Diatoms community structure in superficial sediments of eight Andean lakes of central Chile

In this research the taxonomic structure of diatoms in sediments of high mountain lakes was studied. These lakes are located in Chile between 32°49' and 38°48' S in the Andean Cordillera. A total of 99 diatom taxa distributed in 48 genera were identified and all this taxa are cosmopolitan excepting a Eunotia andinofrequens, Gomphonema punae, Pinnularia araucanensis and Pinnularia acidicola, which are know only for the Southern Hemisphere. The assemblages of diatoms were different in the studied lakes. So the high mountain lakes Ocho, Huifa, Ensueño and Negra, dominated benthic diatoms which are typical of oligotrophic and acid waters as Achnanthidium exiguum, Achnanthidium minutissimum, Encyonema minutum, Pinnularia acidicola and Planothidium lanceolatum. In the assemblages from lakes Galletué, Icalma and Laja planktonic diatoms were more abundant, which are common in alkaline and mesotrophic waters, e.g., Asterionella formosa, Aulacoseira distans, Aulacoseira granulata, Cyclotella stelligera and Rhopalodia gibba.

Valor y fortaleza del patrimonio sociocultural mapuche en Chile.

Hablar de “los mapuche” como sinónimo de grupo homogéneo y de una cultura tradicional puede inducir a inexactitudes. Habría que decir que hablar de “los mapuche” es referirse a una serie de poblaciones que si bien forman parte de un proceso histórico compartido, difieren en grado relevante entre sí. Bajo la denominación mapuche se agrupan colectivos que provienen de diferentes territorios. Wixan mapu, los mapus o territorios originales, habrían sido los espacios donde históricamente se han desarrollado los diferentes segmentos de la sociedad mapuche. Desde estos espacios es posible trazar tradiciones localizadas dentro del amplio espacio de la Wallmapu, o país mapuche. Nos referimos a agrupaciones más o menos diferenciadas que han desarrollado variaciones lingüísticas, religiosas-rituales y económicas. Sociedades mapuche que han administrado históricamente de diversas formas las relaciones con aliados o adversarios, hayan sido la corona española, el estado chileno, colonos, latifundistas y misioneros entre otros. También son sociedades que han administrado de forma diferenciada el uso y apropiación de elementos culturales occidentales.

Proyecto piloto 9x18, una alternativa a la expansión de Santiago

Ponencia que describe el proyecto píloto 9x18 que consiste en la construcción de una nueva vivienda para los allegados en los lotes donde habitan, sin necesidad de adquirir un terreno nuevo.

Empleo de materiales reciclados para centros educativos en Chile

Los objetivos de este proyecto son dobles. El primero a conseguir es el acondicionamiento acústico de un centro educativo para alcanzar un mayor rendimiento docente; lo que se pretende lograr mejorando la inteligibilidad de la palabra y reduciendo el ruido en los diferentes recintos. El segundo objetivo, es la reducción de los costos económicos y medioambientales del proyecto empleando en el acondicionamiento acústico materiales procedentes del reciclado o existentes en el entorno local, reduciendo lo mayor posible la importación de estos materiales. Desde la investigación de las exigencias acústicas de un centro educativo, se determinarán los parámetros adecuados para su diseño óptimo. En general los mayores problemas acústicos existentes en estos establecimientos, son debidos a la transferencia de ruido entre los diferentes recintos y su excesiva reverberación, lo que provoca dificultades en la transmisión de la palabra y por ende también en las actividades docentes y los objetivos educativos. Asimismo, los parámetros y exigencias acústicas planteadas y desarrolladas, serán estudiados a partir de un contexto real y específico. El lugar elegido para el caso de estudio, será la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Es importante, aclarar que en este país no existe una normativa aplicable a este tipo de establecimientos, por tanto se planteará el aislamiento acústico y posterior acondicionamiento a partir de normas y requisitos internacionales. Además, las soluciones acústicas planteadas serán de materiales reciclados existentes en el mercado nacional. Esta decisión tiene como finalidad reducir la afección al medio ambiente fomentando el desarrollo ecológico y sostenible como respuesta al crecimiento económico y la conservación de recursos en un país que se encuentra en vías de desarrollo. Por último, se plantea el acondicionamiento acústico de los diferentes recintos del colegio en proyecto, mediante simulación acústica en el programa EASE (Enhanced Acoustic Simulator for Engineers), lo que nos permite conocer el comportamiento de los recintos antes y después del acondicionamiento acústico. SUMMARY The objective of this Project is twofold. On the one hand, the acoustic conditioning of a school is developed in order to achieve a better teaching performance. For this purpose, the speech intelligibility is enhanced and the noise in the different rooms is reduced. On the other hand, the economic costs and environmental impact are reduced by using recycled materials or materials found in the local area, reducing as much as possible the use of imported materials. The appropriate acoustic parameters will be determined from the evaluation of the acoustic demands of the school. The main problems in these environments are the noise transmission between rooms as well as a high reverberation time. These will cause problems with the speech transmission, which is of great importance for educational purposes. Furthermore, the acoustic parameters and requirements are taken from a real and specific context. The place chosen for the research is Santiago, Chile. It is remarkable that in this country there is no national legislation that can be applied to such places, therefore International Standards are considered to evaluate the acoustic insulation and conditioning. The acoustic solutions considered in this project come from recycled materials existing on the domestic market. The decision aims to reduce the environmental impact, promoting environmentally sustainable development as a response to the economic growth and the maintenance of resources in a developing country. Finally, a simulation at some different areas of the school is carried out, comparing the behaviour before and after the proposed acoustic solutions. The software used for the simulations is EASE (Enhanced Acoustic Simulator for Engineers).

Chile, 1873 (Image 5 of 14) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plano topografico y geologico de la Republica de Chile levantado por orden del gobierno, baja la direccion de A. Pissis ; grabado por N. Desmadryl. Sheet 5. It was published by Ch. Chardon in 1873. Scale [ca. 1:250,000]. This layer is image 5 of 14 total images of the fourteen sheet source map. Covers a portion of Región de Coquimbo, Región de Valparaíso, and Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile. Map in Spanish. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'World Mercator' projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, railroads, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, selected buildings and built-up areas, mines and mineral locations, geological features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and shading. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection and the Harvard University Library as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Organizing Our World: Sponsored Exploration and Scientific Discovery in the Modern Age. Maps selected for the project correspond to various expeditions and represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Historia jeneral de la República de Chile desde su independencia hasta nuestros dias ...

Vol. 1-4 pub. by J. S. Valenzuela; v. 5 by R. Jover.

Elementos de mineralogía o del conocimiento de las especies minerales en general, i en particular de las de Chile /

Mode of access: Internet.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype F Complete Genome Sequences From Chilean Patients With Chronic Infection

Molecular epidemiological data concerning the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Chile are not known completely. Since the HBV genotype F is the most prevalent in the country, the goal of this study was to obtain full HBV genome sequences from patients infected chronically in order to determine their subgenotypes and the occurrence of resistance-associated mutations. Twenty-one serum samples from antiviral drug-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B were subjected to full-length PCR amplification, and both strands of the whole genomes were fully sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed along with reference sequences available from GenBank (n = 290). The sequences were aligned using Clustal X and edited in the SE-AL software. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted by Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations (MCMC) for 10 million generations in order to obtain the substitution tree using BEAST. The sequences were also analyzed for the presence of primary drug resistance mutations using CodonCode Aligner Software. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that all sequences were found to be the HBV subgenotype F1b, clustered into four different groups, suggesting that diverse lineages of this subgenotype may be circulating within this population of Chilean patients. J. Med. Virol. 83: 1530-1536, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America The Role of Education

Background: People with less education in Europe, Asia, and the United States are at higher risk of mortality associated with daily and longer-term air pollution exposure. We examined whether educational level modified associations between mortality and ambient particulate pollution (PM(10)) in Latin America, using several timescales. Methods: The study population included people who died during 1998-2002 in Mexico City, Mexico; Santiago, Chile; and Sao Paulo, Brazil. We fit city-specific robust Poisson regressions to daily deaths for nonexternal-cause mortality, and then stratified by age, sex, and educational attainment among adults older than age 21 years (none, some primary, some secondary, and high school degree or more). Predictor variables included a natural spline for temporal trend, linear PM(10) and apparent temperature at matching lags, and day-of-week indicators. We evaluated PM(10) for lags 0 and I day, and fit an unconstrained distributed lag model for cumulative 6-day effects. Results: The effects of a 10-mu g/m(3) increment in lag 1 PM(10) on all nonextemal-cause adult mortality were for Mexico City 0.39% (95% confidence interval = 0.131/-0.65%); Sao Paulo 1.04% (0.71%-1.38%); and for Santiago 0.61% (0.40%-0.83%. We found cumulative 6-day effects for adult mortality in Santiago (0.86% [0.48%-1.23%]) and Sao Paulo (1.38% [0.85%-1.91%]), but no consistent gradients by educational status. Conclusions: PM(10) had important short- and intermediate-term effects on mortality in these Latin American cities, but associations did not differ consistently by educational level.

Forma????o de carreiras para a gest??o p??blica contempor??nea: o caso dos especialistas em pol??ticas p??licas e gest??o governamental

O objetivo desta apresenta????o ?? analisar duas edi????es realizadas desse novo curso de forma????o e discuti-la tendo em vista os desafios contempor??neos da administra????o p??blica. Para tanto, o texto apresenta: hist??rico da carreira no Governo Federal; resumo dos cursos de forma????o realizados entre 1988 a 2004 pela ENAP; an??lise da reformula????o do programa de forma????o; propostas para a forma????o continuada para a administra????o p??blica contempor??nea e considera????es finais

Escolas de governo e coopera????o

O tema ???Escolas de Governo e Coopera????o??? pede ??? antes de tudo ??? alguma precis??o no uso dos conceitos de ???escola de governo??? e ???coopera????o???, por se tratar de aspectos abordados de forma muito ampla na atualidade, possibilitando leques muito diferenciados de entendimento. Ap??s fazermos tal demarca????o conceitual, este artigo ser?? desenvolvido com foco na experi??ncia realizada pela ENAP Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica (Brasil)2, que j?? acumula v??rias pr??ticas e conhecimentos neste ??mbito. O artigo articular?? tr??s campos de atua????o da ENAP em que o tema da coopera????o aparece de modo substantivo: em primeiro lugar, a experi??ncia de coopera????o internacional (em que se destacam a????es com escolas de governo da Fran??a, Canad?? e Espanha, al??m de parcerias com ag??ncias intergovernamentais internacionais); em segundo lugar, as parcerias nacionais (em que se destaca o Programa de Parcerias, para viabiliza????o de atividades nas v??rias regi??es do pa??s e as parcerias com universidades na constru????o dos cursos de p??s-gradua????o lato sensu); e, finalmente, a experi??ncia de constru????o da Rede Nacional de Escolas de Governo. Os temas ??? escola de governo, coopera????o, redes ??? v??o se interligando num rico tecido por meio do qual vislumbramos o fortalecimento da Pol??tica Nacional de Capacita????o dos Servidores P??blicos. Assim, na parte final do artigo ser??o apresentados, de forma sint??tica, os principais ac??mulos produzidos ao longo do per??odo e os desafios colocados para os pr??ximos passos.

Coordena????o federativa como instrumento de promo????o da efici??ncia e efetividade na implementa????o de pol??ticas p??blicas

O trabalho est?? estruturado em quatro cap??tulos, seguidos de conclus??o. No primeiro, aborda-se o enfoque federalista como alternativa para a compreens??o dos problemas de coordena????o inter-governamental no campo das pol??ticas p??blicas. O segundo trata de forma resumida da coordena????o entre n??veis de governo sob o prisma da teoria do federalismo fiscal. O terceiro, tenta estabelecer um referencial para se pensar os problemas de coordena????o inter-governamental dentro do campo das pol??ticas de gest??o p??blica. O quarto e ??ltimo cap??tulo aborda a experi??ncia pr??tica de formula????o e de coordena????o do PNAGE e do PROMOEX.

Associar o desempenho individual ao planejamento organizacional pela gest??o de compet??ncias: um novo enfoque para a avalia????o de desempenho na administra????o p??blica brasileira

Neste artigo, pretende-se fazer uma abordagem cr??tica da avalia????o de desempenho dirigida aos servidores p??blicos em suas m??ltiplas dimens??es, notadamente a partir da experi??ncia dos Minist??rios da Fazenda e do Planejamento, Or??amento e Gest??o com a implementa????o de sistemas de avalia????o de desempenho individual e institucional vinculados ao pagamento de gratifica????es de desempenho, e ?? tend??ncia ?? generaliza????o desse tipo de vantagem remunerat??ria. Como elemento inovador, recomenda-se analisar a gest??o por compet??ncias associada ?? avalia????o de desempenho, como forma de integrar, de modo mais eficaz e satisfat??rio, o planejamento organizacional ao dia-a-dia da organiza????o e ao desempenho dos servidores. Inicia-se por uma breve descri????o dos sistemas de avalia????o organizacionais que funcionam em conjunto com as avalia????es de desempenho para fins remunerat??rios at?? o momento atual para, em seguida, apresentar um breve hist??rico sobre as avalia????es de desempenho dos servidores atualmente existentes e experi??ncias ainda em fase de consolida????o. Encerra-se apresentando algumas perspectivas para a avalia????o de desempenho no setor p??blico brasileiro.

Content validity and reliability of test of gross motor development in Chilean children

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To validate a Spanish version of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) for the Chilean population. METHODS Descriptive, transversal, non-experimental validity and reliability study. Four translators, three experts and 92 Chilean children, from five to 10 years, students from a primary school in Santiago, Chile, have participated. The Committee of Experts has carried out translation, back-translation and revision processes to determine the translinguistic equivalence and content validity of the test, using the content validity index in 2013. In addition, a pilot implementation was achieved to determine test reliability in Spanish, by using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman method. We evaluated whether the results presented significant differences by replacing the bat with a racket, using T-test. RESULTS We obtained a content validity index higher than 0.80 for language clarity and relevance of the TGMD-2 for children. There were significant differences in the object control subtest when comparing the results with bat and racket. The intraclass correlation coefficient for reliability inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability was greater than 0.80 in all cases. CONCLUSIONS The TGMD-2 has appropriate content validity to be applied in the Chilean population. The reliability of this test is within the appropriate parameters and its use could be recommended in this population after the establishment of normative data, setting a further precedent for the validation in other Latin American countries.

Impactia: autoservicio en el análisis de la producción científica del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía

URL del congreso: http://congresoinnovatics.org/content/presentaciones-innovatics-2013-0