When deterrence works - and when it doesn't: a comparison of Sweden's prostitution law and UK's Dangerous Dogs Act

Many pieces of legislation have been implemented with the anticipation - or justification - that they will have a deterrent effect. Deterrence was clearly argued in the debate preceding the Swedish prostitution law prohibiting the purchase of sexual services, but less so regarding the Dangerous Dogs Act, which was a very rapid response to a particular moral panic. As it turned out, the Swedish law has had a deterrent effect on street prostitution in that 'respectable' buyers were deterred. It will be argued that it is this very 'respectability' that makes deterrence work in this case. Regarding the Dangerous Dogs Act, the owners of Pit Bulls and other banned breeds are not considered 'respectable' and the banning might have had the reversed effect - increasing the attraction of these dogs, rather than deterring the ownership. Apart from deterrence and its consequences, the rendering invisible of key actors - buyers and owners respectively - and the use of symbolic legislation to promote moral messages will also be considered. [From the Author]

IR/Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations of cyclic di-amino acid peptides. Part III: comparison of solid state and solution structures of cyclo(L-Ser-L-Ser)

B3-LYP/cc-pVDZ calculations of the gas-phase structure and vibrational spectra of the isolated molecule cyclo(L-Ser-L-Ser), a cyclic di-amino acid peptide (CDAP), were carried out by assuming C-2 symmetry. It is predicted that the minimum-energy structure is a boat conformation for the diketopiperazine (DKP) ring with both L-Beryl side chains being folded slightly above the ring. An additional structure of higher energy (15.16 kJ mol(-1)) has been calculated for a DKP ring with a planar geometry, although in this case two fundamental vibrations have been calculated with imaginary wavenumbers. The reported X-ray crystallographic structure of cyclo(L-Ser-L-Ser), shows that the DKP ring displays a near-planar conformation, with both the two L-Beryl side chains being folded above the ring. It is hypothesized that the crystal packing forces constrain the DKP ring in a planar conformation and it is probable that the lower energy boat conformation may prevail in the aqueous environment. Raman scattering and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of solid state and aqueous solution samples of cyclo(L-Ser-L-Ser) are reported and discussed. Vibrational band assignments have been made on the basis of comparisons with the calculated vibrational spectra and band wavenumber shifts upon deuteration of labile protons. The experimental Raman and IR results for solid-state samples show characteristic amide I vibrations which are split (Raman:1661 and 1687 cm(-1), IR:1666 and 1680 cm(-1)), possibly due to interactions between molecules in a crystallographic unit cell. The cis amide I band is differentiated by its deuterium shift of ~ 30 cm(-1), which is larger than that previously reported for trans amide I deuterium shifts. A cis amide II mode has been assigned to a Raman band located at 1520 cm(-1). The occurrence of this cis amide II mode at a wavenumber above 1500 cm(-1) concurs with results of previously examined CDAP molecules with low molecular weight substituents on the C-alpha atoms, and is also indicative of a relatively unstrained DKP ring.

Synthesis and spectroscopic investigation of iron(III) complexes of N'-(thioaroyl)pyridine-2-carbohydrazides

A new series of iron(III) complexes [Fe(L(1))(HL(1))], [Fe(L(1)) Cl]; [H2L(1) = N'-(2-methoxythiobenzoyl)pyridine-2-carbohydrazide], [Fe(L(2))(acac)], [Fe(HL(2))2 Cl]; [H2L(2) = N'-(4-methoxythiobenzoyl)pyridine-2-carbohydrazide] and [Fe(L(3)) (acac)]; [H2L(3) = N'-(2-hydroxythiobenzoyl)pyridine-2-carbohydrazide] were prepared by stirring/refluxing/mixing the respective ligand with FeCl3/Fe(acac)3 in chloroform/methanol. All the compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, IR, UV and Mossbauer spectral data. The complexes high/low spin state and have tetrahedral/octahedral geometry.

High-resolution spectroscopic observations of B-type stars from the Edinburgh-Cape Survey - III. Completion of a magnitude range limited survey

High spectral resolution (R similar to 40 000) and signal-to- noise ratio observations of five high Galactic latitude early- type stars taken from the Edinburgh-Cape (EC) Faint Blue Object Survey are presented. These were required to complete a magnitude range-limited survey of young B-type objects with 11 <V <15. Of the five stars, four were rejected on the grounds that they are either subluminous (subdwarf or horizontal branch), were part of a binary system or possessed colours later than the (U - B) = -0.5 cut-off employed. The remaining star in the data set, EC 19596-5356, is found to exhibit normal young B-type stellar properties. A kinematic analysis reveals that an origin in the Galactic disc appears likely for all the stars in the sample. Some statistics are drawn about the number density of young stars in the Galactic halo.

Early-type stars in the Galactic halo from the Palomar-Green survey - III. Completion of a magnitude range limited sample

High-resolution (R approximate to 40 000) echelle spectroscopic observations of 13 high-latitude early-type stars are presented. These stars comprise the final part of a complete magnitude range limited sample based on low-resolution spectroscopy of targets drawn from the Palomar-Green survey. The magnitude range under consideration is 13 less than or equal to B-PG less than or equal to 14.6, corresponding to an approximate distance limit for main-sequence B-type objects of 5 less than or equal to d less than or equal to 40 kpc. Three stars are found to be apparently normal, young stars, based on their positions on the (T-eff, log g) diagram, normal abundance patterns and relatively large projected rotational velocities. A further star, PG 1209+263, was found to belong to the chemically peculiar (CP) silicon star class of objects. The remainder are evolved subluminous stars lying on post- horizontal branch (post-HB) tracks, with the exception of PG 2120+062, which appears to be in a post-asymptotic giant branch evolutionary stage. For the young stars in the sample, we have derived distance and age estimates through comparison of the atmospheric parameters with recent theoretical evolutionary models. We discuss formation scenarios by comparing times-of- flight and evolutionary time-scales. It is found that all stars could have formed in the Galactic disc and been ejected from there soon after their birth, with the exception of PG 1209+263. The adopted proper motion is found to be a crucial factor in the kinematical analysis. We also present some number densities for young B-type halo stars, which indicate that they are extremely scarce objects.

Validation of the IMPACT-III quality of life questionnaire in Swiss children with inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently manifests during childhood and adolescence. For providing and understanding a comprehensive picture of a patients' health status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments are an essential complement to clinical symptoms and functional limitations. Currently, the IMPACT-III questionnaire is one of the most frequently used disease-specific HRQoL instrument among patients with IBD. However, there is a lack of studies examining the validation and reliability of this instrument. METHODS: 146 paediatric IBD patients from the multicenter Swiss IBD paediatric cohort study database were included in the study. Medical and laboratory data were extracted from the hospital records. HRQoL data were assessed by means of standardized questionnaires filled out by the patients in a face-to-face interview. RESULTS: The original six IMPACT-III domain scales could not be replicated in the current sample. A principal component analysis with the extraction of four factor scores revealed the most robust solution. The four factors indicated good internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha=.64-.86), good concurrent validity measured by correlations with the generic KIDSCREEN-27 scales and excellent discriminant validity for the dimension of physical functioning measured by HRQoL differences for active and inactive severity groups (p<.001, d=1.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study with Swiss children with IBD indicates good validity and reliability for the IMPACT-III questionnaire. However, our findings suggest a slightly different factor structure than originally proposed. The IMPACT-III questionnaire can be recommended for its use in clinical practice. The factor structure should be further examined in other samples.

Complete longitudinal analyses of the randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of sunitinib in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor following imatinib failure.

PURPOSE: To analyze final long-term survival and clinical outcomes from the randomized phase III study of sunitinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients after imatinib failure; to assess correlative angiogenesis biomarkers with patient outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Blinded sunitinib or placebo was given daily on a 4-week-on/2-week-off treatment schedule. Placebo-assigned patients could cross over to sunitinib at disease progression/study unblinding. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using conventional statistical methods and the rank-preserving structural failure time (RPSFT) method to explore cross-over impact. Circulating levels of angiogenesis biomarkers were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 243 patients were randomized to receive sunitinib and 118 to placebo, 103 of whom crossed over to open-label sunitinib. Conventional statistical analysis showed that OS converged in the sunitinib and placebo arms (median 72.7 vs. 64.9 weeks; HR, 0.876; P = 0.306) as expected, given the cross-over design. RPSFT analysis estimated median OS for placebo of 39.0 weeks (HR, 0.505, 95% CI, 0.262-1.134; P = 0.306). No new safety concerns emerged with extended sunitinib treatment. No consistent associations were found between the pharmacodynamics of angiogenesis-related plasma proteins during sunitinib treatment and clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The cross-over design provided evidence of sunitinib clinical benefit based on prolonged time to tumor progression during the double-blind phase of this trial. As expected, following cross-over, there was no statistical difference in OS. RPSFT analysis modeled the absence of cross-over, estimating a substantial sunitinib OS benefit relative to placebo. Long-term sunitinib treatment was tolerated without new adverse events.

Scandinavia and its confines, in which are the Kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, divided into their principall provinces viz. Under the crown of Sweden, those of Gothland, Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Ingria, and Livonia; Under the crown of Denmark, those of Jutland, Sleswick, Zealand, Fyonie, &c. In Denmark those of Agger, Dronthem, and Wardhous, in Norway /

1 kartta :, käsinvär. ;, 56,4 x 86,7 cm, lehti 62,5 x 91,5 cm

Structural and spectral studies of novel Co(III) complexes of N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones derived from pyridine-2-carbaldehyde

Seven bis(ligand) Co(III) complexes {[CoL21] NO3 · H2 O (1), [CoL21] Cl · 2 H2 O (2),[CoL21] ClO4 (3), [CoL22] NO3 (4), [CoL22] Cl · 2 H2 O (5), [CoL23] Br · 2 H2 O (6), [CoL23] ClO4 · H2 O (7)} of three thiosemicarbazone ligands {pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N(4)-p-methoxyphenyl thiosemicarbazone [HL1], pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N(4)-2-phenylethyl thiosemicarbazone [HL2] and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N(4)-(methyl),N(4)-(phenyl) thiosemicarbazone [HL3]} were synthesized and physico-chemically characterized. All complexes are assigned octahedral geometries on the basis of spectral studies. The ligands deprotonate and coordinate by means of pyridine nitrogen, azomethine nitrogen, and thiolate sulfur atoms. The single crystal X-ray structures of HL3 and two nitrate compounds are discussed. The structural studies corroborate the spectral characterization.