Biomolecular Mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are the most prevalent Gram-negative biofilm forming medical device associated pathogens, particularly with respect to catheter associated urinary tract infections. In a similar manner to Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative biofilm formation is fundamentally determined by a series of steps outlined more fully in this review, namely adhesion, cellular aggregation, and the production of an extracellular polymeric matrix. More specifically this review will explore the biosynthesis and role of pili and flagella in Gram-negative adhesion and accumulation on surfaces in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The process of biofilm maturation is compared and contrasted in both species, namely the production of the exopolysaccharides via the polysaccharide synthesis locus (Psl), pellicle Formation (Pel) and alginic acid synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose and colonic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli. An emphasis is placed on the importance of the LuxR homologue sdiA; the luxS/autoinducer-II; an autoinducer-III/epinephrine/norepinephrine and indole mediated Quorum sensing systems in enabling Gram-negative bacteria to adapt to their environments. The majority of Gram-negative biofilms consist of polysaccharides of a simple sugar structure (either homo- or heteropolysaccharides) that provide an optimum environment for the survival and maturation of bacteria, allowing them to display increased resistance to antibiotics and predation.

Topological analysis of the Escherichia coli WcaJ protein reveals a new conserved configuration for the polyisoprenyl-phosphate hexose-1-phosphate transferase family

WcaJ is an Escherichia coli membrane enzyme catalysing the biosynthesis of undecaprenyl-diphosphate-glucose, the first step in the assembly of colanic acid exopolysaccharide. WcaJ belongs to a large family of polyisoprenyl-phosphate hexose-1-phosphate transferases (PHPTs) sharing a similar predicted topology consisting of an N-terminal domain containing four transmembrane helices (TMHs), a large central periplasmic loop, and a C-terminal domain containing the fifth TMH (TMH-V) and a cytosolic tail. However, the topology of PHPTs has not been experimentally validated. Here, we investigated the topology of WcaJ using a combination of LacZ/PhoA reporter fusions and sulfhydryl
labelling by PEGylation of novel cysteine residues introduced into a cysteine-less WcaJ. The results showed that the large central loop and the C-terminal tail both reside in the cytoplasm and are separated by TMH-V, which does not fully span the membrane, likely forming a "hairpin" structure. Modelling of TMH-V revealed that a highly conserved proline might contribute to a helix-break-helix structure in all PHPT members. Bioinformatic analyses show that all of these features are conserved in PHPT homologues from
Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Our data demonstrate a novel topological configuration for PHPTs, which is proposed as a signature for all members of this enzyme family

Dual functional ionic liquids as antimicrobials and plasticisers for medical grade PVCs

Two ionic liquids, 1-ethylpyridinium docusate (IL1) and tri-n-butyl(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphonium docusate (IL2), were designed and synthesized with the explicit intention of imparting a combination of plasticization and antimicrobial efficacy when incorporated into medical grade poly(vinyl chloride)s (PVCs). The glass transition (T-g) of PVC can be reduced by >20 degrees C on addition of 15 wt% IL2. Both IL1 and IL2 leached to varying extents from the base PVC resins rendering the surface of the PVCs hydrophilic. The antimicrobial activity of both ILs is related to the presence and concentration of both cationic and anionic component of the ILs leached from the PVC and inversely proportional to the extent of PVC gelation. Blends of the PVCs with IL1 displayed antibacterial activity against almost all Gram-positive bacteria tested, including coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but not with IL2 at low concentration in contrast to our previous study when high concentrations of IL2 were used. The more hydrophilic IL1 when added to PVC retards biofilm formation.

Engineered alpha-defensin peptides display antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens

Introduction: Human alpha defensins are a family of neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptides also known as human neutrophil peptides (HNPs). The defensin family of peptides are characterised by six invariant cysteine residues forming three disulphide bridges. The formation of the correct disulphide pairs complicates the synthesis of full length human alpha defensin and limits its therapeutic potential as an antimicrobial peptide. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether truncated alpha defensins displayed antimicrobial activity against a range of micro-organisms including oral pathogens. Methods: Engineered peptides were synthesised by solid-phase methods using standard Fmoc chemistry. Antibacterial assays were performed using a previously described ultra sensitive radial diffusion method. A total of five engineered defensin peptides and full length alpha defensin were tested for their sensitivity against eight micro-organisms, including Gram negative bacteria, Gram positive bacteria and fungal pathogens Results: Antimicrobial activity was identified as clear zones around peptide-containing wells. Zone diameters were used to calculate minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for each peptide. There was considerable variability in the susceptibility of the micro-organisms to the truncated analogues. Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis were sensitive to the majority of the engineered peptides whereas Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans displayed resistance (defined as an MIC of greater than 250 ug/ml) to the truncated defensins. Of the five engineered peptides synthesised, the 2-aminobenzoic acid (Abz)-containing analogues based on the C-terminal sequence of alpha defensin displayed MIC values closest to that of the full length defensin in 5 out of 8 micro-organisms studied. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that truncated alpha defensins display variable antimicrobial activity against a range of micro-organisms, including oral pathogens. The generation of truncated defensins without disulphide bridges simplifies their synthesis and increases their therapeutic potential.

Two Novel Dermaseptin-Like Antimicrobial Peptides with Anticancer Activities from the Skin Secretion of Pachymedusa dacnicolor

The dermaseptin antimicrobial peptide family contains members of 27–34 amino acids in length that have been predominantly isolated from the skins/skin secretions of phyllomedusine leaf frogs. By use of a degenerate primer in Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR designed to a common conserved domain within the 5′-untranslated regions of previously-characterized dermaseptin encoding cDNAs, two novel members of this peptide family, named dermaseptin-PD-1 and dermaseptin-PD-2, were identified in the skin secretion of the phyllomedusine frog, Pachymedusa dacnicolor. The primary structures of both peptides were predicted from cloned cDNAs, as well as being confirmed by mass spectral analysis of crude skin secretion fractions resulted from reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Chemically-synthesized replicates of dermaseptin-PD-1 and dermaseptin-PD-2 were investigated for antimicrobial activity using standard model microorganisms (Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and a yeast) and for cytotoxicity using mammalian red blood cells. The possibility of synergistic effects between the two peptides and their anti-cancer cell proliferation activities were assessed. The peptides exhibited moderate to high inhibition against the growth of the tested microorganisms and cancer cell lines with low haemolytic activity. Synergistic interaction between the two peptides in inhibiting the proliferation of Escherichia coli and human neuronal glioblastoma cell line, U251MG was also manifested.

Compósitos de polímeros naturais e nanopartículas metálicas

Esta tese descreve diversas estratégias de preparação assim como a caracterização de nanocompósitos com base em distintos biopolímeros. Em particular foi estudada a incorporação de nanopartículas (NPs) metálicas, nomeadamente de Ag, Cu e Au. Estes nanomateriais apresentam um potencial prático enorme em diversas áreas, no entanto foi investigada especificamente a sua aplicação como materiais antimicrobianos. No primeiro capítulo apresenta-se uma revisão bibliográfica, onde são realçados os principais tópicos discutidos ao longo da tese. Inicialmente apresenta-se uma contextualização deste trabalho sendo seguidamente apresentadas algumas considerações sobre nanocompósitos e o seu impacto tecnológico atual. Em seguida, descrevem-se as vantagens do uso de NPs como cargas nos materiais compósitos especificamente no caso de bionanocompósitos. Foi focado o uso da celulose como matriz uma vez que foi o composto “base” usado neste trabalho. Fez-se a descrição exaustiva das metodologias existentes na literatura para a preparação dos nanocompósitos celulósicos com diferentes NPs metálicas assim como das respetivas aplicações. Dentro das aplicações, foi dado especial destaque às propriedades antimicrobianas dos materiais preparados seja a nível da sua atividade antibacteriana ou antifúngica. Esta introdução privilegia o trabalho relacionado diretamente com os sistemas descritos nos capítulos subsequentes. No segundo capítulo apresentam-se os resultados obtidos para nanocompósitos de prata em matriz celulósica. Através do uso de metodologias, tais como a síntese in situ e a pós-deposição, foram preparados diversos materiais usando dois substratos celulósicos distintos nomeadamente a celulose vegetal e bacteriana. Estes nanocompósitos foram caracterizados em termos da sua morfologia e composição química, verificando-se a importância destas características na sua atividade antibacteriana. Foi verificado que nanocompósitos com teores de Ag de 5 x 10-4 (% m/m) são suficientes para obter atividade antibacteriana. A libertação de Ag(I) foi estudada em alguns destes materiais de modo a tentar perceber o mecanismo subjacente a este tipo de nanocompósitos. No terceiro capítulo é apresentado o estudo de NPs coloidais de Ag e Au como cargas para a preparação de nanocompósitos à base de quitosano nãomodificado e modificado quimicamente (derivado solúvel em água e derivado anfifílico). Foram preparados filmes finos de espessura de 9-14 μm, caracterizando-se as suas propriedades óticas e antibacterianas. As propriedades óticas foram ajustadas, quer pela variação do teor de NPs de Ag (0,3-3,9% m/m) ou pela utilização de amostras de NPs com distribuição de tamanho de partícula distinta. Foi investigada a atividade antibacteriana tanto para bactérias Gram-negativas (Klebsiella pneumoniae e Escherichia coli) como para Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus). Para nanocompósitos preparados com o quitosano não modificado verificou-se uma dependência em função do teor de Ag. No caso do uso de derivados modificados, os materiais preparados mostraram uma eficiência superior, mesmo sem NPs de Ag. No quarto capítulo é apresentada a síntese e caracterização de nanocompósitos de pululano e NPs de Ag. Neste estudo é avaliada a atividade antifúngica dos filmes compósitos preparados contra o Aspergillus niger usando protocolos padrão. Estes materiais foram preparados na forma de filmes (66-74 μm de espessura) por evaporação de solvente da mistura de pululano e coloides de Ag. Foi observado o aumento da inibição do fungo na presença dos nanocompósitos, tendo sido pela primeira vez mostrado o efeito disruptivo destes materiais sobre os esporos do A. niger através da análise das imagens de SEM. Este efeito ocorre na presença dos filmes devido à presença das cargas de NPs de Ag dispersas no pululano. O desenvolvimento de materiais de papel com NPs de Cu é um desafio devido à propensão destas espécies em oxidar sob condições ambiente. No quinto capítulo é descrita pela primeira vez o estudo comparativo do crescimento e estabilidade de NPs de Cu em celulose vegetal e bacteriana. Para além disso foi avaliado o uso de nanoestruturas com diferentes dimensionalidades como cargas, nomeadamente nanoesferas e nanofios. Foi observado que o uso de nanofios aumenta a resistência à oxidação destes nanocompósitos para tempos de exposição ao ar mais prolongados. As matrizes celulósicas apresentam comportamento distinto no crescimento e/ou adsorção das NPs de Cu. A celulose bacteriana foi o substrato mais eficiente para retardar a oxidação das NPs. A atividade antibacteriana destes nanocompósitos foi avaliada. Ao longo desta dissertação são apresentados métodos distintos para a obtenção de nanocompósitos com base em biopolímeros e NPs metálicas. Estes estudos permitiram não só a preparação de novos nanocompósitos mas também compreender e otimizar os mecanismos subjacentes à sua preparação. Ao mesmo tempo, este trabalho contribuiu para a transferência de tecnologia e conhecimento entre a área da Nanotecnologia e a área dos materiais derivados de fontes renováveis. As propriedades apresentadas por estes nanomateriais mostraram a sua possível aplicação como novos materiais antimicrobianos, no entanto é possível antecipar futuras aplicações em outras áreas tecnológicas.

Potential health benefits of Artemisia gorgonum extracts

Relevância etnofarmacológica: Artemisia gorgonum (Asteraceae), conhecida como “losna ou lorna”, é usada em Cabo Verde na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de inflamações, febre e gastroenterites. Estudos recentes sugerem que artimetina, isolada a partir de Artemisa gorgonum, poderia ser usada para o tratamento da malária devido à sua atividade antiplasmodial. Objetivo do estudo: Avaliação in vitro da atividade anti-microbiana e sinergética dos extratos hidroetanol (70%) e metanol de A. gorgonum (EHAG e EMAG) em bactérias do trato urinário e uma espécie de fungo. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos de hidroetanol (70%), metanol, clorofórmio e clorofórmio-metanol (1:2), e o efeito protetor de EHAG contra lesões hepáticas em ratos induzidos com CCl4 também foram analisados. Material e métodos: A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de A. gorgonum foi testada in vitro contra sete estirpes de microrganismos, incluindo bactérias Gram-positivas, Gram-negativas e uma espécie de fungo. O método DAA (Decimal assay for additivity) foi determinado para atividade antibacteriana do EHAG contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa. O efeito antioxidante in vitro de vários extratos de A. gorgonum foi analisado pelo método DPPH. A lesão hepática foi induzida por injeção intrapeitoral do CCl4. Seguidamente, os ratos foram administrados oralmente com EHAG, diariamente, por um período de 7 dias. Resultados e Discussão: Foi observada atividade antibacteriana dos extratos de EHAG e EMAG contra todos os microrganismos usados neste estudo. O crescimento das estirpes de Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi o mais inibido por ambos os extratos, apresentando valores significativos, enquanto o crescimento das estirpes S. aureus e Klebsiella spp. foi o menos afetado. Candida albicans foi inibida fortemente pelo EMAG. As combinações de extrato hidroetanólico com antibióticos demonstraram atividade antibacteriana sinergética contra todos os patogénicos testados. Em contrapartida, a combinação de extrato metanólico com antibióticos permitiu observar efeitos antagónicos contra todas as bactérias, exceto Klebsiella spp. que apresentou atividade sinérgica. O EHAG e EMAG mostraram efeito significativo na eliminação do radical DPPH. A atividade hepatoprotetora foi observada em ratos previamente administrados com CCl4. Estes estudos evidenciam os potenciais benefícios de A. gorgonum.

Brazilian savanna forest : conservation, medicinal reservoir and bioprospecting

This study aimed to analyse the Brazilian savanna forest from a Legal Reserve (LR) area from a perspective of conservation, reservoir of organic carbon and medicinal biomass for a prospective use of native medicinal plants. An ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological survey was carried out close to a community settled in the rural area in the south of Tocantins, being selected 9 of the most cited species (cajuí- Anacardium othonianum; inharé-Brosimum gaudichaudii; jatobá-Hymenaeae courbaril; jenipapo-Genipa americana, aroeira-Myracrodruon urundeuva; negramina-Siparuna guianensis; barbatimão- Stryphnodendron obovatum; assa peixe-Vernonia brasiliana, embaúba-Cecropia pachystachya). Crude foliar extracts were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical prospection and triage of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity of potential interest in health and familiar agriculture. Phenolic compounds, terpenes and flavonoids were detected in the extracts of most species, which suggests the presence of antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-insect activities. It was evident the need to better know the LR as a reservoir of medicinal biomass in an area under ecological tension where 35% (610ha) of the property is LR and should be protected by law. Therefore, a forest inventory of live woody species was performed using the allometric or indirect method. This identified a rare remnant of Semidecidual Seasonal Forest amidst the largest world savannah, the Cerrado biome. An analysis of the forest average productivity per basal area (m².ha), aerial live biomass (ton.ha-1) and carbon stock was carried out. The forest fragment was considered relatively rich in species and diversity, although showing signs of disturbance and dominance by a few species. Its horizontal structure suggests biotic regeneration conditions. It is an important reservoir of medicinal plants. Of the families (57.5%) presenting medicinal species, 19 from a total of 33 are represented in the area and contain 44% (27) of the total species (61) and 63% (432) of the total individuals catalogued. Medicinal species have ecological importance for the equilibrium of the local flora and represent 80% of the 10 species with higher Importance Value Index (IVI): Tetragastris altissima, Chrysophyllum marginatum, Oenocarpus distichus, Sclerolobium paniculatum, Simarouba versicolor, Alibertia macrophylla, Siparuna guianensis, Maprounea guianensis, Licania parvifolia e Physocalymma scaberrimum. Medicinal productivity was high for this type of phytophysionomy: 183,2 ton. ha-1 of biomass and 91,51 ton. ha-1 of carbon representing 66% of the total biomass and carbon of this Cerrado forest. From this stage S. guianensis (Siparunaceae) was selected for performing bioassays in order to verify its biological activity against microorganisms of health and agricultural relevance. This is a native aromatic medicinal plant recommended as priority for conservation, with local popular medicinal validation and availability of medicinal feedstock (3300 Kg.ha-1), with the foliar fraction giving 38Kg/ha of crude extract and 5L/ha of essential oil. Foliar crude extracts and essential oil were obtained and tested in vitro using a disk diffusion bioassay. Different concentrations of these natural products were tested against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and ATCC 35218; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145) and fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 6258 e Fusarium oxysporum). The essential oil inhibited the growth of S. aureus in its crude concentration (380μg.mL-1), as well as diluted to half (190μg.mL-1) and a quarter strength (95μg.mL-1). It’s likely that such action is due to sesquiterpenes major components, such as bisabolol and bisabolene (10.35%), measured by gas chromatography (GC-MS, GC-FID). Extracts did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms tested. The native medicinal plants prospective market is an alternative that favours the conservation of biodiversity while generating benefits for the development of sustainable family productive activities within local ecosystems instead of the current inappropriate uses. This strengthens conservation policies of Legal Reserve in rural settlements and is in agreement with public policy on global warming and climate changes.

Effect of photodynamic therapy on the virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus are Gram-positive bacteria who integrate the human microbiota. Nevertheless, these bacteria can be pathogenic to the humans. Due to the increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus new approaches to control this pathogen are necessary. The antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation process (PDI) is based in the combined use of a light source, an oxidizing agent like oxygen and an intermediary agent (a photosensitizer). These three components interact to form cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that irreversibly damage vital constituents of the microbial cells and ultimately lead to cell death. In fact, PDI is being shown to be a promising alternative to the antibiotic approach in the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. However, information on effects of photosensitization on particular virulence factors is strikingly scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of PDI on virulence factors of S. aureus. For this, as photosensitizer the 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetra-iodide (Tetra-Py+-Me) and six strains of S. aureus (one reference strain, one strain with 1 enterotoxin, two strains with 3 enterotoxins and two strains resistant to methicillin, MRSA – one with 5 enterotoxins and the other without enterotoxins) were used. The effect of photosensitization on catalase activity, beta hemolysis, lipases, thermonuclease, enterotoxins, coagulase production and resistance to methicillin was assessed. The results indicate that the expression of some virulence factors in the cells subjected to this therapy is affected. Additionally the susceptibility of the strains to PDI did not decrease upon successive treatments.

Novel particulate antibiotic-loaded platforms as sustained drug delivery systems for bone infection treatment

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Tecnologia Farmacêutica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2015

Bacterial inter-species communication mediated by the autoinducer-2 signal

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology by Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência.

Infections After Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective, Single-Center Study

Objective. To access the incidence of infectious problems after liver transplantation (LT). Design. A retrospective, single-center study. Materials and Methods. Patients undergoing LT from January 2008 to December 2011 were considered. Exclusion criterion was death occurring in the first 48 hours after LT. We determined the site of infection and the bacterial isolates and collected and compared recipient’s variables, graft variables, surgical data, post-LT clinical data. Results. Of the 492 patients who underwent LT and the 463 considered for this study, 190 (Group 1, 41%) developed at least 1 infection, with 298 infections detected. Of these, 189 microorganisms were isolated, 81 (51%) gram-positive bacteria (most frequently Staphylococcus spp). Biliary infections were more frequent (mean time of 160.4 167.7 days after LT); from 3 months after LT, gram-negative bacteria were observed (57%). Patients with infections after LT presented lower aminotransferase levels, but higher requirements in blood transfusions, intraoperative vasopressors, hemodialysis, and hospital stay. Operative and cold ischemia times were similar. Conclusion. We found a 41% incidence of all infections in a 2-year follow-up after LT. Gram-positive bacteria were more frequent isolated; however, negative bacteria were commonly isolated later. Clinical data after LT were more relevant for the development of infections. Donors’ variables should be considered in future analyses.

Regulation and function of the cell wall polymer lipoteichoic acid in staphylococcus aureus

A thesis submitted for the Degree of Master in Medical microbiology

Développement de nouveaux sels Binol-imidazoliums : de la catalyse asymétrique aux applications biologiques

Le 1,1'-bi-2-naphtol ou Binol, présentant une chiralité axiale, est un ligand très utilisé en catalyse asymétrique. Au cours des vingt dernières années, le Binol a servi de synthon à l’élaboration de très nombreux ligands permettant la catalyse asymétrique de tous types de réactions, allant de l’hydrogénation, à l’alkylation, en passant par diverses réactions péricycliques. Le grand intérêt pour ce ligand vient de sa versatilité et des nombreuses possibilités de fonctionnalisation qu’il offre, permettant d’altérer ses propriétés catalytiques à volonté, aussi bien en modifiant son caractère électronique, qu’en introduisant des facteurs stériques autour du site catalytique. Parallèlement aux développements de la catalyse par des dérivés de Binol, le domaine des liquides ioniques a connu un intérêt croissant ces dernières années. Les liquides ioniques, sels dont le point de fusion est inférieur à 100°C, cumulent de nombreuses qualités convoitées : faible pression de vapeur, stabilité thermique et chimique et fort pouvoir de solvatation. Dû à ces propriétés, les liquides ioniques ont principalement été étudiés dans l’optique de développer une gamme de solvants recyclables. Alors que les propriétés des liquides ioniques sont facilement modulables en fonction de l’anion et du cation choisi, le concept de liquide ionique à tâche spécifique va plus loin et propose d’introduire directement, sur le cation ou l’anion, un groupement conférant une propriété particulière. En suivant cette approche, plusieurs ligands ioniques ont été rapportés, par simple couplage d’un cation organique à un ligand déjà connu. Étonnamment, le Binol a fait l’objet de très peu de travaux pour l’élaboration de ligands ioniques. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons l’étude d’une famille de composés de type Binol-imidazolium dont les unités Binol et imidazolium sont séparées par un espaceur méthylène. Différents homologues ont été synthétisés en variant le nombre d’unités imidazolium et leur position sur le noyau Binol, la longueur de la chaîne alkyle portée par les unités imidazolium et la nature du contre-anion. Après une étude des propriétés thermiques de ces composés, l’utilisation des Binol-imidazoliums en tant que ligands dans une réaction asymétrique d’éthylation d’aldéhydes aromatique a été étudiée en milieu liquide ionique. La réaction a été conduite en solvant liquide ionique dans le but de recycler aussi bien le ligand Binol-imidazolium que le solvant, en fin de réaction. Cette étude nous a permis de démontrer que la sélectivité de ces ligands ioniques dépend grandement de leur structure. En effet, seuls les Binols fonctionnalisés en positions 6 et 6’ permettent une sélectivité de la réaction d’éthylation. Alors que les dérivés de Binol fonctionnalisés en positions 3 et 3’ ne permettent pas une catalyse énantiosélective, il a déjà été rapporté que ces composés avaient la capacité de complexer des anions. D’autre part, il a déjà été rapporté par notre groupe, que les composés comportant des unités imidazolium pouvaient permettre le transport d’anions à travers des bicouches lipidiques en fonction de leur amphiphilie. Ceci nous a amenés à la deuxième partie de cette thèse qui porte sur les propriétés ionophores des Binols fonctionnalisés en positions 3 et 3’ par des unités imidazoliums. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude de la relation structure-activité et au mécanisme de transport de ces composés. Le transport d’anions étant un processus clé dans la biologie cellulaire, l’activité biologique des composés présentant une activité ionophore dans des systèmes modèles (liposomes) a été étudiée par la suite. L’activité antibactérienne des nos composés a été testée sur quatre souches de bactéries. Il s’est avéré que les composés Binol-imidazolium sont actifs uniquement sur les bactéries Gram positives. Finalement, la cytotoxicité des composés présentant une activité antibactérienne a été étudiée sur des cellules humaines.