A influência dos fragmentos florestais na dinâmica de populações de anuros no noroeste do Estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Importância da heterogeneidade natural na conservação da diversidade de árvores em paisagem agrosilvicultural

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal) - IBRC

Efeitos do fogo recorrente na serrapilheira: consequências para artrópodes, decomposição e mineralização de carbono e nitrogênio em uma floresta de transição da Amazônia

Os artrópodes possuem uma importante função no ecossistema, pois participam da ciclagem de nutrientes, decomposição, trituração e mistura da serrapilheira. Os incêndios florestais, cada vez mais freqüentes na Amazônia, destroem a camada de serrapilheira e os artrópodes que nela vivem. O objetivo desta tese é investigar como o fogo recorrente atua sobre este processo, investigando a abundância e densidade de artrópodes de serrapilheira e as taxas de decomposição da matéria orgânica e a mineralização de C e N em uma floresta de transição da Amazônia no município de Querência, estado do Mato Grosso. Para tanto, uma parcela de 50 ha de floresta primária (500 x 1000 m) foi queimada experimentalmente a cada ano a partir de 2004, e outra área de mesmo tamanho foi mantida intacta para controle. Os artrópodes foram coletados aleatoriamente em 40 pontos distribuídos dentro da parcela, por meio de armadilhas de solo (“pitfalls”) e em 40 pontos sendo extraídos da serrapilhaira através de funis de Berlese. As coletas foram realizadas em fevereiro, abril (estação chuvosa), junho e agosto (estação seca) de 2007, após a terceira queima experimental anual. Os artrópodes foram analisados até o nível taxonômico de ordem e as formigas foram identificadas até gênero. O estudo de decomposição foi feito com 480 bolsas se serrapilheira distribuídas aleatoriamente, com 240 em cada parcela, quatro meses após a última queimada. As bolsas foram confeccionadas com malhas de nylon com aberturas de 2 mm (malha fina), e em metade delas foram feitos três orifícios de 1 cm² de cada lado, permitindo a entrada de macroartrópodes (malha grossa). Em cada bolsa foi inserido cerca de 10 g de folhas secas. A cada dois meses 30 bolsas de cada tipo de malha foi retirada de cada parcela, totalizando duas retiradas na estação seca e duas na estação chuvosa. As bolsas foram secas em estufa e pesadas novamente. A diferença entre peso seco inicial e final representou a taxa de decomposição. A cada retirada de um lote de bolsas de cada tipo de malha e de cada parcela, uma subamostra (10) destas bolsas foram selecionadas aleatoriamente para análises de análise de C e N das folhas. Os artrópodes apresentaram fortes diferenças sazonais. Na estação seca os colêmbolas ocorreram em menor abundância e as formigas ocorreram em maior abundância. Concomitantemente aos efeitos de sazonalidade, os artrópodes apresentaram diversas respostas ao fogo, com alguns grupos apresentando aumento e outros redução em abundância e densidade em diferentes datas pós-fogo, em comparação a floresta controle. Os ortópteros se destacaram por terem apresentado maior abundância em todas as datas pós-fogo em comparação a floresta controle. Em geral os macropredadores freduziram sua abundância e densidade após o fogo (formigas, besouros, dentre outros) e os engenheiros de ecossistema e decompositores foram mais abundantes (baratas, ácaros, dentre outros) em relação à floresta controle. As formigas também apresentaram diferenças entre as parcelas: maior diversidade e modificações na composição de gêneros durante a estação seca, pois o fogo favoreceu o aumento em abundância de formigas generalistas. As taxas de decomposição na parcela queimada foram menores do que na parcela controle, e as bolsas de malha fina com menores taxas de decomposição do que as bolsas de malha grossa. As taxas de C e N também foram diferentes entre as parcelas, e a razão C/N, na parcela queimada se manteve estável em todas as datas pós-fogo, enquanto na parcela controle houve declínio gradual durante o experimento seguindo as estações. Estes resultados indicam que o fogo modifica a fauna de serrapilheira, reduzindo diversas populações de artrópodes e modificando a composição deste grupo. As bolsas de malha fina indicam que a exclusão de macroartrópodes reduzem a taxa de decomposição da matéria orgânica e que os microartrópodes são mais prejudicados. O fogo também reduz o processo de mineralização de C e N já que a razão C/N se manteve estável na parcela queimada. Este estudo demonstra que o fogo recorrente tem forte efeito sobre artrópodes de serrapilheira e ciclagem de nutrientes em florestas de transição da Amazônia.

Tramas de subjetivação: analítica da fabricação do PARFOR-Pedagogia-Campus de Bragança/UFPA

O modelo de formação de professores brasileiro refere-se à democratização do país e as mudanças sociais alavancadas na década de 1980, tendo como marco legal a Constituição de 1988 e as reformas educacionais e curriculares que a sucederam. Este trabalho constitui-se em uma análise arqueogenealógica foucaultiana das práticas discursivas arquitetadas sobre o curso de Pedagogia do Plano Nacional de Formação de Professores da Educação Básica (PARFOR) do Campus Universitário de Bragança – Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA). Partimos do estudo arqueológico das emergências históricas da formação de professores para localizarmos e darmos visibilidade a arena da formação docente como contingência contemporânea advinda de forças capilares que objetivam e, ao mesmo tempo, subjetivam o professor em formação. Sustentamo-nos na hipótese de que habitam, nesse jogo de saber-poder, tramas de subjetivação corporificadas no currículo sob em práticas de governamentalização. Tais tramas, por sua vez, culminam na produção de documentos dentre os quais alguns foram escolhidos para compor a análise crítica desse trabalho. Desse modo, objetivamos problematizar a formação enquanto fabricação do aluno PARFOR-Pedagogia, com ênfase no currículo elaborado pelo Campus de Bragança/UFPA visando percebê-lo em sua articulação com determinadas urgências de formação e regulação de professores. A pesquisa teve como fonte documentos que instalam a política de formação de professores no país, encarando-os como monumentos com efeitos na objetivação e subjetivação dos sujeitos, e formação de professores como prática histórica e dispositivo estratégico de governamentalidade. Organizando-se os documentos em subarquivos, a análise foi conduzida pela problematização – arqueológica e genealógica de Michel Foucault, articulada aos dispositivos de Gilles Deleuze e às práticas históricas de Paul Veyne. Fincado como ação afirmativa e conectado ao rol das políticas educacionais contemporâneas, o PARFOR apesar de ter impulsionado a formação em serviço, os sujeitos que dele fazem parte são objetivados ainda por prescrições curriculares destacadamente disciplinares e generalistas, descritas paradoxalmente no Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de Pedagogia e nos Planos de Curso como estratégia interdisciplinar de formação de professores. Concomitante a isso, os sujeitos são subjetivados por um devir minoritário em função do modelo estrutural que a política foi arquitetada, exercendo seu poder por práticas de resistência. De acordo com as práticas analisadas nesse estudo, o PARFOR-Pedagogia do Campus de Bragança/UFPA é fabricado por tramas históricas de subjetivação, as quais se sustentam tanto na govenamentalidade quanto em estratégias biopolíticas acionadas por dispositivos curriculares que forjam e ao mesmo tempo são forjados pelos jogos de saber-poder-resistência.

Bacterial community associated with traps of the carnivorous plants Utricularia hydrocarpa and Genlisea filiformis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Molecular diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in the marine sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anurans of the Agudos and Jaú municipalities, state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

We present a list of amphibian species from the Agudos and Jaú municipalities, a Midwest region of São Paulo state, Brazil. The 26 species recorded exhibited a strong seasonality, with their reproductive periods concentrated in the rainiest months (October and December). Most of the species (88%) are generalists and typically associated with open areas. Although none of the species to be associated exclusively forest environments, the occurrence of some species (12%) depends on the proximity of water bodies for environments with forest formation. Thus, the presence of riparian forest fragments near water bodies is essential for some populations, as these sites are refuge for some species.

Prospecção de genes na microbiota do rúmen bovino com propriedades degradadoras da biomassa vegetal

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária - FCAV

Ecologia de peixes de riachos da bacia do rio Machado, RO: padrões, processos e conservação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Talent Management in Higher Education: Developing Emerging Leaders Within the Administration at Private Colleges and Universities

This research focused on identifying a series of successful practices relating to administrative talent management within the higher education setting. The field study included a thorough examination of seven small to mid-size private colleges and universities that have incorporated employee development strategies. These strategies were aimed at growing future leaders from within the organization in order to achieve continuity and support institutional priorities. Specifically, several focus areas were investigated including presidential vision, leadership commitment, talent management’s place among institutional priorities, program characteristics, and program evaluation. Among the commonalities that were gathered included support at the senior officer level who serve as advocates, mentors, and program facilitators, a strong connection between talent management and the institutions’ strategic plans, and a holistic approach to developing talent at all levels of the organizations. In addition, both coaching and opportunities for growth in the work environment were evident within several of the institutions. Also, academic leadership development was considered to be a part of the talent management strategy within three of the colleges and universities. The key differentiators included the incorporation of organizational and leadership competencies to provide focus toward the performance development process at two institutions, the implementation of a succession planning model at another institution, and the location of human resource generalists in departments across two of the institutions to identify learning opportunities for both individuals and work teams. Based on both the findings from the field study and the literature review, a comprehensive procedural model is introduced that serves to support human resource departments and higher education professionals, in general, who are looking to either begin or broaden their own talent management approach. However, despite the progress that has been made across several institutions noted throughout the research study, much more must be learned in terms of how the time and resources invested in talent management translates to institutional success. Advisor: James O‘Hanlon

Habitat structure and food resources for wildlife across successional stages in a tropical forest

Tropical forests are experiencing an increase in the proportion of secondary forests as a result of the balance between the widespread harvesting of old-growth forests and the regeneration in abandoned areas. The impacts of such a process on biodiversity are poorly known and intensely debated. Recent reviews and multi-taxa studies indicate that species replacement in wildlife assemblages is a consistent pattern, sometimes stronger than changes in diversity, with a replacement from habitat generalists to old-growth specialists being commonly observed during tropical forest regeneration. However, the ecological drivers of such compositional changes are rarely investigated, despite its importance in assessing the conservation value of secondary forests, and to support and guide management techniques for restoration. By sampling 28 sites in a continuous Atlantic forest area in Southeastern Brazil, we assessed how important aspects of habitat structure and food resources for wildlife change across successional stages, and point out hypotheses on the implications of these changes for wildlife recovery. Old-growth areas presented a more complex structure at ground level (deeper leaf litter, and higher woody debris volume) and higher fruit availability from an understorey palm, whereas vegetation connectivity, ground-dwelling arthropod biomass, and total fruit availability were higher in earlier successional stages. From these results we hypothetize that generalist species adapted to fast population growth in resource-rich environments should proliferate and dominate earlier successional stages, while species with higher competitive ability in resource-limited environments, or those that depend on resources such as palm fruits, on higher complexity at the ground level, or on open space for flying, should dominate older-growth forests. Since the identification of the drivers of wildlife recovery is crucial for restoration strategies, it is important that future work test and further develop the proposed hypotheses. We also found structural and functional differences between old-growth forests and secondary forests with more than 80 years of regeneration, suggesting that restoration strategies may be crucial to recover structural and functional aspects expected to be important for wildlife in much altered ecosystems, such as the Brazilian Atlantic forest. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A model of road effect using line integrals and a test of the performance of two new road indices using the distribution of small mammals in an Atlantic Forest landscape

Effects of roads on wildlife and its habitat have been measured using metrics, such as the nearest road distance, road density, and effective mesh size. In this work we introduce two new indices: (1) Integral Road Effect (IRE), which measured the sum effects of points in a road at a fixed point in the forest; and (2) Average Value of the Infinitesimal Road Effect (AVIRE), which measured the average of the effects of roads at this point. IRE is formally defined as the line integral of a special function (the infinitesimal road effect) along the curves that model the roads, whereas AVIRE is the quotient of IRE by the length of the roads. Combining tools of ArcGIS software with a numerical algorithm, we calculated these and other road and habitat cover indices in a sample of points in a human-modified landscape in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where data on the abundance of two groups of small mammals (forest specialists and habitat generalists) were collected in the field. We then compared through the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) a set of candidate regression models to explain the variation in small mammal abundance, including models with our two new road indices (AVIRE and IRE) or models with other road effect indices (nearest road distance, mesh size, and road density), and reference models (containing only habitat indices, or only the intercept without the effect of any variable). Compared to other road effect indices, AVIRE showed the best performance to explain abundance of forest specialist species, whereas the nearest road distance obtained the best performance to generalist species. AVIRE and habitat together were included in the best model for both small mammal groups, that is, higher abundance of specialist and generalist small mammals occurred where there is lower average road effect (less AVIRE) and more habitat. Moreover, AVIRE was not significantly correlated with habitat cover of specialists and generalists differing from the other road effect indices, except mesh size, which allows for separating the effect of roads from the effect of habitat on small mammal communities. We suggest that the proposed indices and GIS procedures could also be useful to describe other spatial ecological phenomena, such as edge effect in habitat fragments. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Terrestrial non-volant small mammals in agro-silvicultural landscapes of Southeastern Brazil

The area covered by Eucalyptus plantations is significantly increasing in Brazil for economic reasons. However, the impact of such land use change is still unknown. In this study we evaluated the spatial-temporal distribution and abundance of terrestrial non-volant small mammals on a recently converted landscape whose matrix is formed by Eucalyptus plantations up to 3 years of age. From August 2007 to July 2009 we carried out monthly sampling campaigns over a grid of 30 sampling units, formed by pitfall traps covering both the landscape matrix of Eucalyptus plantations (n = 18) and legal conservation areas of native vegetation (n = 7) and abandoned pastures (n = 5). A total of 1640 individuals from 14 species of the orders Didelphimorphia (4 spp.) and Rodentia (10 spp.) were captured. However, only three species of rodents (Olygorysomys flavescens, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Calomy tener) represented 81.8% of the total amount. Eucalyptus plantations had a lower species richness and abundance than the abandoned pasture and the remaining fragments of native vegetation. Although the present species are predominantly generalists, there is clear distinction among environments in terms of their species composition and relative abundance, which also present a pronounced time variation. The assemblage found in this study suggests that silvicultural landscapes still have some conservation value, with species that seem to be resident at the Eucalyptus plantations. Moreover, the presence of the native and abandoned pastures patches imbibed in the Eucalyptus plantation matrix may increase the carrying capacity of such a silvicultural system and these landscapes may play a role in maintaining local biodiversity. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Testing the Performance of Fourteen Native Tropical Tree Species in Two Abandoned Pastures of the Lacandon Rainforest Region of Chiapas, Mexico

The rainforest of Mexico has been degraded and severely fragmented, and urgently require restoration. However, the practice of restoration has been limited by the lack of species-specific data on survival and growth responses to local environmental variation. This study explores the differential performance of 14 wet tropical early-, mid- or late-successional tree species that were grown in two abandoned pastures with contrasting land-use histories. After 18 months, seedling survival and growth of at least 7 of the 14 tree species studied were significantly higher in the site with a much longer history of land use (site 2). Saplings of the three early-successional species showed exceptional growth rates. However, differences in performance were noted in relation to the differential soil properties between the experimental sites. Mid-successional species generally showed slow growth rates but high seedling survival, whereas late-successional species exhibited poor seedling survival at both the study sites. Stepwise linear regressions revealed that the species integrated response index combining survivorship and growth measurements, was influenced mostly by differences in soil pH between the two abandoned pastures. Our results suggest that local environmental variation among abandoned pastures of contrasting land-use histories influences sapling survival and growth. Furthermore, the similarity of responses among species with the same successional status allowed us to make some preliminary site and species-specific silvicultural recommendations. Future field experiments should extend the number of species and the range of environmental conditions to identify site generalists or more narrowly adapted species, that we would call sensitive.

Analysis of 16S rRNA and mxaF genes revealing insights into Methylobacterium niche-specific plant association

The genus Methylobacterium comprises pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic (PPFM) bacteria, known to be an important plant-associated bacterial group. Species of this group, described as plant-nodulating, have the dual capacity of producing cytokinin and enzymes, such as pectinase and cellulase, involved in systemic resistance induction and nitrogen fixation under specific plant environmental conditions. The aim hereby was to evaluate the phylogenetic distribution of Methylobacterium spp. isolates from different host plants. Thus, a comparative analysis between sequences from structural (16S rRNA) and functional mxaF (which codifies for a subunit of the enzyme methanol dehydrogenase) ubiquitous genes, was undertaken. Notably, some Methylobacterium spp. isolates are generalists through colonizing more than one host plant, whereas others are exclusively found in certain specific plant-species. Congruency between phylogeny and specific host inhabitance was higher in the mxaF gene than in the 16S rRNA, a possible indication of function-based selection in this niche. Therefore, in a first stage, plant colonization by Methylobacterium spp. could represent generalist behavior, possibly related to microbial competition and adaptation to a plant environment. Otherwise, niche-specific colonization is apparently impelled by the host plant.