Cytokine-mediated survival from lethal herpes simplex virus infection: role of programmed neuronal death.

The mechanisms responsible for cytokine-mediated antiviral effects are not fully understood. We approached this problem by studying the outcome of intraocular herpes simplex (HSV) infection in transgenic mice that express interferon gamma in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. These transgenic mice showed selective survival from lethal HSV-2 infection manifested in both eyes, the optic nerve, and the brain. Although transgenic mice developed greater inflammatory responses to the virus in the eyes, inflammation and viral titers in their brains were equivalent to nontransgenic mice. However, survival of transgenic mice correlated with markedly lower numbers of central neurons undergoing apoptosis. The protooncogene Bcl2 was found to be induced in the HSV-2-infected brains of transgenic mice, allowing us to speculate on its role in fostering neuronal survival in this model. These observations imply a complex interaction between cytokine, virus, and host cellular factors. Our results suggest a cytokine-regulated salvage pathway that allows for survival of infected neurons.

(Table 1) Characteristics of breeding male Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) treated with varying degrees of corticosterone, Adélie land, Antarctica

Breeding individuals enter an emergency life-history stage when their body reserves reach a minimum threshold. Consequently, they redirect current activity toward survival, leading to egg abandonment in birds. Corticosterone (CORT) is known to promote this stage. How and to what extent CORT triggers egg abandonment when breeding is associated with prolonged fasting, however, requires further investigation. We manipulated free-living male Adelie penguins with CORT-pellets before their laying period. We then examined their behavioral response with respect to nest abandonment in parallel with their prolactin levels (regulating parental care), and the subsequent effects of treatment on breeding success in relieved birds. Exogenous CORT triggered nest abandonment in 60% of the treated penguins -14 days after treatment and induced a concomitant decline in prolactin levels. Interestingly, prolactin levels in treated penguins that did not abandon their nest were higher at the point of implantation and also after being relieved by females, when compared with abandoning penguins. Among successful birds, the treatment did not affect the number of chicks, nor the brood mass. Our results show the involvement of CORT in the decision-making process regarding egg abandonment in Adelie penguins when incubation is associated with a natural long fast. However, we suggest that CORT alone is not sufficient to trigger nest abandonment but that 1) prolactin levels need to reach a low threshold value, and 2) a rise in proteolysis (i.e. utilization of protein as main energy substrate) seems also to be required.

A practical guide for emigrants to North America, including the United States, Lower and Upper Canada, and Newfoundland; with full information respecting ... matters requisite for the emigrant to become acquainted with before embarking ...

Howes N54.

Das illustrirte Mississippithal : dargestellt in 80 nach der Natur aufgenommenen Ansichten vom Wasserfalle zu St. Anthony an bis zum Golf von Mexico (eine Entfernung von ungefähr 2300 englischen Meilen) /

Cf. Sabin 40807.

Strength out of weakness : or A glorious manifestation of the further progress of the gospel among the Indians in New England /

Includes letters from John Eliot, John Wilson, William Leverich, Anthony Bessey, Thomas Mayhew, John Endecott, William French and Thomas Allen. The Epistle dedicatory is signed by William Steele. "To the reader" signed: William Gouge [and seventeen others].

Town records of Salem Massachusetts. [v.1]- 1634-

"These records were copied from the original by Miss Martha O. Howes. The copy was verified by Sidney Perley, esq., who also made the index."--Verso of t-p., v. 2

Russkīe na Vostochnomʺ okeani︢e︡: Vostochnai︢a︡ Sibirʹ. Rossīi̇skii︢a︡ vladi︢e︡nīi︢a︡ v" Ameriki︢e︡. Byt" dikarei̇. Kalifornīi︢a︡. Proėkt krugosvi︢e︡tnoi̇ torgovoi̇ ėkspedit︢s︡īi.

Romanized record.

Das Auswanderungsbuch, oder, Führer und Rathgeber bei der Auswanderung nach Nordamerika und Texas : in Bezug auf Ueberfahrt, Ankunft und Ansiedelung nebst einer vollständigen Schilderung des geographischen, politischen und geselligen Zustandes jener Länder und genauer Erörterung aller bei der Auswanderung zu berücksichtigenden Punkte : grösstentheils nach eigener Auffassung während eines zwejährigen Aufenthalts in Amerika /

Ownership mark, front flyleaf: Paul Vogt.

The Great Company, 1667-1871 : being a history of the honourable company of merchants-adventurers trading into Hudson's Bay : compiled from the Company's archives, from diplomatic documents and state papers of France and England, from the narratives of factors and traders, and from many accounts and memoirs /

Master microform held by: ResP.

Gleanings by the way;

Sketches of travel in various parts of the United States, with an account of the Mormons, which was originally published in part in the Episcopal recorder, in 1840.

The Poets and poetry of Scotland : from the earliest to the present time, comprising characteristic selections from the works of the more noteworthy Scottish poets /

I. From Thomas the Rhymer to Richard Gall, [1219-1776] -- II. From Thomas Campbell to Marquis of Lorne, [1777-1876].

A course of elementary instruction in practical biology /

Third ed. printed 1887. Reprinted with additions and alterations 1907".

Maoriland fairy tales.

Mode of access: Internet.

Travels in North America, in the years 1841-2; with geological observations on the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia.

Two plates and the map are colored.

The Americans as they are : described in a tour through the valley of the Mississippi /

English version, abridged, of the author's "Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord Amerika," Stuttgart, 1827, published under the pseudonym O. Sidons.