Seletividade de acaricidas utilizados em cafeeiro para larvas de crisopídeos

Os crisopídeos são encontrados em agroecossistema cafeeiro alimentando-se de várias pragas. Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade de acaricidas utilizados na cafeeiculta sobre a biologia de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861). Os tratamentos foram: testemunha (água), espirodiclofeno (0,12 g i.a./L), fenpropatrina (0,15 e 0,30 g i.a./L), enxofre (4,0 e 8,0 g i.a./L) e abamectina (0,0067 e 0,0225 g i.a./L). Pulverizaram-se os produtos sobre larvas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro instares de C. externa por meio da torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se a duração do instar, sobrevivência das larvas e pupas e viabilidade dos ovos produzidos pelos adultos provenientes das larvas tratadas. Os produtos foram classificados em classes de toxicidade. Fenpropatrina foi nocivo e espirodiclofeno e abamectina foram moderadamente nocivos, necessitando de novos estudos em condições de casa de vegetação e campo para confirmação ou não de suas toxicidades. Em função da baixa toxicidade apresentada pelo enxofre ao predador C. externa, pode ser recomendado em programas de manejo de pragas do cafeeiro visando compatibilizar os métodos químico e biológico por meio dessa espécie de crisopídeo.

Indirect effect of neem oil on Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae): biology and predatory capacity

This study evaluated the effects on the development and predatory capacity of Podisus nigrispinus fed on Spodoptera frugiperda that have ingested different concentrations of neem oil. The predatory capacity of Podisus nigrispinus was assessed, separating nymphs (fourth instar) and adults (males and females). The treatments consisted of S. frugiperda larvae reared in neem oil aqueous solutions (0.077, 0.359 and 0.599%), deltamethrin EC 25 (0.100%) and control arranged in a completely randomized design, with ten replicates. Insects were offered three larval densities (one, three and six), in the third or fourth instars. The predated larvae were examined at 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of the experiment. Biological parameters of Podisus nigrispinus were evaluated in groups of ten second-instar nymphs transferred to pots, in five replicates. Insects were offered 2-6 third and/or fourth-instar larvae reared in the same neem oil concentrations in a completely randomized design. The following parameters were evaluated: duration of each nymph stage (days), nymph mortality (%), weight of fifth-instar nymphs (mg), sex ratio, weight of males and females (mg) and longevity of unfed adults (days). The predatory capacity of nymphs and adults of Podisus nigrispinus was influenced by the neem oil at the concentrations of 0.359% and 0.599% in the highest density. The concentration of 0.359% lengthened the nymphal stage and the concentration of 0.599% reduced the weight of males.

Deterrência alimentar em Ascia monuste orseis Godart (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) induzida por soluções homeopáticas

A couve, Brassica oleracea var. acephala, destaca-se entre as plantas hortícolas como sendo frequentemente atacada por pragas, dentre as quais o curuquerê da couve, Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1819) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). O controle desse inseto tem sido feito com inseticidas. Na agricultura orgânica, o uso dos referidos produtos é proibido e já existem alguns casos em que agricultores estão substituindo-o, por outras alternativas menos danosas ao meio ambiente, como as soluções homeopáticas, substâncias apontadas como ferramentas para Agroecologia. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se soluções homeopáticas proporcionam mecanismos de antibiose, como deterrência alimentar, em Ascia monuste orseis, em couve 'manteiga cv. Santo Antônio' e se podem ser utilizadas no controle de pragas. As soluções testadas foram: - Sulphur 12CH; Phosphorus 5CH; Magnesia carbonica 30CH; Ruta 5CH. A testemunha foi água destilada + álcool de cereais 70% 5CH. Para o preparo de cada solução, foram retirados 0,2 ml de cada preparado homeopático, adicionados a 200 ml de água destilada pulverizados nas folhas e nos solo dos vasos. As características analisadas foram peso de lagartas no início e no final do 4° instar; peso seco de pupa (biomassa incorporada), comprimento de lagarta no 4° instar, duração do ciclo ovo-adulto, percentagem de emergência de adultos, comprimento alar, fecundidade das fêmeas e valor nutritivo das couves tratadas. Sulphur 12CH pode ser recomendado como método alternativo eficiente no controle de A. monuste orseis. Todas as soluções homeopáticas, com exceção do Phosphorus 5CH, promoveram deterrência alimentar, mecanismo de antibiose, interferindo no ciclo biológico de A. monuste orseis.

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis in integrated control

The susceptibility of field collected Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated in terms of median lethal time (LT50) and final mortality, when treated with temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis as well as mixtures of these two agents. Third instar larvae were shown to be more susceptible than early and late fourth instar ones to the entomopathogen. Survival of some individuals when exposed to temephos suggest possible resistance. Temporal synergism in early fourth instar larvae was detected when they were exposed to mixtures of Bti-temephos. The possibility of this integrated treatment is commented on.

Duration of larval and pupal development stages of Aedes albopictus in natural and artificial containers

Aedes albopictus were reared in different containers: a tree hole, a bamboo stump and an auto tire. The total times from egg hatching to adult emergence were of 19.6,27.3 and 37.5 days, respectively, according to the container. The first, second and third-instar larvae presented growth periods with highly similar durations. The fourth-instar larvae was longer than the others stages. The pupation time was longer than the fourth-instar larvae growth period. The temperature of the breeding sites studied, which was of 18° C to 22° C on average, was also taken into consideration. The mortality of the immature stages was analysed and compared as between the experimental groups; it was lower in the natural containers than in the discarded tire. The average wing length of adult females emerging from tree hole was significantly larger (p < 0.05) than that of those emerging from the tire.

Survey of cyclopids (Crustacea, Copepoda) in Brazil and preliminary screening of their potential as dengue vector predators

INTRODUCTION: Cyclopid copepods are known to be good mosquito controllers, specially as regards the larvae of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The objective of the study was to survey the local copepod fauna and search for new strains of M. longisetus var. longisetus, comparing the potential of the samples found with the current strain ML-01 against Ae. albopictus larvae, under laboratory conditions. Eleven bodies of water in Campinas, SP, Brazil, were screened for copepods by collecting 1.5 l of water from each of then. The predatory potential of adults copepods was evaluated over 24 h, in the laboratory, for groups of 5 individuals preying upon 30 first instar Ae. albopictus larvae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The following cyclopid species were found: Metacyclops mendocinus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Eucyclops sp, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops solitarius, Eucyclops ensifer, Macrocyclops albidus var. albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus. The predatory potential of these copepods ranged from nil to 97.3%. A sample collected in the field containing only M. longisetus var. longisetus showed the best control efficiency with no significant difference from a three-year old laboratory culture (ML-01) of the same species evaluated for comparison. The sample with few M. albidus var. albidus was ranked in second place showing an average 25.9% efficiency. The use of copepods in trap tires as dengue vector controllers is discussed.

Orthoptera do ecossistema pinhal

O pinhal constitui o tipo de floresta mais representado em Portugal, ocupando 35.5% da área florestada. Este estudo foi efectuado em pinhais e sistemas circundantes, tendo por objectivo identificar a fauna de Orthoptera, e avaliar quais os impactes ecológicos das espécies encontradas, isto é quais delas poderão constituir pragas, e quais deverão ser protegidas. Recolheram-se 60 espécies de Orthoptera, em pinhais distribuídos por seis regiões de Portugal Continental, das quais 24 pertencem à sub-ordem Ensifera e 36 à sub-ordem Caelifera, representando cerca de 50% das espécies anteriormente encontradas. Foi registado pela primeira vez em Portugal a presença de nove espécies de órtopteros, uma das quais nova para a ciência Uromenus (Steropleurus) anapaulae (G. H. Schmidt, 2002). Procedeu-se à comparação da biodiversidade de Orthoptera nos locais estudados, utilizando-se os índices de Shannon, Brillouin e Simpson. Verificou-se que os valores mais elevados, para a biodiversidade de Orthoptera, foram encontrados nos locais que apresentavam uma considerável diversidade da paisagem e diversidade de habitats, como é o caso do Parque Natural do Alvão, enquanto que os menores valores foram registados na Mata Nacional de Leiria e na Herdade da Ferraria, onde existe grande homogeneidade de habitats, constituídos quase exclusivamente por plantações de Pinus pinaster. Investigou-se qual a importância dos Orthoptera, como predadores da processionária do pinheiro Thaumetopoea pityocampa, um dos fitófagos mais importantes na região Mediterrânica, causador tanto de prejuízos económicos em pinhais como de reacções alérgicas ao Homem e outros mamíferos. Registou-se pela primeira vez, que os gafanhotos da família Tettigonidea predam sobre lagartas e imagos de T. pityocampa, além de consumirem as posturas. Em alguns pinhais verificou-se existir uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o número de tetigonídeos, e o nível de ataque do fitófago. Não se confirmou, no entanto, uma possível utilização da feromona sexual de T. pityocampa como cairomona, pelos tetigonídeos. Entre os ortópteros potencialmente causadores de pragas salienta-se a sub-espécie Locusta migratoria cinerascens, que apresenta uma distribuição circum -mediterrânica. Procedeu-se à criação laboratorial e ao estudo comparativo da bio-ecologia desta subespécie e de L. m. migratorioides, que causa prejuízos devastadores em regiões tropicais. Ambas são morfologicamente semelhantes mas ocorrem em fases diferentes, respectivamente solitária e gregária. Quantificaram-se os parâmetros reprodutivos de fêmeas virgens e copuladas das duas sub-espécies, e de fêmeas híbridas, tendo-se registado taxas de fertilidade superiores para L. m. migratorioides, denotando a sua adaptação a densidades populacionais elevadas. Obteve-se ainda, por reprodução partenogenética, 13 gerações consecutivas de fêmeas, facto que se regista pela primeira vez. Compararam-se as principais componentes das substâncias semioquímicas emitidas por fêmeas, machos e ninfas de último instar para as duas sub-espécies de L. migratoria estudadas, tendo-se verificado que existem algumas diferenças relativamente às fêmeas. Analisaram-se as respostas olfactivas a algumas das principais substâncias, nomeadamente guaiacol, veratrol, anisol, acetofenona, benzaldeído e extracto de folhas verdes, através de testes de electroantenografia, tendo-se concluído que a sub-espécie L. m. migratorioides reagiu mais intensamente às substâncias acetofenona, guaiacol e veratrol do que a sub-espécie L. m.cinerascens.

Dynamics of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of Argentina: III. Persistence of T. cruzi parasitemia among canine reservoirs in a two-year follow-up

A new cross-sectional survey of household- associated mongrel dogs as well as follow-up of previously parasitemic individuals was carried out in 1984 toy means of xenodiagnosis and serologic techniques to get a deeper insight into the relationship of T. cruzi parasitemia and age among canine hosts in a rural area of Argentina. Persistence of detectable parasitemia was age-independent, or at most, loosely related to age, confirming the pattern observed in 1982. Similarly no significant age-decreasing effect was recorded among seropositive dogs in: a) the probability of detecting parasites in a 2-year follow-up; b) their intensity of infectiousness (=infective force) for T. infestans 3rd-4th instar nymphs, as measured by the percentage of infected bugs observed in each dog xenodiagnosis. Moreover, not only was the infective force of seropositive dogs for bugs approximately constant through lifetime, but it was significantly higher than the one recorded for children in the present survey, and for human people by other researchers. Therefore, and since T. infestans field populations show high feeding frequencies on dogs, the latter are expected to make the greatest contribution to the pool of infected vectors in the rural household of Argentina. This characteristic should be sufficient to involve canine reservoirs definitely as a risk factor for human people residing in the same house. The increased severity of parasitemia observed among dogs in this survey may be related to the acute undernutrition characteristic of canine populations of poor rural areas in our country, which is expected to affect the ability of the host to manage the infection.

Lethal effect of a bait for Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), the vector of Chagas' disease, containing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), under laboratory conditions

The lethal effect of a bait containing an aqueous hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) suspension at the concentration of 1g/l and maintained at room temperature was studied in the laboratory over a period of 12 weeks. The suspension was placed in a latex bag hanging inside a 1000-ml beaker tightly covered with nylon netting, and left there with no changes for 85 days. Sixteen groups of R. prolixas bugs, consisting on average of 30 specimens each, were successively exposed to the bait and observed at different intervals for one week each. The mortality rate was 100% for all groups, except for the 16th, whose mortality rate was 96.7%. As the groups succeeded one another, mortality started to occur more rapidly and was more marked at the 6- and 24-h intervals. Later tests respectively started at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. showed that diurnal and nocturnal periodicity in the offer of food had no effect on mortality. First- and 2nd- instar nymphs and adults male were more sensitive and 5th- instar nymphs were more resistant to the active principle of the bait.

Hemolymphatic components in vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi: study in several species of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The members of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera : Reduviidae) comprise a great number of species of medical importance in the transmission of the T. cruzi (American trypanosomiasis). The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge about the chemical composition in proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, and carbohydrates of vectors of Chagas' disease corresponding to twelve members of the subfamily Triatominae. This study was carried out in ninphs of the fifth instar and adult males of the species: T. delpontei, T. dimidiata, T. guasayana, T. infestans, T. mazzotti, T. pallidipennis, T. patagonica, T. platensis, T. rubrovaria, T. sordida of the Triatoma genus, and D. maximus and P. megistus of the Dipatalogaster and Panstrongylus genera respectively. The results show on one hand, qualitative differences in the protein composition, and on the other hand, similarity in the lipoprotein profiles. Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates did not show significant differences between species or/and stages.

Predation of Biomphalaria glabrata during the development of Belostoma anurum (Hemiptera, Belostomatidae)

Belostoma anurum was reared under laboratory conditions. Specimens were exposed to semi-natural conditions of photo period. The mortality rate was 26.3% during the post embryonic period (38.6 ± 0.7 days). During this time the average predation of Biomphalaria glabrata was of 99.0 ± 9.4 snails. The mean increment ratio of length and dry weight per instar was of 1.4 ± 0.1 and 2.8 ± 0.5, respectively. The predation by B. anurum adults can be divided into two different periods: phase I (4.8 ± 1.4 snails/day) and phase II (1.8 ± 0.5 snails/day). The higher predation in phase I suggested the sexual maturation of the belostomatid.

LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Bacillus sphaericus 2362 AGAINST Anopheles nuneztovari, Anopheles darlingi AND Anopheles braziliensis (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE)

In this present study, preliminary data was obtained regarding the mortality rate of the Amazonian anophelines, Anopheles nuneztovari, Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles braziliensis when subjected to treatment with Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, the WHO standard strain. Initially, experiments were conducted to test the mortality rate of the three species of anopheline larvae. The third larval instar of An. nuneztovari and the second and third larval instars of An. darlingi proved to be the least susceptible. In other experiments, the same three mosquito species were tested with the standard strain 2362, An. nuneztovari was the least susceptible to this insect pathogen, while An. braziliensis was the most susceptible. This latter species showed a difference in the level of LC50 concentration, when compared to the former, of 2.4, 2.5 and 1.8 in readings taken 24, 48 and 72 hours after exposure to the bacillus.

Effects of eucalyptol on house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The effects of eucalyptol were evaluated against the house fly, Musca domestica L., and blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.). The bioassay of adults, using topical application, indicated that M. domestica males were more susceptible than females, with the LD50 being 118 and 177 µg/fly, respectively. A higher LD50 of C. megacephala was obtained; 197 µg/fly for males and 221 µg/fly for females. Living flies of both species yielded a shorter life span after being treated with eucalyptol. The bioassay of larvae, using the dipping method on the third instar, showed that M. domestica was more susceptible than C. megacephala, with their LC50 being 101 and 642 µg/µl, respectively. The emergence of adults, which had been treated with eucalyptol in larvae, decreased only in M. domestica. Having the volatile property, fumigation or impregnated paper test of eucalyptol or the efficacy of repellence or attractiveness merits further investigations to enhance bio-insecticidal efficacy.

Some ultrastructural superficial changes in house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae induced by eucalyptol oil

The ultrastructural superficial changes in third instar house fly (Musca domestica) and blow fly (Chrysomya megacephala) induced by eucalyptol oil were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Dipped in 0.902 g/ml eucalyptol for 30 sec, the larvae integument of both species showed significant aberrant appearance of the body surface, particularly swelling integument, bleb formation, partial breach and deformation of spines.

Persistence of Vectobac WDG and Metoprag S-2G against Aedes aegypti larvae using a semi-field bioassay in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Vectobac WDG) and methoprene (Metoprag S-2G) was evaluated against Aedes aegypti late third instar larvae of the Rockefeller strain in a semi-field bioassay. Tests were performed in Rio de Janeiro, using containers made of plastic, iron, concrete and asbestos, placed in a shaded area. The formulations used were 0.2 g of Vectobac-WDG and 1g of Metoprag S-2G per 100 liters of water in house storage containers. Vectobac WDG was tested twice, in March and in April/May, 2002. In March (temperature ranging from 21.5 to 39.3 ºC), 70-100% mortality was observed by the 7th day and declined abruptly thereafter. No significant differences were observed among the container types. In April/May (18.6 to 34.8 ºC) mortality was higher than 70% to 30-36 days in all cases, except in the iron container (40% mortality on the 12th day). Metoprag S-2G was evaluated in April/May, 2002, and induced mortality higher than 70% up to 15 days in the plastic and iron containers and only seven days in the concrete container. In the asbestos container, maximal mortality was achieved on day one post-treatment (66%). Our results point to a low persistence of both formulations in the weather conditions of Rio de Janeiro.