L'efficacité du régime de responsabilité civile comme mesure de contrainte au respect de l'obligation de sécurité des renseignements personnels.

Dans un contexte où les renseignements personnels sont aujourd’hui une « devise » commerciale importante, il importe de s’attarder à la responsabilité de leur protection. Les lois encadrant la protection des renseignements personnels imposent notamment aux entreprises du secteur privé une obligation de sécurité. Par contre, elles ne prévoient pas de sanction monétaire en cas de violation. Il faut donc se tourner vers le droit de la responsabilité civile afin de contraindre les entreprises à adopter des mesures de sécurité. Or, le régime de responsabilité civile actuel est mal adapté aux obligations associées à la sécurité des renseignements personnels. Le flou normatif entourant le contenu de l’obligation de sécurité et les difficultés d’exercice du recours rendent peu efficace le régime de responsabilité civile compensatoire. Dans un souci d’améliorer son efficacité, deux propositions méritent d’être considérées, soit : la revalorisation des dommages-intérêts punitifs et l’encadrement statutaire d’une obligation de notification des atteintes à la sécurité des renseignements personnels. Ces deux propositions sanctionnent les violations à l’obligation de sécurité là où le régime de responsabilité civile compensatoire semble échouer. Par contre, elles ne sont elles-mêmes efficaces que si leur exercice respecte les fonctions qui leur sont sous-jacentes. Au final, la responsabilité de la sécurité des renseignements personnels ne repose pas seulement sur un régime responsabilité, mais sur une culture de responsabilité.

Cadre juridique de l'utilisation de la biométrie au Québec : sécurité et vie privée

La biométrie, appliquée dans un contexte de traitement automatisé des données et de reconnaissance des identités, fait partie de ces technologies nouvelles dont la complexité d’utilisation fait émerger de nouveaux enjeux et où ses effets à long terme sont incalculables. L’envergure des risques suscite des questionnements dont il est essentiel de trouver les réponses. On justifie le recours à cette technologie dans le but d’apporter plus de sécurité, mais, vient-elle vraiment apporter plus de protection dans le contexte actuel? En outre, le régime législatif québécois est-il suffisant pour encadrer tous les risques qu’elle génère? Les technologies biométriques sont flexibles en ce sens qu’elles permettent de saisir une multitude de caractéristiques biométriques et offrent aux utilisateurs plusieurs modalités de fonctionnement. Par exemple, on peut l’utiliser pour l’identification tout comme pour l’authentification. Bien que la différence entre les deux concepts puisse être difficile à saisir, nous verrons qu’ils auront des répercussions différentes sur nos droits et ne comporteront pas les mêmes risques. Par ailleurs, le droit fondamental qui sera le plus touché par l’utilisation de la biométrie sera évidemment le droit à la vie privée. Encore non bien compris, le droit à la vie privée est complexe et son application est difficile dans le contexte des nouvelles technologies. La circulation des données biométriques, la surveillance accrue, le détournement d’usage et l’usurpation d’identité figurent au tableau des risques connus de la biométrie. De plus, nous verrons que son utilisation pourra avoir des conséquences sur d’autres droits fondamentaux, selon la manière dont le système est employé. Les tests de nécessité du projet et de proportionnalité de l’atteinte à nos droits seront les éléments clés pour évaluer la conformité d’un système biométrique. Ensuite, le succès de la technologie dépendra des mesures de sécurité mises en place pour assurer la protection des données biométriques, leur intégrité et leur accès, une fois la légitimité du système établie.

Use of Novel Algorithms MAJE4 and MACJER-320 for Achieving Confidentiality and Message Authentication in SSL & TLS

Extensive use of the Internet coupled with the marvelous growth in e-commerce and m-commerce has created a huge demand for information security. The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol is the most widely used security protocol in the Internet which meets this demand. It provides protection against eaves droppings, tampering and forgery. The cryptographic algorithms RC4 and HMAC have been in use for achieving security services like confidentiality and authentication in the SSL. But recent attacks against RC4 and HMAC have raised questions in the confidence on these algorithms. Hence two novel cryptographic algorithms MAJE4 and MACJER-320 have been proposed as substitutes for them. The focus of this work is to demonstrate the performance of these new algorithms and suggest them as dependable alternatives to satisfy the need of security services in SSL. The performance evaluation has been done by using practical implementation method.

An Approach Towards The Development Of An Efficient Symmetric Key Encryption Scheme

n the recent years protection of information in digital form is becoming more important. Image and video encryption has applications in various fields including Internet communications, multimedia systems, medical imaging, Tele-medicine and military communications. During storage as well as in transmission, the multimedia information is being exposed to unauthorized entities unless otherwise adequate security measures are built around the information system. There are many kinds of security threats during the transmission of vital classified information through insecure communication channels. Various encryption schemes are available today to deal with information security issues. Data encryption is widely used to protect sensitive data against the security threat in the form of “attack on confidentiality”. Secure transmission of information through insecure communication channels also requires encryption at the sending side and decryption at the receiving side. Encryption of large text message and image takes time before they can be transmitted, causing considerable delay in successive transmission of information in real-time. In order to minimize the latency, efficient encryption algorithms are needed. An encryption procedure with adequate security and high throughput is sought in multimedia encryption applications. Traditional symmetric key block ciphers like Data Encryption Standard (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES) are not efficient when the data size is large. With the availability of fast computing tools and communication networks at relatively lower costs today, these encryption standards appear to be not as fast as one would like. High throughput encryption and decryption are becoming increasingly important in the area of high-speed networking. Fast encryption algorithms are needed in these days for high-speed secure communication of multimedia data. It has been shown that public key algorithms are not a substitute for symmetric-key algorithms. Public key algorithms are slow, whereas symmetric key algorithms generally run much faster. Also, public key systems are vulnerable to chosen plaintext attack. In this research work, a fast symmetric key encryption scheme, entitled “Matrix Array Symmetric Key (MASK) encryption” based on matrix and array manipulations has been conceived and developed. Fast conversion has been achieved with the use of matrix table look-up substitution, array based transposition and circular shift operations that are performed in the algorithm. MASK encryption is a new concept in symmetric key cryptography. It employs matrix and array manipulation technique using secret information and data values. It is a block cipher operated on plain text message (or image) blocks of 128 bits using a secret key of size 128 bits producing cipher text message (or cipher image) blocks of the same size. This cipher has two advantages over traditional ciphers. First, the encryption and decryption procedures are much simpler, and consequently, much faster. Second, the key avalanche effect produced in the ciphertext output is better than that of AES.

Use of Novel Algorithms MAJE4 and MACJER-320 for Achieving Confidentiality and Message Authentication in SSL & TLS.

Extensive use of the Internet coupled with the marvelous growth in e-commerce and m-commerce has created a huge demand for information security. The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol is the most widely used security protocol in the Internet which meets this demand. It provides protection against eaves droppings, tampering and forgery. The cryptographic algorithms RC4 and HMAC have been in use for achieving security services like confidentiality and authentication in the SSL. But recent attacks against RC4 and HMAC have raised questions in the confidence on these algorithms. Hence two novel cryptographic algorithms MAJE4 and MACJER-320 have been proposed as substitutes for them. The focus of this work is to demonstrate the performance of these new algorithms and suggest them as dependable alternatives to satisfy the need of security services in SSL. The performance evaluation has been done by using practical implementation method.

Rapid and Proactive Approach on Exploration of Database Vulnerabilities

In today's complicated computing environment, managing data has become the primary concern of all industries. Information security is the greatest challenge and it has become essential to secure the enterprise system resources like the databases and the operating systems from the attacks of the unknown outsiders. Our approach plays a major role in detecting and managing vulnerabilities in complex computing systems. It allows enterprises to assess two primary tiers through a single interface as a vulnerability scanner tool which provides a secure system which is also compatible with the security compliance of the industry. It provides an overall view of the vulnerabilities in the database, by automatically scanning them with minimum overhead. It gives a detailed view of the risks involved and their corresponding ratings. Based on these priorities, an appropriate mitigation process can be implemented to ensure a secured system. The results show that our approach could effectively optimize the time and cost involved when compared to the existing systems

A finite state model for on-line analytical processing in triadic contexts

About ten years ago, triadic contexts were presented by Lehmann and Wille as an extension of Formal Concept Analysis. However, they have rarely been used up to now, which may be due to the rather complex structure of the resulting diagrams. In this paper, we go one step back and discuss how traditional line diagrams of standard (dyadic) concept lattices can be used for exploring and navigating triadic data. Our approach is inspired by the slice & dice paradigm of On-Line-Analytical Processing (OLAP). We recall the basic ideas of OLAP, and show how they may be transferred to triadic contexts. For modeling the navigation patterns a user might follow, we use the formalisms of finite state machines. In order to present the benefits of our model, we show how it can be used for navigating the IT Baseline Protection Manual of the German Federal Office for Information Security.

Los conceptos de salud financiera, riesgo y epidemiología en los estados financieros de las compañías del sector de extracción de petróleo crudo y gas natural en Colombia

El presente proyecto tiene como objeto identificar cuáles son los conceptos de salud, enfermedad, epidemiología y riesgo aplicables a las empresas del sector de extracción de petróleo y gas natural en Colombia. Dado, el bajo nivel de predicción de los análisis financieros tradicionales y su insuficiencia, en términos de inversión y toma de decisiones a largo plazo, además de no considerar variables como el riesgo y las expectativas de futuro, surge la necesidad de abordar diferentes perspectivas y modelos integradores. Esta apreciación es pertinente dentro del sector de extracción de petróleo y gas natural, debido a la creciente inversión extranjera que ha reportado, US$2.862 millones en el 2010, cifra mayor a diez veces su valor en el año 2003. Así pues, se podrían desarrollar modelos multi-dimensional, con base en los conceptos de salud financiera, epidemiológicos y estadísticos. El termino de salud y su adopción en el sector empresarial, resulta útil y mantiene una coherencia conceptual, evidenciando una presencia de diferentes subsistemas o factores interactuantes e interconectados. Es necesario mencionar también, que un modelo multidimensional (multi-stage) debe tener en cuenta el riesgo y el análisis epidemiológico ha demostrado ser útil al momento de determinarlo e integrarlo en el sistema junto a otros conceptos, como la razón de riesgo y riesgo relativo. Esto se analizará mediante un estudio teórico-conceptual, que complementa un estudio previo, para contribuir al proyecto de finanzas corporativas de la línea de investigación en Gerencia.

Surveillance and data retention in Poland

The object of analysis in the present text is the issue of operational control and data retention in Poland. The analysis of this issue follows from a critical stance taken by NGOs and state institutions on the scope of operational control wielded by the Polish police and special services – it concerns, in particular, the employment of “itemized phone bills and the so-called phone tapping.” Besides the quantitative analysis of operational control and the scope of data retention, the text features the conclusions of the Human Rights Defender referred to the Constitutional Tribunal in 2011. It must be noted that the main problems concerned with the employment of operational control and data retention are caused by: (1) a lack of specification of technical means which can be used by individual services; (2) a lack of specification of what kind of information and evidence is in question; (3) an open catalogue of information and evidence which can be clandestinely acquired in an operational mode. Furthermore, with regard to the access granted to teleinformation data by the Telecommunications Act, attention should be drawn to a wide array of data submitted to particular services. Also, the text draws on the so-called open interviews conducted mainly with former police officers with a view to pointing to some non-formal reasons for “phone tapping” in Poland. This comes in the form of a summary.

Adaptive device with underlying mechanism defined by a programming language

An adaptive device is made up of an underlying mechanism, for instance, an automaton, a grammar, a decision tree, etc., to which is added an adaptive mechanism, responsible for allowing a dynamic modification in the structure of the underlying mechanism. This article aims to investigate if a programming language can be used as an underlying mechanism of an adaptive device, resulting in an adaptive language.

A viabilidade do teletrabalho na PROCEMPA

Dentre as profundas modificações experimentadas na Sociedade e, em especial, as que se produzem no mundo do trabalho, observamos movimentos em direção a formas de trabalho flexível, entre as quais se insere o Teletrabalho. Sem ser propriamente novo no cenário mundial, no Brasil ele surge com maior expressão recentemente, passando a ocupar espaços na mídia em geral e nos ambientes universitários. Todavia, são poucas as referências acadêmicas brasileiras ao assunto e estudos se fazem necessários. Com a pretensão de contribuir com conhecimentos a respeito do assunto, sob o prisma da realidade brasileira e de uma situação particular, o estudo utilizou referências teóricas e empíricas para examinar a viabilidade do Teletrabalho na Companhia de Processamento de Dados do Município de Porto Alegre. Abrangeu a análise de condições organizacionais, técnicas, humanas, legais e sindicais compreendidas na proposta e incluiu, igualmente, uma sugestão para um projeto de demonstração. O estudo, notadamente qualitativo, valoriza as perspectivas de segmentos potencialmente envolvidos num processo de adoção de Teletrabalho pela Empresa, como elemento para a sua compreensão. Foi desenvolvido mediante a realização de entrevistas com representantes dos sindicatos da categoria, dos funcionários e chefias, Diretoria da Empresa e especialistas em assuntos jurídicos e segurança de informações. O estudo concluiu ser a introdução do Teletrabalho viável em parte, num sistema de voluntariado, em regime de tempo parcial e, pelo menos inicialmente, em ambientes de telecentros. Mesmo existindo uma série de condições favoráveis, o atendimento de certos prérequisitos e o equacionamento de dúvidas e dificuldades são essenciais para promover uma implementação adequada, considerando as condições internas da Empresa, seu papel institucional e o contexto social onde está inserida. A pesquisa, na verdade, pode ser considerada um passo inicial dentro de um processo mais amplo, que integra o domínio da tecnologia do Teletrabalho para uso interno na Empresa, se assim for desejado, ou como uma alternativa para proposição de novos serviços a clientes e à comunidade.

Gestão da segurança da informação: certificação digital

More over, the information has become the main asset of the institutions. Being thus, the Information Security (IS) is getting attention as one of the activities of extreme importance in the corporations. Guarantee the confidentiality, integrity, availability, no deny and legality becomes something very important for the day-by-day of the businesses. An analysis of the risk, passing through the assessment of the threats and vulnerabilities, is mandatory to let grow the activities of the institutions. Digital Certification came into IS to guarantee the Not Deny (ND) because it makes the unquestioned identification of the person that makes the action. Therefore, Information Security can be defined as a knowledge field focused in the protection of the information assets against: unauthorized access, improper modifications, not availability, deny of authorship and illegality.

Cultura de segurança da informação: um processo de mudança organizacional na Petrobrás.

O estudo objetivou verificar até que ponto foi atendido o critério proposto por Kotter para a implantação de uma cultura de segurança da informação na Petrobras. A Petrobras, durante muitos anos, foi uma empresa estatal de petróleo com atuação nacional. Assim como diversas outras empresas, com o advento do processo de internacionalização, mais atores com interesses por informações valiosas começaram a interagir com a empresa. Verificava-se a necessidade de conduzir um processo de gestão da mudança para implantar uma cultura de segurança da informação. O modelo definido por Kotter possui oito etapas que, se seguidas, podem garantir uma mudança bem-sucedida. Para atingir o objetivo do estudo, utilizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental em arquivos e documentos da Petrobras e pesquisa de campo. O período analisado foi de 2002 a 2009. A avaliação do processo indicou que algumas falhas foram encontradas nas etapas definidas por Kotter. Pode-se citar: complacência alta; senso de urgência atribuído somente no primeiro momento; visão de longo prazo não foi amplamente declarada; o porquê da mudança, ao longo do tempo, não ficou explícito; estrutura organizacional de segurança da informação nas áreas ainda é deficiente; não houve total alinhamento dos sistemas de gestão da empresa; existência de estruturas e sistemas que dificultam a avaliação das ações e reconhecimento dos envolvidos no processo de mudança cultural e pouca preocupação em comemorar as conquistas de curto prazo.

Modelo de gestão de risco em segurança da informação: um estudo de caso no mercado brasileiro de cartões de crédito

As questões ligadas a gestão de riscos associados a segurança da informação já é uma realidade no cenário empresarial brasileiro. O crescimento das operações de negócios em direção aos sistemas de informação baseados em tecnologia fez com que os números de ameaças e de vulnerabilidades sobre as redes de computadores e comunicações aumentassem. Vários são os desafios de estruturação e implementação de uma área de segurança da informação dentro das empresas. Este trabalho analisa as diversas formas de construção de uma infra-estrutura de gestão de risco em segurança de informação, não só no âmbito tecnológico, mas também, no operacional e no mercadológico, de forma a estabelecer uma relação transparente às demais áreas internas da organização, aos clientes e a todo o mercado. A segurança da informação, vista freqüentemente como um assunto ligado a tecnologia, passa a ser entendida cada vez mais como um processo de negócio, e conseqüentemente, uma grande vantagem competitiva para o mundo empresarial.