The social dimension: a neglected policy item in the Bologna Process

Since its beginning in 1999, the Bologna Process has influenced various aspects of higher education in its member countries, e.g., degree structures, mobility, lifelong learning, social dimension and quality assurance. The social dimension creates the focus of this research. The social dimension entered the Bologna Process agenda in 2001. Despite a decade of reforms, it somehow remained as a vague element and received low scholarly attention. This research addresses to this gap. Firstly, different meanings of the social dimension according to the major European policy actors are analysed. Unfolding the understandings of the actors revealed that the social dimension is mostly understood in terms reflecting the diversity of population on the student body accessing to, progressing in and completing higher education, with a special concern on the underrepresented groups. However, it is not possible to observe a similar commonality concerning the actual policy measures to achieve this goal. Divergence occurs with respect to the addressed underrepresented groups, i.e., all underrepresented groups or people without formal qualifications and mature learners, and the values and institutional interests traditionally promoted by these actors. Secondly, the dissertation discusses the reflection of this social dimension understanding at the national level by looking at cases of Finland, Germany and Turkey. The in-depth analyses show an awareness of the social dimension among most of the national Bologna Process actors and a common understanding of the social dimension goals. However, this understanding has not triggered action in any of the countries. The countries acted on areas which they defined problematic before the Bologna Process. Finally, based on these findings the dissertation discusses the social dimension as a policy item that managed to get into the Bologna Process agenda, but neither grew into an implementable policy, nor drop out of it. To this aim, it makes use of the multiple streams framework and explains the low agenda status social dimension with: i. the lack of a pressing problem definition: the lack of clearly defined indicators and a comprehensive monitoring system, ii. the lack of a viable solution alternative: the proposal of developing national strategies and action plans closed the way to develop generic guidelines for the social dimension to be translated into national policy processes, iii. low political perceptivity: the recent trends opt for increasing efficiency, excellence and exclusiveness discourses rather than ensuring equality and inclusiveness iv. high constraints: the social dimension by definition requires more public funding which is less appreciated and strategic constraints of the actors in allocating their resources v. the type of policy entrepreneur: the social dimension is promoted by an international stakeholder, the European Students’ Union, instead of the ministers responsible for higher education The social dimension remains a policy item in the Bologna Process which is noble enough to agree but not urgent enough to act on.

Zur Sozialstruktur germanischer Gesellschaften auf der Grundlage der antiken Schriftquellen

Im Zentrum der folgenden Ausführungen steht die Auseinandersetzung mit den Aussagemöglichkeiten der historischen Schriftquellen hinsichtlich der soziopolitischen Strukturen der germanischen Gesellschaft. Dabei sind zunächst einige in diesem Kontext bedeutende Elemente notwendiger Quellenkritik zu behandeln, ehe dann auf das Verhältnis zwischen historischem und archäologischem Quellenmaterial sowie die Möglichkeiten, diese aufeinander zu beziehen, eingegangen wird.

Variables predictoras en los programas instruccionales de adaptación.

Confirmar la eficacia de unos programas de intervención, de tipo instruccional. Realizar una exploración de aquellas variables que facilitan o dificultan el aprovechamiento de estos programas. 84 escolares de cuarto de EGB con problemas de adaptación y-o rendimiento escolar. Grupo experimental: 37 escolares, 19 varones y 18 hembras. Para evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento se utilizó un diseño de grupo control pretest-postest. Variable independiente: la aplicación o no de los programas de hábitos de estudio e instruccional-emotivo (pie). Variable dependiente: nivel de mejora de la adaptación; nivel de mejora de hábitos de estudio y nivel de mejora de rendimiento académico. Para estudiar la incidencia de una serie de variables en los resultados del tratamiento, se utilizó un diseño correlacional. Variables independientes: variables escolares: edad, sexo, personalidad, hábitos de estudios previo rendimiento escolar previo; variables de los monitores: sexo, estilo y actitudes 'profesionales'. Variables dependientes: nivel de mejora en: adaptación, hábitos de estudio y rendimiento académico. Test autoevaluativo multifactorial de adaptación infantil (TAMAI). Entrevista semiestructurada para el diagnóstico de la adaptación, ESDA, de Pedro Hernández. Escala de hábitos de estudio (EHE). Rendimiento académico: se utilizó el instrumento usado por los profesores. Cuestionario autoevaluativo de los estilos y actitudes de los monitores, consta de 7 categorías. Evaluación de los monitores por los profesores tutores, en las 7 categorías del cuestionario anterior. El proyecto es eficaz para la consecución de unos niveles más óptimos de adaptación personal y para la adquisición de unos hábitos de estudio más adecuados. También se observan mejoras en el rendimiento académico. Aspectos de adaptación: el tratamiento provoca efectos de mejora de adaptación de aquellos sujetos que parten de un nivel de inadaptación más alto; provoca un efecto contrario al deseado en aquellos sujetos que se muestran más adaptativos pero que tienden a desarrollar mayor agresividad y mayor despreocupación por el colegio. Aspectos de hábitos de estudios: unos niveles altos de inadaptación, así como una educación restrictiva por parte de los padres, dificulta el que se puedan adquirir unos hábitos de estudios adecuados. La mejora en hábitos de estudios ocurre más en las niñas que en los niños. Variables debidas a los monitores: Las espectativas favorables sobre la eficacia de los programas repercute en la obtención de niveles óptimos de adaptación. Si se carece de motivación, es difícil que el tratamiento provoque cambios en la adaptación. Los monitores más flexibles consiguen mayores mejoras en hábitos de estudios; los más seguros favorecen la mejora del método de estudio. Con la presente investigación no sólo se verifica la eficacia de los programas utilizados sino que, además, nos permite pronosticar los resultados de estos en futuras investigaciones.

Variables condicionantes del éxito de los programas instruccionales para la mejora del ajuste personal y la adaptación escolar y social.

Detectar las características diferenciales de los escolares que mejor se beneficien de los programas instruccionales emotivos dirigidos a la mejora del ajuste personal y la adaptación escolar y social, así como aquellas otras características que pudieran provocar un efecto de estancamiento o, incluso empeoramiento. Investigación I: cuestionario a expertos, n: 40 psicólogos. Investigación II: muestra 1: 84 escolares de cuarto de EGB; muestra 2: 285 escolares de sexto de EGB; muestra 3: 143 escolares de octavo de EGB. Total: 512 escolares de EGB. Invest.I: respuestas experienciales dadas por psicólogos sobre aspectos favorecedores de buen pronóstico. Invest.II: Estudio 1: diseño intra e intergrupo con medidas repetidas pre y post tratamiento. Variable independiente, tratamiento. Variable dependiente, cambio en adaptación personal, escolar y social. Estudio 2: interrelación factorial del pretest, en contraste con la interrelación de los cambios operados después del tratamiento. Estudio 3: variables predictoras: edad, sexo, aptitudes técnicas y hábitos de estudio, rendimiento académico, adaptación y estilos educativos de los padres; variable criterio: cambio en la adaptación personal, escolar y social. Invest.I: Cuestionario a expertos sobre variables predictoras de un buen pronóstico. Invest.II: Test de inteligencia Lorge-Thorndike, no verbal; Banneb, EHE, PESA y ESDA, Hernández, 1983; Tamai, Hernández, 1983; EOTE y DEOTE, Hernández y García, 1985; FIS, CBS y CBN, Sección Departamental Psicología Educativa, Universidad de la Laguna. Invest. I: cómputo de respuestas y detección de coincidencias. Invest.II: Estudio 1: cuarto de EGB, ANOVA inter o intragrupo; sexto y octavo de EGB, análisis de las diferencias de medias antes-despues, T-test. Estudio 2: Correlación de Pearson. Estudio 3: Análisis de varianza; Oneway y análisis de la función discriminante; método RAO. 1. Los alumnos que más se benefician son los que expresaban mayores sentimientos de miedo, tristeza y autoculpa. Mostraban actitudes de choque con las normas y tendencia a aislarse. Sin embargo, no se detectaban dificultades en el estudio, gozando de mejores capacidades intelectivas, de menor edad y de unos padres menos restrictivos. 2. En los alumnos que empeoran se detecta un contraste entre su autoevaluación (expresan menos dificultades adaptativas) y otros criterios más externos (tendencia a sobrevalorarse, personas autosuficientes y conflictivas según sus compañeros, peor rendimiento intelectual y académico). 3. Los alumnos que se mantienen, parten de menores dificultades adaptativas y de estudio. La presente investigación nos permite realizar pronósticos diferenciales sobre qué personas pueden beneficiarse con este tipo de programas y para quienes, en cambio, no es eficaz. Nos proporciona información sobre las variables específicas sobre las que se debe incidir para optimizar los resultados.

Contribution of land use changes to near-surface air temperatures during recent summer extreme heat events in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

The impact of 1973–2005 land use–land cover (LULC) changes on near-surface air temperatures during four recent summer extreme heat events (EHEs) are investigated for the arid Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) in conjunction with the Noah Urban Canopy Model. WRF simulations were carried out for each EHE using LULC for the years 1973, 1985, 1998, and 2005. Comparison of measured near-surface air temperatures and wind speeds for 18 surface stations in the region show a good agreement between observed and simulated data for all simulation periods. The results indicate consistent significant contributions of urban development and accompanying LULC changes to extreme temperatures for the four EHEs. Simulations suggest new urban developments caused an intensification and expansion of the area experiencing extreme temperatures but mainly influenced nighttime temperatures with an increase of up to 10 K. Nighttime temperatures in the existing urban core showed changes of up to 2 K with the ongoing LULC changes. Daytime temperatures were not significantly affected where urban development replaced desert land (increase by 1 K); however, maximum temperatures increased by 2–4 K when irrigated agricultural land was converted to suburban development. According to the model simulations, urban landscaping irrigation contributed to cooling by 0.5–1 K in maximum daytime as well as minimum nighttime 2-m air temperatures in most parts of the urban region. Furthermore, urban development led to a reduction of the already relatively weak nighttime winds and therefore a reduction in advection of cooler air into the city.

Plasmodium falciparum: sequence diversity and antibody recognition of the Merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2) in Brazilian Amazonia

The merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2) of Plasmodium falciparum comprises repeats flanked by dimorphic domains defining the allelic families FC27 and IC1. Here, we examined sequence diversity at the msp-2 locus in Brazil and its impact on MSP-2 antibody recognition by local patients. Only 25 unique partial sequences of msp-2 were found in 61 isolates examined. The finding of identical msp-2 sequences in unrelated parasites, collected 6-13 years apart, suggests that no major directional selection is exerted by variant-specific immunity in this malaria-endemic area. To examine antibody cross-reactivity, recombinant polypeptides derived from locally prevalent and foreign MSP-2 variants were used in ELISA. Foreign IC1-type variants, such as 3D7 (currently tested for human vaccination), were less frequently recognized than FC27-type and local IC1-type variants. Antibodies discriminated between local and foreign IC1-type variants, but cross-recognized structurally different local IC1-type variants. The use of evolutionary models of MSP-2 is suggested to design vaccines that minimize differences between local parasites and vaccine antigens. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Production and characterization of alpha-amylase from Rhizopus sp

A strain of Rhizopus sp. screened among more than 800 filamentous fungi showed great ability to produce a thermostable alpha-amylase by solid state fermentation. The best production was obtained with a bran moisture content of 40% when the enzyme activity reached 60 EU/g. of medium. During the purification procedures, a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 separated the enzyme in two fractions and the larger (85% of the total activity) showed optimum pH in a range from 4.0 to 5.6. Optimum temperature was found at 60-65 degrees C and in this range no loss of activity was observed after 60 min. of treatment in pH 5,0. Its K-m and V-m are, respectively, of 5.0 mg/ml of starch and 10,01 uMol of reducing sugar/min./mg. of protein. Its molecular weight was calculated in 64.000 by gel filtration in Sephadex G-200. The dextrinization power of the enzyme was observed preferentialy on substrates compound by chains with higher ramifications, that is: amylopectin > starch > amylose. Other aspects of the enzyme pattern action are also discussed.

Relationship between carbon source, production and pattern action of alpha-amilase from Rhizopus sp

This paper discusses the inducer effect of corn soluble starch and the individual components (amylose and amylopectin) from corn and potatoes starch for alpha-amylase production by a strain of Rhizopus sp. The following decreasing order in the enzyme production was obtained: corn amylose > potatoes amylose > corn amylopectin > potatoes amylopectin > starch > maltose, coinciding with the ability of the enzyme to release reducing units, except the soluble starch that was more softly hydrolysed. However, when the enzyme action was measured by the iodine binding method, an inverse order of enzyme activity was obtained, that is: amylopectins > starch > amylosis. The results suggest that: a) branched structures in substrate affect the enzyme production; b) corn amylose and corn amylopectin are better inducers than their respectives homologous from potatoes; c) cc-amylase from Rhizopus sp has different action patterns on substrates with straight or branched chains: from the former, it removes only reducing units with lower molecular weight (G1-G3); from the latter it also removes oligosaccharides with higher molecular weight (G5-G6).

Estudo da reação de oxidação do metanol sobre fases intermetálicas ordenadas Pt-M com a técnica de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A realidade aumentada na produção de conteúdos para TV digital

Pós-graduação em Televisão Digital: Informação e Conhecimento - FAAC

Dificuldades e possibilidades da utilização da história da ciência no ensino de química: um estudo de caso com professores em formação inicial

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Alteração mineralógica de Neossolos em uma climo-litossequência no Planalto do Rio Grande do Sul

No Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), os Neossolos Litólicos e Neossolos Regolíticos são solos que têm sofrido forte pressão de uso, demandando maior conhecimento sobre sua gênese e mineralogia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o grau de intemperismo de Neossolos Litólicos e Neossolos Regolíticos, avaliando-se a alteração dos minerais em perfis dispostos em uma climo-litossequência no Planalto do RS, através de técnicas de dissolução química e difração de raios X. Foram identificados dois grupos de solos com graus de alteração distintos. O primeiro é constituído pelos perfis da porção Oeste da climo-litossequência (P1, P2 e P3) e encontra-se no estádio entre a bissialitização e a monossialitização, com predomínio de esmectita com hidroxi-Al entrecamadas (EHE), caulinita e hematita na fração argila. O segundo é representado pelos perfis da porção Leste (P4 e P5), encontrando-se no estádio entre a monossialitização e a ferralitização, com predomínio de caulinita e goethita e presença de gibbsita e EHE na fração argila. Os resultados sugerem maior influência do clima na alteração dos perfis. Os índices ki e kr não foram eficientes em representar a condição de alteração secundária dos perfis de Neossolos.

A novel specific genetic translocation in epithelioid hemangioendotelioma, showing a fusion of the WWTR1 and CAMTA1 genes, supports the monoclonality of multifocal epithelioid hemangioendotelioma.

Like other vascular tumors, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is multifocal in approximately 50% of cases, and it is unclear whether the separate lesions represent multifocal disease or metastases. We hypothesized that the identification of an identical WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement in different EHEs from the same patient supports the monoclonal origin of EHE. To test our hypothesis, we undertook a molecular analysis of two multicentric EHEs of the liver, including separate tumor samples from each patient. Matherial and Methods: We retrieved two cases of EHE with available tissue for molecular analysis. In both cases, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to identify the presence of the WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement to confirm the histologic diagnosis of EHE, as previously described. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products were analyzed by electrophoresis and the RT-PCR–amplified products were sequenced using the Sanger method. Results: FISH analysis revealed signal abnormalities in both WWTR1 and CAMTA1. Combined results confirmed the presence of the t(1;3)(1p36.23;3q25.1) translocation in both cases of EHE. Using RT-PCR analysis, we found that the size of the rearranged bands was identical in the different tumors from each patient. The sequence of the fusion gene confirmed a different WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement in each patient, but an identical WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement in the different lesions from each patient. Discussion: Because of its generally indolent clinical course, EHE is commonly classified as a multifocal, rather than metastatic, disease. In this study, we examined two cases of multifocal liver EHE and found an identical WWTR1-CAMTA1 rearrangement in each lesion from the same patient, but not between the two patients. These findings suggest that multifocal EHE arises from metastasis of the same neoplastic clone rather than from the simultaneous formation of multiple neoplastic clones, which supports the monoclonal origin of multifocal EHE.

Gender und Genre in melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen der Gegenwart - Far From Heaven, The Hours, A Single Man

Die Dissertation Gender und Genre in melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen der Gegenwart untersucht das Medium Film anhand von Todd Haynes’ Far from Heaven (2002), Stephen Daldrys The Hours (2002) und Tom Fords A Single Man (2009) als Quelle des Wissens über gesellschaftlich-normierte Geschlechterrollen und sozialkonstruierte Genderkonzepte. Die Arbeit versteht sich als eine nachhaltige Schnittstellenforschung zwischen Gender-, Literatur-, Film- und Medienwissenschaften und zeigt die Öffnung der Germanistik für den medial geprägten Kulturwandel, welcher den deutschen bzw. den deutschsprachigen Kulturraum betrifft. Gender und Geschlecht destabilisieren die Gesellschaft und die „heterosexuelle Matrix“ durch das individuelle Suchen, Finden, Konstruieren und Anerkennen einer eigenen, individuellen Genderidentität. Dieser Prozess kann unter Zuhilfenahme des Erzählens von Geschlecht im Film verdeutlicht werden, denn die audiovisuelle Fiktion modelliert Wirklichkeitsvorstellungen und das Wirklichkeitsverständnis der Rezipienten. Wobei offen bleibt, ob die Fiktion die Realität oder die Realität die Fiktion imitiert. Denn es gibt nicht nur eine Wahrheit, sondern mehrere, vielleicht unzählige Bedeutungszuschreibungen. Die drei paradigmatischen Literaturverfilmungen wurden jeweils in Bezug zu ihren Literaturvorlagen von Virginia Woolf, Michael Cunningham und Christopher Isherwood gesetzt. Sie können als Beispiele für ein wissendes, postmodernes Pastiche des Themen-Clusters Diskriminierung/Homophobie/Homosexualität/„Rasse“ gelten. Alle drei Filme verhandeln durch gemeinsame, melodramatische Motive (Spiegel, Telefon, Krieg, Familie) die Darstellbarkeit von Emotionen, Begehren, Sehnsüchten, Einsamkeit und dem Verlust der Liebe. Durch Verbindungslinien zu den Melodramen von Douglas Sirk und mittels den Theorien von u.a. Judith Butler, Stanley Cavell, Carolin Emcke, Thomas Elsaesser, Sigmund Freud, Hermann Kappelhoff und Laura Mulvey wurde das Begriffspaar Genre und Gender her-ausgestellt und im zeitgenössischen Geschlechter-Diskurs verortet. Das im Verlauf der Arbeit erarbeitete Wissen zu Gender, Sexualität, Körper und Geschlecht wurde als ein Gender-Genre-Hybrid verstanden und im Genre des queeren bzw. homosexuellen Melodrams (gay melodrama) neu verortet. Die drei Filme sind als ein Wiederbelebungsversuch bzw. ein Erweiterungsversuch des melodramatischen Genres unter dem Genderaspekt anzusehen. Die Analyse und Dekonstruktion feststehender Begriffe im Kontext der Gender- und Gay Studies und dem Queer Cinema lösen produktive Krisen und damit emanzipierte Verfahren aus. Diese müssen immer wieder neu beschrieben werden, damit sie wahrgenommen und verstanden werden. Daher sind die drei melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen ein fiktionales Dokumentationsmodell gesellschaftlicher Konflikte, welches anhand individueller Schicksale verdeutlicht wird.