Human muscular fetal cells: a potential cell source for muscular therapies.

Myoblast transfer therapy has been extensively studied for a wide range of clinical applications, such as tissue engineering for muscular loss, cardiac surgery or Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy treatment. However, this approach has been hindered by numerous limitations, including early myoblast death after injection and specific immune response after transplantation with allogenic cells. Different cell sources have been analyzed to overcome some of these limitations. The object of our study was to investigate the growth potential, characterization and integration in vivo of human primary fetal skeletal muscle cells. These data together show the potential for the creation of a cell bank to be used as a cell source for muscle cell therapy and tissue engineering. For this purpose, we developed primary muscular cell cultures from biopsies of human male thigh muscle from a 16-week-old fetus and from donors of 13 and 30 years old. We show that fetal myogenic cells can be successfully isolated and expanded in vitro from human fetal muscle biopsies, and that fetal cells have higher growth capacities when compared to young and adult cells. We confirm lineage specificity by comparing fetal muscle cells to fetal skin and bone cells in vitro by immunohistochemistry with desmin and 5.1 H11 antibodies. For the feasibility of the cell bank, we ensured that fetal muscle cells retained intrinsic characteristics after 5 years cryopreservation. Finally, human fetal muscle cells marked with PKH26 were injected in normal C57BL/6 mice and were found to be present up to 4 days. In conclusion we estimate that a human fetal skeletal muscle cell bank can be created for potential muscle cell therapy and tissue engineering.

Kinematic gait analyses in healthy Golden Retrievers

Kinematic analysis relates to the relative movement between rigid bodies and finds application in gait analysis and other body movements, interpretation of their data when there is change, determines the choice of treatment to be instituted. The objective of this study was to standardize the march of Dog Golden Retriever Healthy to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. We used a kinematic analysis system to analyse the gait of seven dogs Golden Retriever, female, aged between 2 and 4 years, weighing 21.5 to 28 kg, clinically normal. Flexion and extension were described for shoulder, elbow, carpal, hip, femorotibialis and tarsal joints. The gait was characterized lateral and had accepted hypothesis of normality for all variables, except for the stance of hip and elbow, considering a confidence level of 95%, significance level α = 0.05. Variations have been attributed to displacement of the stripes during movement and the duplicated number of reviews. The kinematic analysis proved to be a consistent method of evaluation of the movement during canine gait and the data can be used in the diagnosis and evaluation of canine gait in comparison to other studies and treatment of dogs with musculoskeletal disorders.

Pérdida de heterocigocidad e identificación de portadoras de distrofia muscular de Duchenne: un caso familiar con evento de recombinación*

La distrofia muscular de Duchenne y Becker (DMD/DMB) es una entidad de herencia recesiva ligada al cromosoma X que se presenta con debilidad muscular y es causada por mutaciones en el gen de la distrofina. La pérdida de heterocigocidad permite identificar a las mujeres portadoras de deleción en el gen de la distrofina mediante haplotipos. Objetivo: identificar mujeres portadoras en una familia con un paciente afectado de DMD mediante análisis de pérdida de heterocigocidad. Materiales y métodos: se analizaron nueve miembros de una familia con un afectado de DMD. Se hizo extracción de ADN y amplificación de diez STR del gen de la distrofina; se construyeron haplotipos, y se determinó el estado de portadora de deleción en dos de las seis mujeres analizadas, quienes mostraron pérdida de heterocigocidad de tres STR. Se establecieron algunos eventos de recombinación. Resultados: Dos de las seis mujeres analizadas, mostraron perdida de heterocigocidad en tres de los diez STR genotipificados, indicando su estado de portadora de deleción en este fragmento del gen de la Distrofina Con la segregación familiar de los haplotipos se establecieron eventos de recombinación. Conclusiones: mediante pérdida de heterocigocidad es posible establecer el estado de portadora de deleción en el gen de la distrofina con un 100% de certeza. La construcción de haplotipos identifica el cromosoma X portador de la deleción en familiares del caso índice. Se evidenció un evento de recombinación en una de las hermanas del afectado, lo que hace indeterminado su estado de portadora.

Differential Expression of Genes Involved in the Degeneration and Regeneration Pathways in Mouse Models for Muscular Dystrophies

The genetically determined muscular dystrophies are caused by mutations in genes coding for muscle proteins. Differences in the phenotypes are mainly the age of onset and velocity of progression. Muscle weakness is the consequence of myofiber degeneration due to an imbalance between successive cycles of degeneration/regeneration. While muscle fibers are lost, a replacement of the degraded muscle fibers by adipose and connective tissues occurs. Major investigation points are to elicit the involved pathophysiological mechanisms to elucidate how each mutation can lead to a specific degenerative process and how the regeneration is stimulated in each case. To answer these questions, we used four mouse models with different mutations causing muscular dystrophies, Dmd (mdx) , SJL/J, Large (myd) and Lama2 (dy2J) /J, and compared the histological changes of regeneration and fibrosis to the expression of genes involved in those processes. For regeneration, the MyoD, Myf5 and myogenin genes related to the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells were studied, while for degeneration, the TGF-beta 1 and Pro-collagen 1 alpha 2 genes, involved in the fibrotic cascade, were analyzed. The result suggests that TGF-beta 1 gene is activated in the dystrophic process in all the stages of degeneration, while the activation of the expression of the pro-collagen gene possibly occurs in mildest stages of this process. We also observed that each pathophysiological mechanism acted differently in the activation of regeneration, with distinctions in the induction of proliferation of satellite cells, but with no alterations in stimulation to differentiation. Dysfunction of satellite cells can, therefore, be an important additional mechanism of pathogenesis in the dystrophic muscle.

Perfil comportamental e competência social de crianças e adolescentes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne

A distrofia muscular de Duchenne é uma doença genética caracterizada por enfraquecimento muscular progressivo e degeneração irreversível, acompanhados por danos sensoriais e neuropsicológicos. Os objetivos do estudo consistiram em avaliar o perfil comportamental de crianças/adolescentes com DMD e a influência do prejuízo motor, da idade no início do uso de cadeira de rodas e da idade no diagnóstico. Participaram 34 pacientes e 20 controles. Os pacientes formaram dois grupos conforme o quociente de inteligência (QI). Os pais responderam ao Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e da Adolescência. Pacientes com DMD obtiveram escores mais baixos em Atividades e Sociabilidade (p < 0,01; ANCOVA). Os pacientes com QI < 80 apresentaram menores índices de Escolaridade. O prejuízo motor e as idades referentes à cadeira e ao diagnóstico correlacionaram-se com sintomas psiquiátricos/somáticos e problemas escolares. Os achados enfatizam a necessidade de programas educacionais acerca da doença como base para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de inclusão social.

Responsividade da escala de avaliação funcional do sentar e levantar do solo para distrofia muscular de Duchenne (FES-DMD - D4), no período de um ano

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a responsividade da escala de avaliação funcional para pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne (FES-DMD-D4), sentar e levantar do solo, no período de um ano. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, longitudinal e retrospectivo. Foi estudada, utilizando o software FES-DMDDATA, uma amostra com 25 pacientes na atividade sentar no solo e 28 pacientes para a atividade levantar do solo. As avaliações ocorreram a cada três meses no período de um ano. Para análise estatística da capacidade de resposta foram utilizados índices de tamanho de efeito, como, effect size (ES) e Standardized Response Mean (SRM). RESULTADOS: A responsividade da atividade de sentar no solo foi considerada baixa a moderada em intervalos de três meses (ES de 0.28 a 0.54 e SRM de 0.38 a 0.71), moderada a alta em intervalos de seis meses (ES de 0.69 a 1.07 e SRM de 0.86 a 1.19), alta em intervalos de nove meses (ES de 1.3 a 1.17 e SRM de 1.26 a 1.55) e doze meses (ES de 1.9 e SRM de 1.72). Na atividade levantar do solo, a responsividade variou em baixa, moderada e alta em intervalos de três meses (ES de 0.21 a 0.33 e SRM de 0.45 a 0.83), baixa a alta em intervalos de seis meses (ES de 0.46 a 0.59 e SRM de 0.73 a 0.97), moderada a alta em intervalos de nove meses (ES de 0.76 a 0.88 e SRM de 1.03 a 1.22) e alta em doze meses (ES de 1.14 e SRM de 1.25). CONCLUSÃO: Para detectar alterações clinicamente significativas e consistentes nas atividades funcionais sentar e levantar do solo recomendamos a utilização da FES-DMD-D4 em intervalos a partir de seis meses, pois foi neste período de tempo que a capacidade de resposta variou de moderada a alta

Relação entre força muscular e função motora em pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne: acompanhamento de quatro anos

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre força muscular e função motora, em pacientes com DMD, em um período de 4 anos consecutivos, a partir de avaliações semestrais. MÉTODO: A força muscular foi medida por meio de testes manuais e o cálculo por grupo muscular seguiu o proposto pelo Medical Research Council (MRC) e a função motora pelo método de Medida da Função Motora (MFM), em 43 pacientes (8-30 anos). Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e o teste de correlação de Spearman. Foram investigadas as relações entre pontuações totais e parciais da MRC e da MFM. RESULTADOS: O estudo evidenciou correlações classificadas de moderada a forte relação entre a força muscular e função motora, principalmente com o escore total da MFM e a dimensão D2 (musculatura axial e função motora proximal). Foi encontrada relação negativa moderada entre idade e essas variáveis. CONCLUSÃO: A perda progressiva da função motora tem relação direta e proporcional com a diminuição da força muscular. Quanto maior a idade do paciente, pior sua função motora e força muscular, fornecendo com essa informação, indicadores adicionais da progressão da doença

Modulação autonômica cardíaca na distrofia muscular de Duchenne durante tarefa no computador

Introdução: A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é caracterizada como uma fraqueza muscular progressiva que leva à incapacidade. Devido às dificuldades funcionais enfrentadas pelos indivíduos com DMD, o uso da tecnologia assistiva é essencial para proporcionar ou promover habilidades funcionais. Na DMD, além do comprometimento musculoesquelético, uma disfunção autonômica cardíaca também tem sido relatada. Assim, visamos investigar as respostas autonômicas agudas de indivíduos com DMD durante a realização de uma tarefa no computador. Método: A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca foi avaliada através de métodos lineares e não lineares, utilizando uma cinta torácica com equipamento de monitoramento de eletrocardiograma (ECG). Assim, 45 indivíduos foram incluídos no grupo com DMD e 45 no grupo de desenvolvimento típico (controle), avaliados for 20 minutos em repouso sentado e 5 minutos com a realização de uma tarefa no computador. Resultados: Os indivíduos com DMD apresentaram menor modulação cardíaca parassimpática durante o repouso, que diminuiu ainda mais durante a tarefa no computador. Conclusão: Indivíduos com DMD exibiram respostas autonômicas cardíacas mais intensas durante a tarefa no computador

Responsividade do domínio subir e descer escada da escala de avaliação funcional para pessoas com distrofia muscular de Duchenne, no período de um ano

Objetivo: Determinar a responsividade do domínio subir e descer escada da escala de avaliação funcional em distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD), no período de um ano. Método: Participaram do estudo 26 pacientes com DMD. A análise utilizou o Tamanho do Efeito (ES) e a Média Padronizada de Resposta (SRM). Resultados: Atividade de subir escada: o ES mostrou responsividade baixa nos intervalos de avaliação de 3 meses (0,26; 0,35; 0,13; 0,17), baixa a moderada em 6 meses (0,58, 0,48; 0,33), moderada em 9 meses (0,70; 0,68) e alta em 1 ano (0,88). A análise com SRM mostrou responsividade baixa nos intervalos de avaliação de 3 meses (0,29; 0,38; 0,18 e 0,19), baixa a moderada em intervalos de 6 meses (0,59 e 0,51, 0,36), moderada em 9 meses (0,74 e 0,70) e alta em 1 ano (0,89). Atividade de descer escada: O ES apresentou responsividade baixa nos intervalos de avaliação de 3 meses (0,16; 0,25; 0,09; 0,08) e 6 meses (0,48; 0,35; 0,18), baixa a moderada em 9 meses (0,59, 0,44) e moderada em 1 ano (0,71). Análise com SRM mostrou responsividade baixa nos intervalos de 3 meses (0,25; 0,35; 0,12 e 0,09) e 6 meses (0,47; 0,38 e 0,21), moderada a baixa em 9 meses (0,62, 0,49) e moderada em 1 ano (0,74). Conclusão: A avaliação da atividade de subir escada, por meio da FES-DMD-D3, deve ser realizada em intervalos a partir de 9 meses, pois a responsividade é de moderada a alta. A avaliação do descer escadas deve ser realizada anualmente, pois houve responsividade moderada somente a partir de 12 meses

Efeito do ácido ascórbico sobre a espermatogênese de camundongos com distrofia muscular de Duchenne

The objective was to evaluate spermatogenesis alterations caused by DMD and the effect of the treatment using ascorbic acid in preventing those injuries. Twenty four mice were used, 12 from the C57BL/10 lineage (non-dystrophic) and 12 from the C57BL/10Mdx (dystrophic). The sample was divided in six groups containing 4 animals each, as: C30 = 30 days control; D30 = Dystrophic with 30 days; C60 = 60 days control; D60 = Distrophic with 60 days; CS60 = 60 days control supplemented with ascorbic acid and DS60 = Dystrophic with 60 days supplemented with ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid supplementation was given in the water, 0,005 mg/day. After euthanasia, the testicles (right and left) were collected, weighted and cross sectioned. The material was fixed in the Karnovsky solution for 24 hours, included in resin for histological studies (morphological and morphometric analyzes) submitted to ultrastructural analysis and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3. There was a significant increase in the tunica propria percentage in D30 compared to C30 and D60. The ultrastructural analysis showed mitochondrial apoptosis evidence of Sertoli cells that can reduce sperm efficiency in CS60 and DS60. A higher volume density of apoptotic cells postivas to Caspase-3 in C30 and D30 versus DS60 compared to CS60. There was severe hypertrophy of the Leydig cells between D30 and D60. However, with supplementation was observed reversal of this change in DS60. The ultrastructure of Leydig cells to early presence of lipid vesicles was observed in the group pre-pubertal dystrophic (D30). Thus, the DMD affect the organization of the seminiferous tubules and intertubule, however, the ascorbic acid supplementation used for the treatment of DMD has been just enough to reduce the hypertrophy of the Leydig cells.

Systemic restoration of UBA1 ameliorates disease in spinal muscular atrophy

Blood biochemistry analysis and serum analysis were performed by the Easter Bush Pathology Department, University of Edinburgh. Animal husbandry was performed by Centre for Integrative Physiology bio-research restructure technical staff, University of Edinburgh. Assistance with intravenous injections was provided by Ian Coldicott (University of Sheffield) and Hannah Shorrock (University of Edinburgh). Human blood cDNA was a gift to GH from Kathy Evans, University of Edinburgh. Imaging was performed at the IMPACT imaging facility, University of Edinburgh, with technical assistance from Anisha Kubasik-Thayil. The authors would also like to thank Lyndsay Murray for technical discussions relating to qRT-PCR analysis. This work was supported by funding from the SMA Trust and the Anatomical Society (via grants to THG); the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research (via grants to THG and SHP); the Wellcome Trust (via grants to EJNG and THG); Muscular Dystrophy UK (via grants to THG and CGB); a Elphinstone Scholarship from the University of Aberdeen (to SHP); and The French Muscular Dystrophy Association (via grants to CM and JC).

Vascular defects and spinal cord hypoxia in spinal muscular atrophy

© 2015 American Neurological Association. Funded by The Euan MacDonald Center for Motor Neurone Disease Research The SMA Trust Muscular Dystrophy UK The SMA Trust The SMA Trust Motor Neurone Disease Association National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Center Medical Research Council Great Ormond Street Hospital Charity

Best Practice Guidelines on molecular diagnostics in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophies

Meeting participants: Rosário dos Santos, Porto, Portugal

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Metabolic Alterations, Calcium Dysregulation, And Increased Expression Of Extracellular Matrix Proteins In Laminin α2 Chain-deficient Muscle.

Congenital muscular dystrophy with laminin α2 chain deficiency (MDC1A) is one of the most severe forms of muscular disease and is characterized by severe muscle weakness and delayed motor milestones. The genetic basis of MDC1A is well known, yet the secondary mechanisms ultimately leading to muscle degeneration and subsequent connective tissue infiltration are not fully understood. In order to obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying MDC1A, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of affected muscles (diaphragm and gastrocnemius) from laminin α2 chain-deficient dy(3K)/dy(3K) mice, using multidimensional protein identification technology combined with tandem mass tags. Out of the approximately 700 identified proteins, 113 and 101 proteins, respectively, were differentially expressed in the diseased gastrocnemius and diaphragm muscles compared with normal muscles. A large portion of these proteins are involved in different metabolic processes, bind calcium, or are expressed in the extracellular matrix. Our findings suggest that metabolic alterations and calcium dysregulation could be novel mechanisms that underlie MDC1A and might be targets that should be explored for therapy. Also, detailed knowledge of the composition of fibrotic tissue, rich in extracellular matrix proteins, in laminin α2 chain-deficient muscle might help in the design of future anti-fibrotic treatments. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000978 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000978).

Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor (g-csf) Positive Effects On Muscle Fiber Degeneration And Gait Recovery After Nerve Lesion In Mdx Mice.

G-CSF has been shown to decrease inflammatory processes and to act positively on the process of peripheral nerve regeneration during the course of muscular dystrophy. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of treatment of G-CSF during sciatic nerve regeneration and histological analysis in the soleus muscle in MDX mice. Six-week-old male MDX mice underwent left sciatic nerve crush and were G-CSF treated at 7 days prior to and 21 days after crush. Ten and twenty-one days after surgery, the mice were euthanized, and the sciatic nerves were processed for immunohistochemistry (anti-p75(NTR) and anti-neurofilament) and transmission electron microscopy. The soleus muscles were dissected out and processed for H&E staining and subsequent morphologic analysis. Motor function analyses were performed at 7 days prior to and 21 days after sciatic crush using the CatWalk system and the sciatic nerve index. Both groups treated with G-CSF showed increased p75(NTR) and neurofilament expression after sciatic crush. G-CSF treatment decreased the number of degenerated and regenerated muscle fibers, thereby increasing the number of normal muscle fibers. The reduction in p75(NTR) and neurofilament indicates a decreased regenerative capacity in MDX mice following a lesion to a peripheral nerve. The reduction in motor function in the crushed group compared with the control groups may reflect the cycles of muscle degeneration/regeneration that occur postnatally. Thus, G-CSF treatment increases motor function in MDX mice. Nevertheless, the decrease in baseline motor function in these mice is not reversed completely by G-CSF.