Dependência Linear

Esta videoaula explica sobre a dependência linear, ou seja, um tipo de relação entre os vetores de um conjunto. Um conjunto de vetores é linearmente dependente se, e só se, um dos vetores do conjunto for combinação linear dos demais vetores do conjunto. Assim, quando escrevemos um vetor como combinação linear e seus coeficientes são todos nulos, ele é linearmente dependente. Quando não existe relação linear entre os vetores diz-se que o conjunto é linearmente independente

Qualidade de vida e maus-tratos do idoso na comunidade

O presente estudo acerca dos maus-tratos e qualidade de vida no idoso tem como objectivos avaliar a influência do risco do abuso ou negligência na qualidade de vida dos idosos; avaliar o risco de abuso e/ou negligência e avaliar a qualidade de vida dos idosos no contexto comunitário. Optou-se pela investigação quantitativa do tipo descritiva-exploratória, de natureza transversal, a 48 indivíduos de ambos os géneros com 65 e mais anos, inscritos nos três Centros Sociais Municipais de Santana. O critério de exclusão de maior relevo foi a incapacidade cognitiva para responder oralmente às questões, para essa avaliação aplicou-se o Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). A amostra foi do tipo não-probabilístico por conveniência à qual foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: o questionário sócio-demográfico; a versão portuguesa do WHOQOL-Bref (avalia a qualidade de vida); o H-S/EAST (identifica o risco de violência contra o idoso) e as perguntas de eliciação de abuso ou negligência a adultos idosos (determina as condições de vida dos adultos idosos). A maioria dos inquiridos são do género feminino (79,2%) e a idade média é de 73,86 anos com um desvio padrão de 5,9. A maioria são casados (homens: 70%; mulheres: 31,6%) ou viúvos (homens: 20%; mulheres: 52,6%). Relativamente à qualidade de vida, obteve-se a média mais elevada nas subescalas das relações sociais, psicológico, meio ambiente, geral e físico. Os valores dos resultados da avaliação do risco de abuso (H-S/EAST) indicaram alta prevalência de situações de risco potencial, risco de abuso directo e vulnerabilidade ao abuso. Quanto à eliciação do abuso ou negligência a adultos idosos obtiveram-se resultados que determinam que a maioria da amostra possui um ou mais indicadores de abuso (entre 0 a 6) sendo as formas mais frequentes o abuso emocional e a negligência, seguindo-se o abuso financeiro e o abuso físico. Concluiu-se que quanto maior o risco de maus-tratos menor a qualidade de vida do idoso.

Autoconceito e percepção sobre o envelhecimento dos profissionais que lidam diariamente com o idoso

O presente estudo tem como principal objectivo explorar a relação entre o autoconceito e a percepção sobre o envelhecimento dos funcionários de uma instituição de 3ª idade que têm um contacto directo com o idoso no exercício das suas funções. Participaram no estudo 148 sujeitos, 135 do sexo feminino e 12 do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 21 e os 65 anos. Para a avaliação do autoconceito foi utilizada a Escala de Autoconceito, versão portuguesa em fase experimental (Novo, 2002) da Tenesse Self-Concept Scale (TSCS:2) de Fitts e Warren (1996), enquanto para avaliar a percepção sobre o envelhecimento foi administrado o Questionário de Percepções sobre o Envelhecimento, versão portuguesa em fase experimental (Beja & Franco, 2009) do Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (APQ) de Barker, O´Hanlon, McGee, Hickey e Conroy (2007). Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que os adultos com mais idade apresentam uma percepção do envelhecimento mais negativa e têm um autoconceito mais fraco, principalmente a nível físico e académico. Por outro lado, os indivíduos com mais habilitações académicas e formação na área de saúde têm uma percepção sobre o envelhecimento mais positiva. Quanto à relação entre autoconceito e percepção sobre o envelhecimento, os sujeitos com um autoconceito mais forte apresentam uma percepção sobre o envelhecimento mais positiva.

Idosos em internamento hospitalar com dificuldades de reinserção sócio-familiar: análise multidimensional na Região Autónoma da Madeira

O presente estudo, de natureza exploratória, descritiva e correlacional, pretende compreender e possibilitar a reflexão sobre os aspetos que possam ser predicativos da situação em que se encontram os idosos hospitalizados na Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM) com dificuldades de reinserção social - denominadas por “altas problemáticas”. Para o efeito foram estudadas a componente cognitiva ( Mini Mental State Examination), a dependência nas atividades de vida ( Indíce de Barthel) e a rede de suporte social (Lubben). Correlacionamos estas variáveis e as variáveis sociodemográficas de forma a analisarmos a significância das relações. A população é constituída pela totalidade dos idosos hospitalizados (97) dos quais participaram 94. A maioria dos inquiridos é do género feminino (68%), com idades entre os 60 e 97 anos e com uma média de 82 anos, hospitalizados no serviço de Medicina (87,6%) e provenientes do concelho do Funchal (52,6%). A maioria dos participantes (80,9%) é totalmente dependente para as atividades de vida diária e 75,5% apresentam uma rede social muito limitada, sendo que, os homens têm menor rede de apoio social do que as mulheres (96,6%). Dos 18 idosos que não têm dependência total, 72,2% apresentam défice cognitivo. Os resultados apontam para uma correlação não significativa nesta população, nas variáveis estudadas. Aferimos que entre os idosos com dependência moderada, 50% tem rede social menos limitada enquanto que nos restantes níveis de dependência apresenta com maior frequência uma rede social muito limitada e que a ocorrência das altas problemáticas acontecem independentemente do acumular de situações com dependência e défice cognitivo. Resultado idêntico apuramos, na relação estudada entre o défice cognitivo e a rede de apoio social, uma vez que podemos afirmar que não existe associação entre a presença de défice cognitivo e rede social de apoio, pois 60% dos idosos sem défice cognitivo apresentam uma rede social muito limitada e 69% dos idosos com défice cognitivo apresentam resultado similar. Constata-se, assim que apesar de não serem observados coeficientes de correlação significativos, os parâmetros estudados indicam que um idoso pode incorrer numa situação de alta problemática independentemente do grau de dependência, rede social e/ ou presença de défice cognitivo, sem que seja possível aferir do efeito aditivo destes fatores.

Avaliação da sobrecarga do cuidador informal no desempenho de suas funções à pessoa idosa dependente, no Concelho de Santana

O processo de cuidar do idoso dependente é multidimensional e executado por cuidadores formais e informais. Sempre foi uma função designada à família onde havia divisão de tarefas entre os diversos membros,. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a sobrecarga dos cuidadores informais no desempenho de suas funções à pessoa idosa dependente, no concelho de Santana; estimando o nível de dependência dos idosos e determinando a satisfação, as dificuldades, o coping e a sobrecarga dos cuidadores. A população acessível foi constituída por 69 cuidadores informais. O estudo foi, transversal, descritivo - correlacional. O formulário inclui questões de caracterização sociodemográfica e escalas: de satisfação, de dificuldades em cuidar, e de estratégias de coping (Nolan et cols,1998), de percepção da sobrecarga do cuidador (adaptação de Zarit et cols,1983) validadas para Portugal (Sequeira 2007). Utilizou-se a Escala de Barthel (Mahoney; Barthel,1965) para determinar a dependência dos idosos. Dos resultados realçamos: a maioria dos cuidadores é mulher, casada, com escolaridade até o 6º ano, baixo nível sócio económico sendo familiar do idoso cuidado. Dos cuidadores, 38% são-no entre um a quatro anos e 72,5% cuidam 12 horas/dia A etapa do ciclo vital familiar dos cuidadores é o fim da vida (76,8% ). Dos idosos cuidados, 68% era muito dependente. Dificuldades no cuidar incluíram: restrições sociais, exigências e reações ao cuidar e estratégias de coping mais limitadas. Os cuidadores tendiam sentir-se satisfeitos com o cuidado. Não sofrem sobrecarga 36,3 % mas, 63,7% refere-a ligeira e intensa. Nos homens realçou-se a intensa e nas mulheres a ausência de sobrecarga. Ela foi mais significativa entre os analfabetos, os que sentiam dificuldades, os mais carenciados economicamente e que não gozavam de férias. Evidencia-se a importância da intervenção junto aos cuidadores informais por parte da rede formal de apoio para prevenção da sobrecarga.

O idoso e as ações sociais em prol desse grupo etário: um estudo sobre a qualidade de vida na Terceira Idade e o Projeto Saúde e Cidadania na Melhor Idade

The present study regards an applied qualitative social research (descriptive) which approaches the matter between old age and Brazilian social actions performed in social projects, aiming a qualified life and citizenship for this group of age. The objective of the study is to evaluate the contribution of Project Health and Citizenship in Old Age regarding social actions from the government directed to old age individual treatment for life quality improvement. The theoretical fundamentals of this work is, in a first moment, about old age and certain existing theories about aging process, as well as the differences and perspectives that come up throughout this process. In a second moment, some reflections are developed about the relation between life quality and leisure regarding old age, with the conception and historical rescue about these questions, as well as the evidence of leisure as an instrument of well-being feasibility and a better life quality in old age. Then the study contextualizes Brazilian government treatment to old age individuals, cutting off the Constitution of Republic from 1988 and some social attitudes taken by the government in a try to reach this specific group. Finally, the study presents the Project Health and Citizenship in Old Age , as a social program which belongs to extension activities from Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio Grande do Norte (CEFET-RN), which aims old age treatment and their citizenship and life quality. After the application of a semi-structured interview using the technique of Analysis of content for the Analysis and Discussion of Results, it is possible to conclude that the Project Health and Citizenship in Old Age fulfils its objective regarding contribution, through offered leisure activities, for old age well-being and life quality improvement. Hence, on this regard, it is possible to observe the importance and value of government actions, social projects and programs assisting old age individuals, for they are able to provide this group the opportunity to live out activities that allow their citizenship and socialization, regarding well-being and life quality improvement.

As relações da tríplice hélice no setor da carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte: uma análise a partir das abordagens da imersão social e da dependência de recursos

This work consists in a study of the Shrimp Industry in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, whose central issue relates to the understanding of how the Triple Helix (University, Government and the productive sector) interrelationship limits or expands the industry s innovation process. The study aims to understand how the Triple Helix relationship interferes in the innovation process of shrimp in Rio Grande do Norte. As the knowledge becomes the resource key for production methods, the generation of new technologies, new products and processes which demands joint and integrated action of the institutions comprising the Triple Helix: University, Government and productive sector, which possess the essential resources to innovate the process and can be maximized from cooperative relationships between the referred Institutions. Thus, in this work, it was sharply used the pioneering studies of Sabato and Botana (1968) regarding the cooperation relationship between the scientific-technological sphere, the governmental and the productive base, and studies on the Triple Helix approach, proposed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), in which the university has a key role in the process of technological and innovative development of countries and regions, and under which it is assigned to the very University - the character of the entrepreneurial institution, through the concept of entrepreneurial University. Aiming to overcome the criticism of Cooke (2005), regarding the limitations of the Triple Helix approach, in this study it was used - as analytical perspectives - the perspective of social immersion (Granovetter, 1985, 2005) and the theory of resources dependence (PFEFFER; SALANCIK, 1978). The analytical perspectives presented in here, despite of the different assumptions, are essential to eliminate the bias that one only approach can lead (ASTLEY; VAN DE VEM; 2007). The authors arguments focus on the fact that the integration is possible if the researcher acknowledged that different perspectives may have different descriptions of the same phenomenon. As a research strategy, this study is characterized as a study case, along with the proposed objectives - the qualitative method was used as an approach and, depending on the gathering of the sector s historical, a sectional longitudinal view approach was applied (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the sector s evolutionary process and its inter-institutional relations - regarding the shrimp culture in Rio Grande do Norte - to promote the development, as the content was used for the technical analysis (BARDIN, 1977). The approach of social immersion and resources addiction dependence made it possible to understand that relationships are established within and between each sphere (university, government and productive sector) characterizing a network of low density relationships and strongly internal and external dependence. Based on the speech of Etzkowitz and Mello (2006), a successful Triple Helix strategy of innovation requires not only the involvement and commitment of the parts, within the institutional sphere and among them, but also the development of mechanisms to coordinate the multiple and complex interactions and interfaces, focusing on promoting both environment and context for innovation and learning; it can be acknowledge from study results that the shrimp in the State of the RN, although there are several institutional mechanisms to promote greater integration and technological development, has been presented disjointed - both internally and between the spheres - and under no legitimate practice when facing the innovational promotion and integration institutions. Due to those factors, the central institutions of the network are crucial to the promotion of innovations, spreading through their direct contacts the importance factor of the sustainable competitive activity in the world market and on the national level. However, it may be concluded, from the data, that the Triple Helix relations are interfering in a negative way on what concerns the promotion of innovations in the shrimp industry in RN

Política pública para o idoso : um estudo da cidadania no grupo cabelos de neve do programa conviver em Campina Grande-PB

The main objective of the study about the citizenship development in elderly attended by the Conviver Program of the City Hall of Campina Grande in Paraiba, Brazil was to evaluate how the actions of the Program contribute for the citizenship practice according to the users. The Citizenship analyzed is the existence of political, civil and social rights according to Marshall. For that it was utilized a descriptive research and a study of case based on technical procedure. The research was settled by the people who are benefited by the Conviver Program of the Snow Hair Group and the sample was formed by the active participants that it is in the Group for over ten years, corresponding to a total of ten elderly. For the data collection was utilized basic questionnaire in function of the low schooling of the interviewed, according to Marshall (2002) theory about the citizenship construction from each person. It was utilized the methodological procedure proposed by Bardin (2006), categorical analysis, in the qualitative data analysis, that was divided in four parts. In relation to Political Rights, noted that the program has stimulated your Watched on the exercise of voting and being voted. On the Civil Rights was observed that the Program has given incentive to actions which provide the users the justice rights in and in occupational activities as a job. In relation to Social Rights it was observed that the Conviver Program has contributed in order that its users can lead their lives according to the standards imposed by the society, which have being failed in the education area. As for the type of citizenship it was verified that the Program has given incentive to the served users, becoming more evidence on the speech basis

A cidade e o idoso

This thesis concerns the study of the city and impacts that will be caused in its structure due to the aging process of the human society, mainly in Brazil. The most important focus will be those related to problems of accessibility, leisure, housing, health and labor, issues that most affect people over 60 years of age. Beyond the analysis of inherent problems to the subject, proposals will be made for urban intervention that the cities become more suitable for the living of the elderly. To support this study, a review of different theories about the city was carried out, then a panel about the presence of the elderly in society, including Brazil, and in the cities, aiming at a vision, as broad as possible, on how the elderly were treated throughout history. In order to establish paradigms and parameters in the approach to the subject, a series of systematic observations on the urban space in different cities proceeded, in Brazil and abroad, with works aiming the inclusion of the elderly in urban areas, such as Amsterdam, Barcelona, Brasilia, Luanda and Rio de Janeiro, a city considered by the UN as physical and territorial urban laboratory suitable for the elderly. From there we tried to obtain, in addition to literature and observation of other countries experiences, the conduct of field research and official standards analysis, the theoretical basis for establishing guidelines on how to plan and design a more appropriate urban space for the elderly

Influência de fatores biopsicossociais sobre a mortalidade de idosos no município de Santa Cruz/RN: um estudo prospectivo

The aging process if characterizes for a complex events network, from multidimensional nature, that encloses biological, social, psychic and functional aspects. The alteration of one or more aspects can speed up the aging process, anticipating limitations and until the death in the aged. For an adjusted confrontation of this question is necessary an interdisciplinary vision, in which the some areas of the knowledge can interact and with this to intervenes of the best possible form. Then, information derived from studies of aspects related to incidence, morbidity-mortality and transition patterns, involved in the health-illness process can more accurately identify risk groups thereby establishing links between social factors, illness, incapacity and death. Thus, this study aimed to identify, by a multidimensional vision, the risk factors of mortality in a coorth of elderly in a city in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. A prospective study carried out in Santa Cruz RN, where 310 elderly were randomly selected to form a baseline. The follow-up was 53 months. The predictive variables were divided into sociodemographic, physical health, neuropsychiatric and functional capacity. The statistical analysis carried out by bivariate analysis, survival analysis, followed by binary logistic regression and Cox regression, in the multivariate analysis, considering significant levels p < 0.05 and confidence interval (CI) of 95%. A total of 60 (19.3%) elderly died during the follow-up, where cardiovascular disease was the main cause. The survival was approximately 24.8 months. The study of general survival showed, at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months of observation, a survival rate of 97%, 54%, 31%, and 5% respectively, with a statistical difference in survival only observed for the variables of cognitive function and Basic Activities of Daily Living. In the logistic regression analysis, the risk factors identified were cognitive deficits (OR = 8.74), poor perception of health (OR = 3.89) and dependence for Basic Activities of Daily Living (OR = 3.96). In the Cox analysis, as well as dependence for Basic Activities of Daily Living (HR = 3.17), cognitive deficit (HR = 4.30) and stroke (CVA) (HR = 3.49) continued as independent risk factors for death. The risk factors found in the study can be interpreted as the primary predictors for death among elderly members of the community. Therefore, improvements in health conditions, with actions towards sustaining an autonomous life with special attention for elderly with cognitive impairment, could mean additional healthy quality of life, resulting in the reduction of premature mortality in this population

Relação entre ambiente familiar e capacidade funcional de idosos residentes no município de Jequié-BA

(Objective) Assess the functional capacity and determine the difference between the means of functional capacity (basic and instrumental activities of daily living) and the age groups of elderly residents in an outlying area in the hinterland of Bahia/Northeast of Brazil. (Methods) Analytical study with cross-sectional design and a sample of 150 elderly individuals enrolled in four Health Units in the municipality of Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. The instrument consisted of sociodemographic and health data, the Barthel Index and the Lawton scale. (Results) In all, 78.00% of the elderly were classified as dependent in the basic activities and 65.33% in the instrumental activities of daily living. Using the Kruskal- Wallis test, we found a statistically significant difference between the means of instrumental activities and the age groups (p= 0.011). (Conclusion) An elevated number of elderly were classified as dependent in terms of functional capacity and increased age is related to greater impairment in the execution of instrumental activities of daily living