Osteoimmunomodulatory properties of magnesium scaffolds coated with β-tricalcium phosphate

The osteoimmunomodulatory property of bone biomaterials is a vital property determining the in vivo fate of the implants. Endowing bone biomaterials with favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties is of great importance in triggering desired immune response and thus supports the bone healing process. Magnesium (Mg) has been recognized as a revolutionary metal for applications in orthopedics due to it being biodegradable, biocompatible, and having osteoconductive properties. However, Mg's high rate of degradation leads to an excessive inflammatory response and this has restricted its application in bone tissue engineering. In this study, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was used to coat Mg scaffolds in an effort to modulate the detrimental osteoimmunomodulatory properties of Mg scaffolds, due to the reported favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties of β-TCP. It was noted that macrophages switched to the M2 extreme phenotype in response to the Mg-β-TCP scaffolds, which could be due to the inhibition of the toll like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. VEGF and BMP2 were significantly upregulated in the macrophages exposed to Mg-β-TCP scaffolds, indicating pro-osteogenic properties of macrophages in β-TCP modified Mg scaffolds. This was further demonstrated by the macrophage-mediated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). When BMSCs were stimulated by conditioned medium from macrophages cultured on Mg-β-TCP scaffolds, osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was significantly enhanced; whereas osteoclastogenesis was inhibited, as indicated by the downregualtion of MCSF, TRAP and inhibition of the RANKL/RANK system. These findings suggest that β-TCP coating of Mg scaffolds can modulate the scaffold's osteoimmunomodulatory properties, shift the immune microenvironment towards one that favors osteogenesis over osteoclastogenesis. Endowing bone biomaterials with favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties can be a highly valuable strategy for the development or modification of advanced bone biomaterials.

Single voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic (1H-MRS) analysis of deep brain structures after traumatic prefrontal brain injury (TBI) in rat

Chronic difficulties arising from mild brain injury (TBI) are difficult to predict because the processes underlying changes after TBI are poorly understood. In mild brain injury the extent of neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms correspond poorly to overt tissue loss (Barth 1983; Liu 2010). Cellular, immune and hormonal cascades occurring after injury and continuing during the healing process may impact uninjured brain regions sensitive to the effects of physiological and emotional stress, which receive projections from the injury site. Changes in these most basic properties due to injury or disease have profound implications for virtually every aspect of brain function through disruption of neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine and metabolic systems. In order to screen for changes in transmitter and metabolic activity, in this study we developed Single voxel proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) for use in both injured and control animals. We first evaluated if 1H-MRS could be used to evaluate in vivo, alterations in brain metabolism and catabolism of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and ventral hippocampus in both control and injured animals after controlled cortical impact injury to the rat prefrontal cortex. We found that metabolite measurements for Myo-Inositol, Choline, creatine, Glutamate+Glutamine, and N-acetyl-acetate are attainable in deep brain structures in vivo in injured and controls rats. We next seek to evaluate longitudinally, in vivo, alterations in brain metabolism and catabolism of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and ventral hippocampus during the first month after controlled cortical impact injury to the rat prefrontal cortex. These ongoing studies will provide data on the changes in transmitters and metabolites over time in injured and non-injured subjects. These studies address some of the fundamental questions about how mild brain injury has such diverse effects on overall brain health and function.

An analysis of exosomes from keratinocytes and fibroblasts

In recent years, many studies have provided evidence that exosomes secreted by cells contain various components, including microRNAs [1]. It is thought that exosomes have important roles in many biological processes. However, the role of exosomes and their components, especially miRNAs, in wound healing is poorly understood. In order to understand whether or not primary human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, two important cell types contributing to wound healing process, release exosomes and what species of wound healing-associated miRNAs accumulate in these vesicles, this project will use a combination of methods to isolate and characterize exosomes, to profile exosomal cargo’s, especially miRNAs in exosomes. The results showed that keratinocytes and fibroblasts released exosomes into conditioned media and these exosomes contain some target miRNAs.

Adjustable stiffness, external fixator for the rat femur osteotomy and segmental bone defect models

The mechanical environment around the healing of broken bone is very important as it determines the way the fracture will heal. Over the past decade there has been great clinical interest in improving bone healing by altering the mechanical environment through the fixation stability around the lesion. One constraint of preclinical animal research in this area is the lack of experimental control over the local mechanical environment within a large segmental defect as well as osteotomies as they heal. In this paper we report on the design and use of an external fixator to study the healing of large segmental bone defects or osteotomies. This device not only allows for controlled axial stiffness on the bone lesion as it heals, but it also enables the change of stiffness during the healing process in vivo. The conducted experiments have shown that the fixators were able to maintain a 5 mm femoral defect gap in rats in vivo during unrestricted cage activity for at least 8 weeks. Likewise, we observed no distortion or infections, including pin infections during the entire healing period. These results demonstrate that our newly developed external fixator was able to achieve reproducible and standardized stabilization, and the alteration of the mechanical environment of in vivo rat large bone defects and various size osteotomies. This confirms that the external fixation device is well suited for preclinical research investigations using a rat model in the field of bone regeneration and repair.

Multiphasic scaffolds for periodontal tissue engineering

For a successful clinical outcome, periodontal regeneration requires the coordinated response of multiple soft and hard tissues (periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum, and bone) during the wound-healing process. Tissue-engineered constructs for regeneration of the periodontium must be of a complex 3-dimensional shape and adequate size and demonstrate biomechanical stability over time. A critical requirement is the ability to promote the formation of functional periodontal attachment between regenerated alveolar bone, and newly formed cementum on the root surface. This review outlines the current advances in multiphasic scaffold fabrication and how these scaffolds can be combined with cell- and growth factor-based approaches to form tissue-engineered constructs capable of recapitulating the complex temporal and spatial wound-healing events that will lead to predictable periodontal regeneration. This can be achieved through a variety of approaches, with promising strategies characterized by the use of scaffolds that can deliver and stabilize cells capable of cementogenesis onto the root surface, provide biomechanical cues that encourage perpendicular alignment of periodontal fibers to the root surface, and provide osteogenic cues and appropriate space to facilitate bone regeneration. Progress on the development of multiphasic constructs for periodontal tissue engineering is in the early stages of development, and these constructs need to be tested in large animal models and, ultimately, human clinical trials.

Characteristics of microbial drug resistance and its correlates in chronic diabetic foot ulcer infections

While virulence factors and the biofilm-forming capabilities of microbes are the key regulators of the wound healing process, the host immune response may also contribute in the events following wound closure or exacerbation of non-closure. We examined samples from diabetic and non-diabetic foot ulcers/wounds for microbial association and tested the microbes for their antibiotic susceptibility and ability to produce biofilms. A total of 1074 bacterial strains were obtained with staphylococci, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter and enterococci as major colonizers in diabetic samples. Though non-diabetic samples had a similar assemblage, the frequency of occurrence of different groups of bacteria was different. Gram-negative bacteria were found to be more prevalent in the diabetic wound environment while Gram-positive bacteria were predominant in non-diabetic ulcers. A higher frequency of monomicrobial infection was observed in samples from non-diabetic individuals when compared to samples from diabetic patients. The prevalence of different groups of bacteria varied when the samples were stratified according to age and sex of the individuals. Several multidrug-resistant strains were observed among the samples tested and most of these strains produced moderate to high levels of biofilms. The weakened immune response in diabetic individuals and synergism among pathogenic micro-organisms may be the critical factors that determine the delicate balance of the wound healing process.

Developing a best practice pathway to support improvements in Indigenous Australians' mental health and well-being: A qualitative study

Objective: There is a need to adapt pathways to care to promote access to mental health services for Indigenous people in Australia. This study explored Indigenous community and service provider perspectives of well-being and ways to promote access to care for Indigenous people at risk of depressive illness. Design: A participatory action research framework was used to inform the development of an agreed early intervention pathway; thematic analysis Setting: 2 remote communities in the Northern Territory. Participants: Using snowball and purposive sampling, 27 service providers and community members with knowledge of the local context and the diverse needs of those at risk of depression were interviewed. 30% of participants were Indigenous. The proposed pathway to care was adapted in response to participant feedback. Results: The study found that Indigenous mental health and well-being is perceived as multifaceted and strongly linked to cultural identity. It also confirms that there is broad support for promotion of a clear pathway to early intervention. Key identified components of this pathway were the health centre, visiting and community-based services, and local community resources including elders, cultural activities and families. Enablers to early intervention were reported. Significant barriers to the detection and treatment of those at risk of depression were identified, including insufficient resources, negative attitudes and stigma, and limited awareness of support options. Conclusions: Successful early intervention for wellbeing concerns requires improved understanding of Indigenous well-being perspectives and a systematic change in service delivery that promotes integration, flexibility and collaboration between services and the community, and recognises the importance of social determinants in health promotion and the healing process. Such changes require policy support, targeted training and education, and ongoing promotion.

Psychiatric design : Using a salutogenic model for the development and management of mental health facilities

The prevailing model of psychiatric facility design does not fulfil its potential in supporting the healing process. A salutogenic approach can improve coherence and foster meaning, will actually improve mental health outcomes, not only manage patient behaviour.

Bone Stress Injuries of the Foot and Ankle

Bone stress injuries of the foot have been known for more than 150 years. For a century, their primary diagnostic imaging tool has been radiography. However, currently the golden standard for establishing the diagnosis of stress injuries is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although the injury type has been fairly well documented in the earlier literature, little information is available on the healing of stress injuries located in e.g. the talus and calcaneus. The current study retrospectively evaluated the stress injuries of the foot and ankle treated at the Central Military Hospital over a period of eight years in patients who underwent MRI for stress injury of the foot. The imaging studies of the patients were reevaluated to determine the exact nature of the stress injury. Moreover, the hospital records of the patients were reviewed to determine the healing of stress injuries of the talus and calcaneus. Patients with a stress fracture in the talus were recalled for a follow-up examination and MRI scan one to six years after the initial injury to determine if the fracture had completely healed, clinically and radiologically. The bone stress injuries of the foot were found to affect more than one bone in a majority of the cases. The talus and the calcaneus were the bones most commonly affected. In the talus, the most common site for the injuries was the head of the bone, and in the calcaneus, the posterior part of the bone. The injuries in these bones were associated with injuries in the surrounding bones. Stress injuries in the calcaneus seemed to heal well. No complications were seen in the primary healing process. The patients were, however, sometimes compelled to refrain from physical training for up to months. In the talus, minor degenerative findings of the articular surface were seen in half of the patients who participated in a follow-up MRI scan and radiographs taken one to six years after the initial injury. Half of the patients also reported minor exercise related symptoms in the follow-up. The symptoms were, however, not noticeable in everyday life.

Growth factor induction in intervertebral disc tissue: Observations in basic mechanisms of disc degeneration and rearrangement

The intervertebral disc is composed of concentrically arranged components: annulus fibrosus, the transition zone, and central nucleus pulposus. The major disc cell type differs in various parts of the intervertebral disc. In annulus fibrosus a spindle shaped fibroblast-like cell mainly dominates, whereas in central nucleus pulposus the more rounded chondrocyte-like disc cell is the major cell type. At birth the intervertebral disc is well vascularized, but during childhood and adolescence blood vessels become smaller and less numerous. The adult intervertebral disc is avascular and is nourished via the cartilage endplates. On the other hand, degenerated and prolapsed intervertebral discs are again vascularized, and show many changes compared to normal discs, including: nerve ingrowth, change in collagen turnover, and change in water content. Furthermore, the prolapsed intervertebral disc tissue has a tendency to decrease in size over time. Growth factors are polypeptides which regulate cell growth, extracellular matrix protease activity, and vascularization. Oncoproteins c-Fos and c-Jun heterodimerize, forming the AP-1 transcription factor which is expressed in activated cells. In this thesis the differences of growth factor expression in normal intervertebral disc, the degenerated intervertebral disc and herniated intervertebral disc were analyzed. Growth factors of particular interest were basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Cell activation was visualized by the expression of the AP-1 transcription promoters c-Fos and c-Jun. The expression was shown with either mono- or polyclonal antibodies by indirect avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical staining method. The normal control material was collected from a tissue bank of five organ donors. The degenerated disc material was from twelve patients operated on for painful degenerative disc disease, and herniated disc tissue material was obtained from 115 patients operated on for sciatica. Normal control discs showed only TGFβ immunopositivity. All other factors studied were immunonegative in the control material. Prolapsed disc material was immunopositive for all factors studied, and this positivity was located either in the disc cells or in blood vessels. Furthermore, neovascularization was noted. Disc cell immunoreaction was shown in chondrocyte-like disc cells or in fibroblast-like disc cells, the former being expressed especially in conglomerates (clusters of disc cells). TGFβ receptor induction was prominent in prolapsed intervertebral disc tissue. In degenerated disc material, the expression of growth factors was analyzed in greater detail in various parts of the disc: nucleus pulposus, anterior annulus fibrosus and posterior annulus fibrosus. PDGF did not show any immunoreactivity, whereas all other studied growth factors were localized either in chondrocyte-like disc cells, often forming clusters, in fibroblast-like disc cells, or in small capillaries. Many of the studied degenerated discs showed tears in the posterior region of annulus fibrosus, but expression of immunopositive growth factors was detected throughout the entire disc. Furthermore, there was a difference in immunopositive cell types for different growth factors. The main conclusion of the thesis, supported by all substudies, is the occurrence of growth factors in disc cells. They may be actively participating in a network regulating disc cell growth, proliferation, extracellular matrix turnover, and neovascularization. Chondrocyte-like disc cells, in particular, expressed growth factors and oncoproteins, highlighting the importance of this cell type in the basic pathophysiologic events involved in disc degeneration and disc rearrangement. The thesis proposes a hypothesis for cellular remodelling in intervertebral disc tissue. In summary, the model presents an activation pattern of different growth factors at different intervertebral disc stages, mechanisms leading to neovascularization of the intervertebral disc in pathological conditions, and alteration of disc cell shape, especially in annulus fibrosus. Chondrocyte-like disc cells become more numerous, and these cells are capable of forming clusters, which appear to be regionally active within the disc. The alteration of the phenotype of disc cells expressing growth factors from fibroblast-like disc cells to chondrocyte-like cells in annulus fibrosus, and the numerous expression of growth factor expressing disc cells in nucleus pulposus, may be a key element both during pathological degeneration of the intervertebral disc, and during the healing process after trauma.

Efeitos do uso de antiinflamatório e do exercício aeróbico sobre a regeneração tecidual e perfil biomecânico do tendão calcâneo de ratos após ruptura completa

Ruptura do tendão calcâneo é uma das lesões tendíneas mais frequentes. Embora a maioria dos trabalhos sugira que o exercício seja benéfico na cicatrização tendínea, não há consenso sobre o efeito do antiinflamatório neste contexto. Trabalhos experimentais tentam reproduzir lesão aguda deste tendão, em diferentes espécies animais. Neste estudo, descrevemos uma técnica de tenotomia completa do tendão calcâneo direito em ratos e, em seguida, avaliamos os efeitos do uso do antiinflamatório e do exercício aeróbico, isoladamente e em combinação, sobre a proliferação celular e o perfil biomecânico do tendão calcâneo, durante o processo de cicatrização após tenotomia. Estudo experimental com 156 ratos machos adultos, da raça Wistar, com idade média de 3 meses e peso médio de 300g. Após anestesia com tiopental e com auxílio da microscopia de luz, foi realizada incisão longitudinal posterior de cinco milímetros, em direção proximal, a partir da tuberosidade posterior do calcâneo da pata direita do rato. Foi feito corte transversal do tendão calcâneo, a sete milímetros da tuberosidade do calcâneo, com preservação do tendão plantar. Utilizamos as técnicas de Hematoxilina e Eosina, Picrosirius-red e Resorcina-fucsina de Weigert para avaliação da cicatrização tendínea e das fibras dos sistemas colágeno e elástico. Após a tenotomia, metade dos animais receberam tenoxicam intramuscular por 7 dias e no 8o dia iniciou-se protocolo de exercício em esteira na metade de cada grupo. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de tratamento: A sem antiinflamatório E sem exercício (controle); B com antiinflamatório E com exercício; C sem antiinflamatório E com exercício; D com antiinflamatório E sem exercício. Os animais foram eutanasiados com 1, 2, 4 e 8 semanas após a tenotomia, para avaliação histológica pelo PCNA, e biomecânica através do teste de resistência à tração e da medida do ciclo locomotor. Foram realizados análise de variância, teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o método de Bonferroni, no programa R Project, versão 2.11.1. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 1 minuto e 24 segundos, sem complicações observadas até a 8a semana pós-operatória. Observamos proliferação celular e fibrilogênese com duas semanas, e diminuição da celularidade e das fibras elásticas na 8a semana, além de mudanças na organização estrutural do sistema colágeno. Encontramos pico da imunomarcação com PCNA na 2a semana em todos os grupos, exceto no grupo A, cujo pico aconteceu com 1 semana da tenotomia. Evidenciamos resistência à tração significativamente maior (p=0,02) nos ratos submetidos ao exercício, 8 semanas após ruptura. Nos grupos com antiinflamatório, observamos um ciclo locomotor mais estável durante todo o tempo avaliado. Consideramos a técnica cirúrgica experimental de tenotomia completa do tendão calcâneo, realizada com auxílio da microscopia de luz e preservação do tendão plantar, simples, rápida, com sinais de cicatrização tendínea normal e de fácil reprodução em ratos. O exercício aeróbico, iniciado precocemente após tenotomia completa do tendão calcâneo, é significativamente benéfico na sua recuperação biomecânica e o uso combinado com antiinflamatório confere maior estabilidade na marcha, o que pode proteger contra rerruptura tendínea em ratos

Participação do propranolol no reparo tecidual de lesões isquêmicas cutâneas em ratos

Receptores adrenérgicos são amplamente expressos em diferentes tecidos, incluindo na pele. Recentemente foi descoberto que bloqueadores dos receptores β-adrenérgicos são capazes de modular o processo de reparo tecidual. O propranolol é um β-bloqueador não seletivo largamente utilizado na prática clínica para o tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, parecendo apresentar propriedades antioxidantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a resposta de diferentes doses de propranolol durante a lesão isquêmica cutânea em roedores. Ratos Wistar foram tratados com propranolol nas concentrações de 3 e 6 mg/kg. O grupo controle recebeu apenas o veículo e o grupo controle positivo recebeu vitamina E (50 mg/kg/dia). A administração do propranolol iniciou-se no dia da lesão, sendo realizada diariamente até o sacrifício. Incisões bilaterais foram feitas no dorso de cada animal. O flap foi suturado e foram realizadas lesões excisionais totais entre as lesões incisionais. A contração das lesões foi avaliada e os cortes histológicos foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina e vermelho de picrosirius. Foram utilizadas também as seguintes técnicas: Dopplerfluxometria, análises bioquímicas, análise estereológica e expressão de PECAM-1. O grupo tratado com 3 mg de propranolol apresentou uma maior redução na área total da lesão quando comparado ao grupo controle. Da mesma forma, este grupo apresentou um aumento na densidade de vasos sanguíneos, uma maior expressão de PECAM-1 e aumento na perfusão sanguínea na pele isquêmica e no sítio da lesão quando comparado ao grupo controle. Não observamos efeito antioxidante do propranolol neste modelo. Em resumo, nós sugerimos que o propranolol quando administrado na dose de 3 mg/kg/dia foi capaz de modular a angiogênese e melhorar o fechamento da lesão em modelo de roedores

Avaliação da aspirina e do ácido cafeico fenetil estersobre o reparo tecidual cutâneo

Numerosos modelos in vitro e in vivo foram desenvolvidos para estudar o reparo de lesões e identificar os mecanismos chave deste processo. Visando avaliar o processo de cicatrização utilizamos um modelo de lesão excisional total e um modelo de queimadura promovida por escaldamento. No estudo utilizando o modelo de lesão excisional total, abordamos o uso da aspirina (um inibidor não seletivo da COX) e seu efeito diferenciado sobre os sexos na cicatrização cutânea de camundongos. Observamos que os grupos fêmea controle e tratado apresentaram contração atrasada comparado aos grupos macho controle e tratado, respectivamente. Entre os grupos fêmea e macho controles, as fêmeas apresentaram menor atividade da mieloperoxidase e menor quantidade de células MIF-positivas do que os machos controle. Já entre os grupos fêmea e macho tratados, foi observado que nas fêmeas tratadas, a atividade da mieloperoxidase e a quantidade de macrófagos F4/80-positivos estavam maiores do que no grupo macho tratado. Ainda entre os grupos tratados, as fêmeas apresentaram menores níveis de hidroxiprolina e maior expressão proteica de vWF e VEGF comparado aos machos. No estudo das lesões causadas por queimadura, avaliamos as propriedades anti- inflamatórias e antioxidantes do ácido cafeico fenetil ester (CAPE) no reparo destas lesões e observamos que em 7, 14, 21 e 70 dias após a queimadura, o grupo queimado+CAPE apresentou menor área lesada, além de menor atividade da mieloperoxidase e dos níveis de nitrito do que o grupo queimado. Também foi observado que no grupo queimado+CAPE a expressão proteica de CD68 e de PECAM-1 estava reduzida comparada ao grupo queimado. Analisando os parâmetros de dano oxidativo foi observado que os níveis de MDA e de proteínas carboniladas estavam menores no grupo queimado+CAPE do que no grupo queimado, tanto no plasma quanto na lesão. Em suma, nosso estudo avaliou o processo de cicatrização de dois modelos de lesão, em roedores de diferentes espécies e em abordagens distintas. No modelo de lesão excisional total em camundongos observamos que a administração da aspirina prejudicou o processo de cicatrização em camundongos Balb/c fêmeas, mas não afetou esse processo nos machos da mesma linhagem, o que pode ser explicado pela redução dos níveis de estrógenos nas fêmeas. A utilização do CAPE na cicatrização de queimaduras em ratas comprovou sua eficácia anti-inflamatória e antioxidante devido ao grupo queimado+CAPE ter apresentado maior taxa de cicatrização, redução da resposta inflamatória, além da redução do dano oxidativo em lipídeos e proteínas comparado ao grupo queimado.

Avaliação da intervenção terapêutica com produto natural na cicatrização de ferida cutânea: o uso de óleo de capivara

A cicatrização de feridas cutâneas visa restaurar a integridade da pele, objetivando um fechamento rápido da lesão e a formação de uma cicatriz funcional e esteticamente satisfatória. Diversos modelos in vivo têm sido estudados a fim de caracterizar diversos componentes e mecanismos envolvidos no reparo tecidual e avaliar os efeitos de potenciais compostos terapêuticos que aceleram o processo de cicatrização. O óleo extraído da gordura subcutânea de capivara possui certas propriedades, entre elas está o seu uso em ferimentos externos com o intuito de acelerar o processo cicatricial, embora tal evento não seja confirmado em pesquisas experimentais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os possíveis efeitos da aplicação tópica de óleo de capivara em feridas cutâneas induzidas em camundongos Swiss, avaliando sua interferência macro e microscópica no processo de cicatrização das lesões. A lesão foi realizada no dorso dos animais, que receberam aplicação tópica do óleo de capivara (0,1 ml) durante 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias de pós-operatório (PO), conforme protocolo estabelecido. Ao final dos dias, foi realizada eutanásia dos animais e fragmentos de lesão e pele adjacente foram coletados e processados para a microscopia de luz. Cortes histológicos da amostra foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina, azul de toluidina, picro sirius red, resorcina fucsina de Weigert, e imunomarcadas para detecção de antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular. Foram analisados macroscopicamente o aspecto geral da lesão, contração da lesão e reepitelização, e microscopicamente a espessura da neoepiderme, quantidade de leucócitos polimorfonucleares (PMN) e mastócitos, proliferação celular na epiderme e derme, e avaliação das fibras de colágeno e do sistema elástico-microfibrilar na matriz extracelular da derme cicatricial. Os animais tratados topicamente com o óleo de capivara mostraram, comparados ao grupo controle que não recebeu tratamento, melhor desenvolvimento da crosta de fibrina nas fases iniciais da cicatrização e desaparecimento da mesma antes do 14 dia PO; maior contração e reepitelização da área da lesão, bem como neoepiderme mais espessa em 7 dias PO; aumento do número de leucócitos PMN em 3 dias PO e sua gradativa redução nos dias subsequentes e diminuição do número de mastócitos em 21 dias PO. Além disso, no grupo tratado com óleo de capivara foi observada uma benéfica modulação das fibras colágenas e elásticas presentes na matriz extracelular da derme, apresentando aceleração da deposição de fibras de colágeno do tipo I e melhor organização dessas fibras no tecido, bem como aceleração da elastogênese com o aparecimento das fibras do sistema elástico-microfibrilar a partir do 7 dia PO. O presente trabalho demonstrou que o emprego tópico do óleo de capivara em feridas cutâneas de camundongos interfere favoravelmente no processo de cicatrização, acelerando o fechamento da ferida e a reparação da epiderme e derme

Alterações no reparo tecidual cutâneo em um modelo de resistência à insulina

A obesidade associada às alterações metabólicas, tais como a resitência à insulina, provoca significativas modificações no decorrer do processo de cicatrização. O objetivo desse estudo foi inicialmente avaliar os efeitos da resistência à insulina induzida por uma dieta com elevado teor de gordura durante o reparo tecidual. E, em seguida, investigar o papel dos macrófagos neste processo. Observamos que os animais submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica (RHL) tornaram-se intolerantes à glicose e resistentes à insulina, além de aumentarem as taxas plasmáticas de colesterol e triglicerídeos em relação aos animais alimentados com ração padrão (RP). O grupo RHL apresentou uma menor taxa de contração da lesão e reepitelização em relação ao grupo RP. Observamos ainda maior quantidade de células inflamatórias (células NOS 2-positivas, macrófagos, e neutrófilos), menor densidade de fibras do sistema colágeno e maior densidade de miofibroblastos e vasos sanguíneos no grupo RHL. O dano oxidativo estava maior no grupo RHL bem como a expressão proteica do fator de crescimento transformante-β1 (TGF-β1) e α-actina de músculo liso (α-SMA). O grupo RHL apresentou altos níveis plasmáticos de TNF-α quando comparado com o grupo RP. Além disso, a proporção das células M1 (macrófagos ativados classicamente) e M2 (macrófagos ativados alternativamente) foi a mesma em ambos os grupos. Em relação a síntese e liberação de citocinas e fatores de crescimento avaliados através dos ensaios in vitro, observamos ainda que os níveis do fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α) e interleucina-1β (IL-1β) estavam maiores no meio condicionado de macrófagos isolados dos animais do grupo RHL (MCRHL) em relacão ao meio condicionado de macrófagos isolados dos animais do grupo RP (MCRP). Além disso, os nossos resultados demonstraram claramente que os fatores solúveis produzidos por macrófagos isolados a partir de animais resistentes à insulina inibem a proliferação e a migração de fibroblastos. Através desses resultados podemos mostrar que a resistência à insulina retarda o processo de cicatrização e sugerir os macrófagos participam deste retardo.