypocrisy and the horror and the violence of the war.

L'utilizzabilità degli atti nella fase investigativa. La prova per le indagini preliminari

The doctorate’s theme of research - Abstract My doctorate’s theme of research is about the Investigation in the Italian criminal proceedings. The Italian Code of criminal procedure of 1988 is the fruit of a new ideology that marks a departure from Italy’s prior inquisitorial tradition. According to criminal procedure Code of 1988, an accusatorial system separates the investigation and trial stages and the judge’s decision is based only on evidence collected in oral form in his presence in a public trial containing adversarial dynamics. The Italian Code of 1988 created a separation between criminal investigations and trial. Investigations are conducted by Public Prosecutor: he conducts the investigation phase in order to deem whether to file a formal charge against the defendant or to dismiss the case and the investigative evidence collected should serve only for this purpose. According to so called “inutilizzabilità fisiologica”’s rule, the evidence collected during investigations by prosecutor is not usable during trial by the judge: the results of the investigative efforts displayed by the parties should be kept outside of court. If the proceedings go on to trial, the case shall be deemed with only evidence collected in front of the judge. To create the separation of the trial phase from the investigation stage, there is the double-dossier system. During the investigations, evidence are collected in an investigation dossier. The trial judge will never see the investigation dossier and the trial judge’s decision is based on a new dossier, the trial dossier, with the evidence collected during the trial. The issue of my research is about the investigation, the so called “inutilizzabilità fisiologica”’s rule and also the exclusionary rules that concern the investigative phase and the decisions pronounced during the investigations (for example, the decisions concerning pre-trial confinement). 2 In fact, the exclusionary rule system (so called “inutilizzabilità patologica”) provides that evidence cannot be used in Italian criminal proceedings if it was the result of illegal inquiry.

L’istituto della riabilitazione tra cancellazione del reato e riparazione alla vittima: la sua applicazione nelle realtà europee italiana e belga

La realizzazione di questa ricerca ha come obiettivo principe lo studio approfondito dell’istituto della riabilitazione penale all’interno del panorama legislativo italiano, con riferimento al contesto bolognese, e nella legislazione belga; inoltre si pone come scopo l’analisi dell’interazione autore-vittima del reato, con una particolare attenzione al risarcimento elargito alla persona offesa dal reato e alla figura della vittima prima nel sistema penale, poi nel procedimento specifico che porta alla riabilitazione del condannato. Il punto di partenza del lavoro di ricerca intrapreso è costituito da un’accurata ricerca bibliografica inerente agli argomenti trattati, al fine di poter approfondire una buona parte della letteratura italiana e belga esistente in materia. La fase successiva della ricerca è stata quella di reperire informazioni riguardanti l’ambito di studio da approfondire, cioè la riabilitazione, secondo una direttrice empirica. Pertanto, per quanto concerne la realtà italiana, sono stati analizzati, tramite una griglia di rilevazione costruita ad hoc, i fascicoli processuali relativi alla riabilitazione presenti negli archivi del Tribunale di Sorveglianza di Bologna (2004-2009); la situazione belga è invece stata studiata reperendo dati, riferiti alla réhabilitation pénal, rintracciati presso il “Service Public Fédéral Justice - Bureau Permanent Statistiques et Mesure de la charge de travail (BPSM)” (2008-2009), sia livello nazionale che delle cinque Corti di appello. Inoltre, al fine di ottenere un ulteriore punto di vista empirico riguardante l’istituto della riabilitazione penale, sono state effettuate delle interviste semi-strutturate al Presidente del Tribunale di Sorveglianza Dott. Francesco Maisto e al Sostituto Procuratore Generale di Liège Mr. Nicolas Banneux. Infatti l’esperienza lavorativa e il particolare ruolo ricoperto da questi “osservatori privilegiati”, competenti di riabilitazione e particolarmente sensibili alle tematiche criminologiche e vittimologiche, li pone direttamente in contatto con l’istituto e la procedura della riabilitazione, determinando in loro una profonda padronanza dell’oggetto di ricerca.

Lawyer's account book, 1796-1829

Contains entries regarding accounts describing a wide variety of legal services and fees performed for individuals and especially for several towns (Dartmouth, Taunton, New Bedford, and Mashpee). These services include probating wills, drawing wills, prosecutions, depositions, warrants, writs, and bankruptcy.

The ICC and its Deteriorating Relationship with Africa in Light of the Kenya Cases: What Should the EU Position be? IES Policy Brief Issue 2013/09 • November 2013

Summary. The African Union (AU), a union consisting of 54 African States, held an Extraordinary Summit on 11-12 October 2013, to discuss its relationship with the International Criminal Court (ICC or the Court). The meeting took place just weeks before the trial of Kenya’s President Uhuru Kenyatta is scheduled to begin, and was clearly intended to voice discontent and put on hold the ongoing ICC proceedings against Kenyatta as well as his deputy, Vice-President William Ruto. Before the Summit, there were even widespread rumors that the Assembly of the AU would call for a mass withdrawal of African States Parties from the ICC Statute. Eventually, the Assembly did not go that far and took two important, but less controversial decisions. It called for the granting of immunities to Heads of States from prosecutions by international criminal tribunals and requested a deferral of the ICC cases against Kenyatta and Ruto through a resolution adopted by the UN Security Council (UNSC). After providing a background to the Kenya cases, this policy brief aims to evaluate what the position of the EU and its Member States as outspoken supporters of the ICC and the fight against impunity should be, especially given the fact that France and the UK, as permanent UNSC members, could block a UNSC deferral at any time.

Offensive language, offensive behaviour and public nuisance: Empirical and theoretical analyses

Offensive behaviour and offensive language - new Queensland public nuisance offence - interpretation and enforcement by police and magistrates - impact of changes to legislation on the number and nature of prosecutions for legally unacceptable behaviour and language coming before the courts - results of empirical study indicate that public nuisance offence is not meeting its objectives - not being targeted only at behaviour which threatens the safety or security of people using public space as was its intention.

Pharmacy legislation:public protector or professional hindrance?

Pharmacy originates from a background of medication compounding and supply. More recently, this role has developed away from an absolute focus on the supply of pharmaceuticals with, for example, the advent of pharmacist prescribing. Nevertheless, for a majority of the profession, medication supply remains a core activity. Regulation of the pharmacy profession is now the responsibility of the General Pharmaceutical Council, although up until 27 September 2010, this role fell to the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB). Before this change, in one of the most high-profile legal cases involving a pharmacist in a professional capacity, R. v Lee, a pharmacist was prosecuted firstly for gross negligence manslaughter, later revised to offences under the Medicines Act 1968, for a single error relating to medication supply, and was given a suspended custodial sentence. Offences against sections 64 or 85 of the Medicines Act are absolute offences and there is no due diligence defence. Prosecution of a pharmacist for the supply of incorrect medication may seem a measured course of action to protect the public from the wrongful supply of potent pharmacotherapeutic agents; however, further analysis of Lee indicates that this approach may be counterproductive. An appeal of the original conviction in the Lee case has resulted in a clarification of the interpretation of section 85(5); however currently, prosecutions under section 64 are still a possibility. Owing to the seriousness of a criminal conviction under section 64, this continuation will potentially stifle the profession's ability to learn from dispensing errors. © The Author [2013]. Published by Oxford University Press; all rights reserved.

The social media paradox:an intersection with freedom of expression and the criminal law

This article begins by setting out the human rights provisions that apply to social media expression. It then provides insight into the part social media plays within our society by analysing the social media landscape and how it facilitates a ‘purer’ form of expression. The social media paradox is explored through the lens of current societal issues and concerns regarding the use of social media and how these have manifested into litigation. It concludes by analysing the tension that the application of an array of criminal legislation and jurisprudence has created with freedom of expression, and whether this can successfully mitigated by the Director of Public Prosecution’s Interim Guidelines.

Buried voices: Genres and types of female authorship during the Spanish American colonial period (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries)

This dissertation analyzes various types of non-canonical texts authorized by women from a wide spectrum of classes and races in the Spanish colonies. The female voice, generally absent from official colonial documents of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteen centuries, left a gap in the complex subject of women's history and social participation. Through the study of personal letters, autobiographies, journals, court documents, inquisitorial transcripts, wills and testaments, edicts, orders, proclamations and posters, that voice is recovered. Thus, the Indigenous, Spaniards and African women and their descendants who lived during this period left their written legacy and proof of participation. Beginning with a thorough history of the native woman's interest in writing, this study focuses on how women of all social levels utilized the few means of writing available at their disposal to display a testimonial, critical and sometimes fictional narrative of their surroundings. ^ This investigation concludes that it is necessary to change the traditional image of the passive women of the colonies, subjected to a patriarchal authority and unable to speak or grow on their own. The documents under study, introduced women who were able to self represent themselves as followers of the tradition while at the same time their writings were denying that very same statement. They passed from the private arena to the public one with discourses that confessed their innermost feelings and concerns, challenged the authority of the Inquisitor or the Governor, exposed their sexual freedom and transvestite narratives, successfully developed stratagems that challenged the official ideology of the oppressive religious environment and established their own authority reaching at last the freedom of their souls. ^

Histories and Historiographies of Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century England

This thesis explores the history of juvenile delinquency in England during the decades bracketing the nineteenth century’s turn and how modern historians have analyzed this period. The purported birth of juvenile delinquency during this tumultuous period is widely attributed by both historians and Victorians to the explosive growth in England’s urban population. Contemporary statistics of criminal prosecutions confirmed emergent literary tropes that viewed childhoods spent on city streets as inevitably corrupting. Public policy and private charity for more than a century thereafter would recommend removal from the city’s corrupting cultural influences to a highly romanticized vision of rural space as healing innocence. This thesis challenges the juxtaposition of country and city on which such explanations of juvenile delinquency rest. Utilizing the neglected testimony of magistrates, constables, rural residents, and juvenile criminals themselves, it will demonstrate that rural England also suffered from increasing juvenile crime in this period. It will illuminate the complex social, economic, and political dynamics responsible for the oft-cited statistical gap between rural and urban arrest rates, showing that the latter were in neither case transparent measures of criminal activity. Crime was on the rise in English rural counties as transformed by industrial capitalism as were England’s booming cities, suggesting that historians who continue to emphasize the dichotomy between the city and the country have not only recycled a Victorian narrative but also limited their own understandings of the time.

An Incomplete Narrative: Prosecuting Sexual Violence Crimes at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

This article explores the feminist critique that progress in the classification of sexual violence crimes within international criminal law has not been matched by sufficient legal enforcement. It takes the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) as a case study, exploring the various myths, investigative failures and procedural developments that have hindered the ECCC’s effective investigation of sexual violence. The article argues that while there is a need to adopt a nuanced perspective of the many gender inequalities facing women, it remains crucial that sexual violence is adequately investigated and prosecuted, due to the normative value of such prosecutions. It concludes with some suggestions as to how the ECCC can improve accountability for such crimes, but also highlights lessons that future courts can learn from the ECCC’s failures.

Linaje y transición histórica: Los Arias Dávila entre el Medievo y la Modernidad

El linaje Arias Dávila parte del matrimonio formado por Diego Arias y Elvira González en la primera mitad del siglo XV. Se formó en cuanto a organización interna y a expresión externa del grupo hacia la ciudad de Segovia y hacia el reino en la segunda mitad del siglo XV, cuando comenzaba la transición entre la Edad Media y la Moderna. Desde los años centrales de la mencionada centuria hasta nuestros días sus miembros han ocupado posiciones de relevancia, primero, en Castilla y, luego, en España. Los objetivos a alcanzar en su estudio son los siguientes: - establecer las corrientes historiográficas relacionadas con las filiaciones de la familia y cuándo surgieron en el tiempo, y para ello revisar la bibliografía y profundizar en las fuentes. - examinar la figura de Diego Arias tan compleja en el orden político-social como preponderante en la esfera familiar; así como la mucho más difusa de Elvira. - determinar la relación entre ellos dos y una pléyade de personajes un tanto enigmáticos que les rodean. - analizar la estructura familiar y de relaciones entre los distintos miembros de la familia, a través de la documentación inédita aportada por mí, en especial la referente a la creación de mayorazgos y los testamentos. - explicar el establecimiento y organización de las señas de identidad diseñadas por el matrimonio origen y encaminadas a crear la memoria del linaje. - considerar todo ello conectado con una adscripción al grupo de conversos determinado por el proceso inquisitorial como generador de las imágenes del origen familiar social. Realizar un tratamiento de dicho proceso insertándolo en el contexto del linaje. - profundizar en el conocimiento de la sociedad del siglo XV castellano, en especial, en las conexiones que se establecían entre el ámbito local y el del reino a través de un personaje que, al dar el salto de uno a otro, consiguió sentar las bases de un linaje cuya proyección ha llegado hasta nuestros días. Dichos objetivos han implicado una metodología de búsqueda del mayor acopio de información posible, examen de la misma y cotejo de todas las fuentes disponibles, muchas de ellas inéditas. Los resultados de la investigación han sido organizados en cinco capítulos. En el primero se han analizado las informaciones contradictorias que sobre el origen familiar existen; ha sido preciso proceder a un cruce de informaciones que despojase de forma documentada a las figuras de la pareja fundadora de los mitos positivos y negativos que los escritores y estudiosos les han adjudicado a lo largo del tiempo...