Filosofins renässans eller modern mystik : Bergsondebatten i Finland

The study examines the debate in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century surrounding the philosophy of Henri Bergson. Both within as well as outside of academic philosophy Bergsonism was adapted to the philosophical and cultural landscape in Finland by a process of selective appropriation. The ambiguous relationship between the sender and the receiver is accentuated in reference to philosophical celebrities such as Bergson, whose reputations spread more quickly than the content of their philosophy and whose names are drawn into the political and social discourse. As a philosophical movement the aim of Bergsonism was to create a scientific philosophy of life as an alternative to both idealism and modern empirical and antimetaphysical currents, during a period when European philosophy was searching for new guidelines after the collapse of the idealistic system philosophies of the 19th century. This reorientation is examined from a Finnish viewpoint and in the light of the process of intellectual importation. The study examines how elements from an international discourse were appropriated within the philosophical field in Finland against a background of changes in the role of the university and the educated elites as well as the position of philosophy within the disciplinary hierarchy. Philosophical reception was guided by expectations that had arisen in a national context, for example when Bergsonism in Finland was adjusted to a moral and educational ideal of self-cultivation, and often served as a means for philosophers to internationalize their own views in order to strengthen their position on the national stage. The study begins with some introductory remarks on the international circulation of ideas from the point of view of the periphery. The second section presents an overview of the shaping of the philosophical field at the turn of the 20th century, the naturalism and positivism of the late 19th century that were the objects of Bergson s critique, and an introduction to the attempts of a philosophy of life to make its way between idealism and naturalism. The third and main section of the study begins with a brief presentation of the main features of the philosophy of Bergson, followed by a closer examination of the different comments and analyses that it gave rise to in Finland. The final section addresses the ideological implications of Bergsonism within the framework of a political annexation of the philosophy of life at the beginning of the 20th century.

An analysis of assessment outcomes from eight years' operation of the Australian border weed risk assessment system

The majority of Australian weeds are exotic plant species that were intentionally introduced for a variety of horticultural and agricultural purposes. A border weed risk assessment system (WRA) was implemented in 1997 in order to reduce the high economic costs and massive environmental damage associated with introducing serious weeds. We review the behaviour of this system with regard to eight years of data collected from the assessment of species proposed for importation or held within genetic resource centres in Australia. From a taxonomic perspective, species from the Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae were most likely to be rejected and those from the Arecaceae and Flacourtiaceae were most likely to be accepted. Dendrogram analysis and classification and regression tree (TREE) models were also used to analyse the data. The latter revealed that a small subset of the 35 variables assessed was highly associated with the outcome of the original assessment. The TREE model examining all of the data contained just five variables: unintentional human dispersal, congeneric weed, weed elsewhere, tolerates or benefits from mutilation, cultivation or fire, and reproduction by vegetative propagation. It gave the same outcome as the full WRA model for 71% of species. Weed elsewhere was not the first splitting variable in this model, indicating that the WRA has a capacity for capturing species that have no history of weediness. A reduced TREE model (in which human-mediated variables had been removed) contained four variables: broad climate suitability, reproduction in less or than equal to 1 year, self-fertilisation, and tolerates and benefits from mutilation, cultivation or fire. It yielded the same outcome as the full WRA model for 65% of species. Data inconsistencies and the relative importance of questions are discussed, with some recommendations made for improving the use of the system.

Prospects for the biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in New Zealand

Lantana camara is an environmental weed in the northern North Island of New Zealand. It is an increasingly observed problem in forest margins, coastal scrublands, dunes, plantations and island habitats, and its rapid, uncontrolled growth can create dense impenetrable thickets, suppressing vegetation and bush regeneration. Biological control options are being considered for its management. A strain of the Brazilian rust Prospodium tuberculatum was released against lantana in Australia in 2001. This rust was screened against invasive forms of the weed that occur in New Zealand and was found to be pathogenic under glasshouse conditions. A survey found no evidence that the rust occurs in New Zealand. It is concluded that P. tuberculatum is potentially a suitable agent for the biocontrol of lantana in New Zealand and further research should be carried out prior to importation of the organism.

Biological control of Mikania micrantha in Papua New Guinea and Fiji using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii

Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae), commonly known as ‘mile-a-minute’, is a neotropical plant species now found in 17 Pacific island countries and territories, invading small cropping areas and plantations, thereby reducing productivity and food security. In 2006, a biocontrol project on M. micrantha commenced in Fiji and Papua New Guinea (PNG). The distribution of M. micrantha as well as baseline data such as plant growth rates and socio-economic impacts were determined before the importation of any biocontrol agents. Mikania micrantha was recorded in all 15 lowland provinces in PNG and on all major islands in Fiji. Plants grow about 3.2cm/day in PNG and about 1.9cm/day in Fiji. A socio-economic survey, involving over 370 respondents in over 220 villages from 15 provinces in PNG, found that 78% of respondents considered M. micrantha a serious weed and about 44% had M. micrantha, which they needed to weed at least fortnightly, in over a third of their land. Over 80% of respondents used slashing and/or handpulling as the preferred method of weed control. About 40% of respondents considered that M. micrantha reduced crop yield by more than 30%. In Fiji, 52 respondents from four islands participated in the survey. Over 60% of respondents in Fiji considered M. micrantha a serious weed and 23% had about 30% of their farm lands infested with the weed. Only 15% of respondents needed to weed at least fortnightly, with 56% using slashing and/or hand-pulling as the preferred means of control. Over 65% of respondents estimated that they lost at least 30% of potential crop yield to M. micrantha. Nearly 90% of respondents used M. micrantha as a medicinal plant to treat cuts and wounds. The life history of the rust Puccinia spegazzinii de Toni (Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae), originating from Ecuador, and imported into PNG and Fiji in 2008, was studied. P. spegazzinii is a microcyclic and autoecious rust and has a life cycle of 18-22 days. An efficient culturing and field release method was developed. Since 2008, the rust has been released at over 450 sites in 15 provinces in PNG, establishing at nearly 70 sites in four provinces. From some sites, the rust has spread over 7 km in 12 months. In Fiji, the rust has been released at over 80 sites, on four of the main islands, namely Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Ovalau, and has established at 20 sites on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Plant growth studies and field monitoring in PNG showed that P. spegazzinii can significantly reduce the growth and density of M. micrantha and offers great potential for the control of this weed.

Malaria burden and costs of intensified control in Bhutan, 2006-2014: A situational analysis

- Introduction Malaria cases have dwindled in Bhutan with aim of malaria elimination by 2016. The aims of this study are to determine the trends and burden of malaria, the costs of intensified control activities, the main donors of the control activities and the costs of different preventive measures in the pre-elimination phase (2006-2014). - Methods A descriptive analysis of malaria surveillance data from 2006-2014 was carried out, using data from the Vector-borne Disease Control Programme (VDCP), Bhutan. Malaria morbidity and mortality among local Bhutanese and foreign nationals were analysed. The cost of different control and preventive measures, and estimation of the average numbers of long-lasting insecticidal nests (LLINs) per person were calculated. - Findings There were 5,491 confirmed malaria cases from 2006 to 2014. By 2013, there was an average of one LLIN for every 1·51 individuals. The Global Fund was the main international donor accounting for > 80% of the total funds. The cost of procuring LLINs accounted for > 90% of the total cost of prevention measures. - Interpretation The malaria burden reduced significantly over the study period with high coverage of LLINs in Bhutan. This foreseeable challenges that require national attention to maintain malaria-free status after elimination are importation of malaria, particularly from India; continued protection of the population in endemic districts through complete coverage with LLINs and IRS; and exploration of local funding modalities post elimination in the event there is a reduction in international funding.

The use of locally available materials in fish feed production

In Nigeria, the culture of fish is gaining importance, but local fish farmers face a set back because of the stoppage on importation of fish feed. Locally available raw materials such as yam, plantain, banana, cowpeas, macuna, maize, cassava, millet, sorghum, groundnut, sunnhemp seed and brewery wastes are considered as potential materials for fish feed. These have been examined on their minimum protein contributions since this is the most expensive part of the fish feed. Alternative sources to animal proteins are also examined. Plant protein from groundnut, melon, mucuna and others compare favourably with bloodmeal mixture and thus can be used to replace the more expensive animal proteins. Pellet feed can be produced on a small scale or commercial basis from the locally available raw materials and the fish farmer is advised to seek assistance from qualified fisheries personnel

The market for processed foodstuffs in Nigeria: The case of canned fish

This paper highlights the potential contribution of the processed food industry (especially with regard to prepared and preserved fish) to the domestic industrial sector. Data for the study were collected from a sample of 85 retail canned fish sellers in South-Western Nigeria (45 and 40 respondents in Oyo and Lagos states respectively). Approaches were also made to government officials and merchant-agents connected with the importation, trade-regulation and distribution of fish in Nigeria. The study examined, in considerable detail, the marketing channels, services, prices and margins of canned fish in the area of study. The paper concludes that efforts should be made to encourage local processing and canning of fish not only to save on foreign exchange and importation costs but also to be able to meet the rapidly growing demand for this product in the country

Evaluation of transferred fisheries technology in Kainji Lake basin

Fisheries is important to Nigeria agricultural economy because it provides employment for fisherfolks (men and women fishers, fishmongers (fish traders), fish processors and fish farmers. It also supplies protein to the diet of Nigerians and it is equally a viable source of foreign exchange earning to the government.The estimated Nigeria population of 120 million consumes about 1.2million metric tones of fish and fish products annual. This justified the important role fisheries could play in nigerian diet considering that Nigeria has vast inland waters that cover an estimated total surface area of 199,580km super(2) and equally vast sea area of 25,000km super(2). In these waters the author claimed that there are diverse fish resources that are of economic importance in both inland and seawaters. FDF (2000) also estimated that the current annual yield of both inland and seawater put together is about 418,069,3 metric tones from artisanal fisheries and 23,720 metric tones from aquaculture. The shortage between the annual consumption level of 1.2million metric tones and annual yield of 418,069,3 metric tones is made available through importation. It is therefore of concern that given the level of current fish yield from the various fisheries resources the demand still exceeds supply. One wonders whether the production inadequacy is due to poor management of available fisheries resources or that improved fisheries technology that could aid increased production was not efficiently transferred to fish farmers. To answer these questions one need to examine the past and present extension policy in Nigeria as they affect dissemination of fisheries technologies

Preliminary investigation into implication of a single cell organism in fish feed bouyancy and flotation

Two Isocaloric Isoproteic 30% crude protein diets were formulated for Clariid catfish and Tilapia with wheat grain starch (WGS) and cassava tuber starch (CTS) incorporated at 10 percent as binding agents. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was included at 2% as floating additive. The water stability, nutrient retention and flotation of pelleted feeds were observed for 60 minutes. There were generally decreasing trends in stability and retention at increasing time of immersion in water. The lipid retention was higher (P>0.05) than proteins in both diets. WGS diet was better (P>0.05) than CTS diet in flotation, which has attributed to the presence of gluten protein in wheat products. It is envisaged that a break through in floating feed development in Nigeria aquaculture would save the Nigeria economy from extruded (floating) feed importation

O naturalismo em perspectiva comparada: de Émile Zola a Aluísio Azevedo

Considerado pela maioria da crítica como uma literatura pútrida (cf. ULBACH, 1868) ou torpe (cf. VERÍSSIMO, 1894), acusado de confundir ingenuamente ciência e literatura, bem como de cientizar a linguagem literária, e em particular no Brasil, além disso, questionado por plágio ou importação de uma moda estrangeira, o naturalismo foi relegado às margens da historiografia literária. Assumindo como ponto de partida esse panorama crítico, a tese propõe uma reavaliação crítica e historiográfica da estética naturalista, começando por descrever e analisar sua origem no decurso da história, a partir do advento do realismo moderno nas obras de Stendhal e de Balzac (cf. AUERBACH, 2004). Enfoca a lenta afirmação dos termos realismo e naturalismo, bem como a importância da contribuição de diferentes romancistas franceses no processo de consolidação da estética realista e de seu prolongamento no naturalismo. Discute-se também o projeto estético proposto por Zola, assim como se desconstroem mitos corroborados pela historiografia literária a respeito da teoria e do movimento naturalistas. Por fim, correlacionando a estética naturalista com o ideal republicano, aborda-se a aclimatação dos princípios naturalistas no Brasil, na obra daquele que foi seu principal representante, Aluísio Azevedo. A partir de uma abordagem comparativa entre o naturalismo na França e no Brasil, busca-se, em síntese, contribuir para o processo de revisão crítica e historiográfica de um período literário muito produtivo nos dois países, não obstante a tendência para sua desvalorização em geral observada nas manifestações da crítica novecentista

Revealing the appetite of the marine aquarium fish trade: the volume and biodiversity of fish imported into the United States

The aquarium trade and other wildlife consumers are at a crossroads forced by threats from global climate change and other anthropogenic stressors that have weakened coastal ecosystems. While the wildlife trade may put additional stress on coral reefs, it brings income into impoverished parts of the world and may stimulate interest in marine conservation. To better understand the influence of the trade, we must first be able to quantify coral reef fauna moving through it. Herein, we discuss the lack of a data system for monitoring the wildlife aquarium trade and analyze problems that arise when trying to monitor the trade using a system not specifically designed for this purpose. To do this, we examined an entire year of import records of marine tropical fish entering the United States in detail, and discuss the relationship between trade volume, biodiversity and introduction of non-native marine fishes. Our analyses showed that biodiversity levels are higher than previous estimates. Additionally, more than half of government importation forms have numerical or other reporting discrepancies resulting in the overestimation of trade volumes by 27%. While some commonly imported species have been introduced into the coastal waters of the USA (as expected), we also found that some uncommon species in the trade have also been introduced. This is the first study of aquarium trade imports to compare commercial invoices to government forms and provides a means to, routinely and in real time, examine the biodiversity of the trade in coral reef wildlife species.

Compostagem de Resíduos Agroextrativistas no Município de Laranjal do Jari - Amapá.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo, a apresentação de uma proposta para os resíduos agroextrativistas a fim de encontrar um composto orgânico ideal para ser utilizado na agricultura do Município de Laranjal do Jari, no Estado do Amapá. A técnica em questão será a compostagem, gerando uma alternativa de utilização para os resíduos de natureza local, onde atualmente não vêm sendo aproveitados. Para se chegar ao composto ideal serão utilizados basicamente: caroços de açaí e cascas de castanha. Esses resíduos vêm sendo relegados através dos Serviços de Limpeza Pública, constituindo não só um problema estético ou ambiental, mas de desperdício de energia e materiais que poderiam ser utilizados na recuperação de áreas degradadas ou como composto orgânico, na fixação de nutrientes e água no solo a fim de melhorar as práticas agrícolas, reduzir custos e a importação de fertilizantes químicos. A metodologia envolve estudo bibliográfico sobre a técnica de compostagem, consistindo em desenvolver todas as etapas que se darão mais claras, no desenvolver dos trabalhos de campo, para uma futura implantação de uma Unidade de Compostagem, a ser aplicável para a agricultura do referido município.

Mersey & Weaver Fisheries Advisory Committee 22nd October, 1975.

This is the report from the Mersey and Weaver Fisheries Advisory Committee meeting, which was held on the 22nd October 1975. The report contains information on a report by the divisional scientist on fisheries activities, importation of live freshwater fish, drainage representation on local committees, new byelaws and fishing licence duties. The report by the divisional scientist looks at permissions for stocking and electrofishing, biological work and results of fish toxicity tests carried out in Rivers Bollin, Etherow, Glaze and Tame. It also contains records of fish mortalities. The Fisheries Advisory Committee was part of the Regional Water Authorities, in this case the North West Water Authority. This preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

South Lancashire Fisheries Advisory Committee 7th May, 1975

This is the report from the South Lancashire Fisheries Advisory Committee meeting, which was held on the 7th May, 1975. It covers information on fishery byelaws, eel trapping, and a report by the Unit Fisheries Officer on fisheries activities. This section includes work on stocking, fisheries management, fish mortalities including date, location, number, species and cause. Migratory fish runs for the Rivers Ribble and Hodder during 1974 are also added. Catch returns and spawning information for 1974 are also covered aswell as biological work undertaken. Licence duties and information on the importation of live freshwater fish are included. The Fisheries Advisory Committee was part of the Regional Water Authorities, in this case the North West Water Authority. This preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora: pacificação, território e militarização

Pretende-se uma análise crítica do projeto das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs), procurando entender como ele aparece como uma resposta possível para os problemas urbanos e de segurança na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Em primeiro lugar, volta-se à importação do ideal civilizatório pelo Brasil no início do século XIX e o surgimento da polícia e de uma questão urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O resgate histórico permite entender o surgimento das favelas e de uma cidade partida. Em seguida, trata-se do aspecto da pacificação das UPPs, retomando o sentido que essa ideia teve ao longo da história do Brasil, em especial como subjugação dos povos indígenas e como repressão às insurreições da primeira metade do século XIX. Em um segundo momento, volta-se à configuração da governamentalidade policial no Rio de Janeiro e no Brasil, do surgimento das polícias à racionalidade governamental do neoliberalismo. Demonstra-se como a polícia surge como um agente civilizador e como uma racionalidade autoritária da militarização e da criminologia do outro marca as polícias brasileiras, o que explica sua histórica atuação violenta voltada às classes subalternas. Em seguida, partindo da concepção de território pressuposta pelas UPPs, elabora-se sua crítica, observando que constituem uma política de ocupação militarizada do território que reforça uma geografia das desigualdades e promove uma nova forma de territorialização. Por fim, trata-se dos mecanismos que a governamentalidade neoliberal assume na gestão da questão urbana no Rio de Janeiro, a partir das ideias de urbanismo militar e empresarialismo urbano.O urbanismo militar é entendido como a extensão de ideias militares para os espaços e circulações cotidianos, o que leva a uma tendência internacional de militarização da segurança pública e proliferação de territórios de exceção. Nesse contexto, a política das UPPs guarda proximidades com as ocupações das favelas em Porto Príncipe pela MINUSTAH, os territórios palestinos ocupados por Israel, acontrainsurgência estadunidense no Iraque e Afeganistão e os Proyectos Urbanos Integrales em Medellín, nos quais se inspirou. Mas condizem também com o ideal do empresarialismo urbano, modelo baseado na competitividade das cidades orientada para o mercado. Trata-se, portanto, de um projeto de controle militarizado das favelas, necessário para os megaeventos e para a construção de uma imagem de cidade maravilhosa.