Reprodutibilidade e validade In Vivo e In Vitro da inspeção visual associada ao exame radiográfico interproximal para a detecção de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares decíduos

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os diagnósticos de lesões de cárie oclusal de molares decíduos obtidos in vivo e in vitro, a partir da inspeção visual associada à radiografia interproximal e avaliar in vivo e in vitro a efetividade destes exames para a detecção de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares decíduos. A amostra foi constituída de 52 molares decíduos superiores e inferiores. Os pacientes foram radiografados com posicionadores que possuíam os registros das mordidas em acrílico dos dentes posteriores aos dentes que seriam examinados. Moldagens dos hemiarcos foram obtidas com silicona de adição. O exame visual associado ao radiográfico da superfície oclusal dos molares decíduos foi realizado. Os dentes foram extraídos e posicionados nas moldagens para obtenção de modelos de gesso simulando as condições in vivo. Os posicionadores com as mordidas em acrílico foram novamente utilizados para as radiografias in vitro. O exame clínico associado ao radiográfico foi repetido in vitro pelo mesmo examinador, depois de em média 120 dias. Os dentes foram avaliados no estereomicroscópio para a obtenção dos diagnósticos definitivos. Através do teste de Wilcoxon, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os exames in vivo e in vitro (p = 0,356). Nas análises de todas as lesões, a sensibilidade foi de 0,95 in vivo e in vitro e a especificidade foi de 0,75 in vivo e 1 in vitro. Quando apenas as lesões em dentina foram validadas, a sensibilidade foi de 0,80 in vivo e in vitro e a especificidade foi de 0,77 in vivo e 0,83 in vitro. Assim, os resultados confirmam que os estudos de diagnóstico de cárie em condições laboratoriais são viáveis e possuem aplicabilidade clínica. Os exames associados foram considerados efetivos na detecção de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares decíduos in vivo e in vitro.

Proteção passiva de estruturas e sistemas elétricos contra incêndio aplicada a uma unidade de refino de petróleo

Nesta dissertação visa-se estudar e propor alternativas de solução para a proteção de estruturas e sistemas elétricos contra fogo numa unidade de craqueamento catalítico de uma refinaria de petróleo, por meio de proteção passiva. A proteção passiva tem por finalidade garantir a integridade das estruturas sujeitas a incêndio, durante um determinado período de tempo, para possibilitar, no caso da refinaria, a realização de procedimentos de parada da unidade de forma segura e controlar o incêndio a fim de diminuir a possibilidade de propagação do fogo para outras áreas. Com base em técnicas de análise de riscos fez-se a identificação de zonas potencialmente sujeitas a cenários de acidente envolvendo jato de fogo e/ou incêndio em poça. A delimitação das áreas onde haveria necessidade de proteção passiva foi realizada com base em modelos para jatos de fogo e incêndio em poça já estabelecidos na literatura. O dimensionamento da proteção passiva de estruturas e sistemas elétricos com o uso de diversos materiais usados comercialmente para este fim foi estimado com base em equações empíricas desenvolvidas por Jeanes, 1980, Stanzak, 1973 e PABCO, 1984, e, para alguns casos particulares foi feita uma verificação por solução numérica da equação da condução do calor em meio sólido.Assim, foram determinados quais os materiais mais adequados em cada caso de aplicação e qual a espessura em que deve ser aplicado para que a temperatura no elemento estrutural ou no sistema elétrico não atinja a sua determinada temperatura crítica em um período de tempo pré-determinado. Para os casos de elementos estruturais como colunas de sustentação da unidade de seção cilíndrica, o principal material para proteção passiva é a argamassa projetada e para perfil I, é o emprego de placas de gesso. Já para o caso de sistemas elétricos, podem ser utilizadas tanto tintas intumescentes quanto as mantas reforçadas com fibras minerais, esta escolha depende da geometria do sistema em que será empregado. Da comparação entre estes dois métodos pode-se concluir que o dimensionamento da proteção passiva fazendo o uso das correlações empíricas é menos conservativo que para o caso do uso da equação da difusão do calor resolvida por método numérico. Porém, os resultados diferem dentro de um limite considerado aceitável (em torno de 15%) levando-se em consideração os erros embutidos em cada método de cálculo. É importante mencionar que as correlações empíricas são de mais simples aplicação por possuir apenas operações matemáticas básicas. Usando as correlações empíricas para os perfis cilíndricos de aço (diâmetro de 0,1524 m e espessura de parede de 0,0254 m), a espessura de revestimento estimada com o uso das correlações empíricas necessária para garantir que a temperatura na interface entre os dois materiais não atinja 550°C em duas horas seria de 13,5 mm para argamassa projetada, 19,7 mm para vermiculita com silicato de sódio e 34,5 mm para recobrimento com concreto com proteção do tipo contorno. Fazendo o mesmo cálculo pelo método numérico proposto, os resultados foram de 15,53 mm para argamassa projetada, 22,06 mm para vermiculita com silicato de sódio e 38,98 mm para recobrimento com concreto com proteção do tipo contorno. Fazendo o mesmo cálculo pelo método numérico proposto, os resultados foram de 15,53 mm para argamassa projetada, 22,06 mm para vermiculita com silicato de sódio e 38,98 mm para recobrimento com concreto com proteção do tipo contorno. Cabe ressaltar que com a realização desta dissertação busca-se uma integração entre o mestrado acadêmico e o meio empresarial com o desenvolvimento de trabalhos de natureza acadêmica que tenham aplicação direta na prática. Espera-se assim permitir que Universidade dê retorno à sociedade que a mantém e propiciar que setores da sociedade possam usufruir da capacidade disponível na academia.

Estudo comparativo de quatro materiais e de duas técnicas, simples e dupla, para moldagens funcionais em prótese total

Este trabalho avaliou comparativamente, em laboratório, a fidelidade dimensional de quatro materiais de moldagem usados nas moldagens finais em prótese total, um hidrocolóide irreversível (Hidrogum), um poliéter (Impregum) e dois silicones de adição (Honigum e Extrude), bem como a técnica de dupla moldagem, com ou sem alívio, usando o material Extrude de consistências média e leve. Para isto foi usado como corpo de prova um modelo metálico que simula um maxilar edêntulo, onde foram colocados quatro postes em forma do pirâmide, três truncadas, colocadas na crista do rebordo para medições horizontais, e uma inteira, que servia de referência para uma medição vertical. Com cada material ou técnica foram feitos dez moldes do modelo padrão, que foram vazados com gesso tipo IV. Os sessenta modelos obtidos, bem como o modelo-padrão, foram submetidos às medições das distâncias entre as referências situadas nas pirâmides, três medidas no sentido horizontal e uma no sentido vertical. Isto foi feito numa máquina para medição por coordenadas (tridimensionai), BRT-M507 fabricada pela Mitutoyo, com software Cosmos/Geopak-Win. Os resultados foram submetidos à analise de variância e testes complementares (Post Hoc Tests, de Duncan). A análise dos resultados mostra que quase todas as medidas no plano horizontal foram menores nas réplicas que no padrão, e que na medida vertical a discrepância entre os resultados foi maior, sendo umas medidas maiores e outras menores que no padrão. Estatisticamente, apenas numa das três distâncias avaliadas, Dist. 2, não houve diferença significativa entre os materiais. Concluiu-se que, com exceção do material Extrude em moldagem simples, os silicones e o poliéter tiveram desempenho semelhante, e que o hidrocolóide irreversível evidenciou os piores resultados. Outra conclusão foi que as duas técnicas de dupla moldagem usando materiais de consistências diferentes mostraram resultados semelhantes ao Honigum e Impregum, sendo mais precisas que estes na reprodução da altura, medida relacionada com a moldagem da zona de postdamming no paciente edêntulo.

Estudo de sistemas vítreos para infiltração em alumina

The system in-Ceram Alumina, produced by VITA, consists in a technique of prepare of a substructure of ceramics to dental crowns. First burning is made in the alumina decanted by slip casting process under a stone die that reproduces the tooth prepared to receive a crown. In a second burning, alumina is infiltrated by vitreous system, giving to this set a high mechanic resistance. In this work, it s made a study of the composition of a new infiltrating material more used nowadays, giving to alumina desirable mechanics proprieties to its using like substructure of support to ceramic s crown used in the market today. The addition of Lanthanum oxide (frit A) and calcium oxide (frit B) was made in attempt to increase the viscosity of LZSA and to reduce fusion temperature. The frits were put over samples of alumina and took to the tubular oven to 1400ºC under vacuum for two groups (groups 1 and 2). For another two groups (groups 3 and 4) it was made a second infiltration, following the same parameters of the first. A fifth group was utilized like group of control where the samples of pure alumina were not submitted to any infiltrating process. Glasses manifested efficient both in quality and results of analysis of mechanic resistance, being perfectly compatible with oral environment in this technical requisite. The groups that made a second infiltration had he best results of fracture toughness, qualify the use in the oral cavity in this technical question. The average of results achieved for mechanic resistance to groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were respectively 98 MPa, 90 MPa, 144 MPa, 236 MPa and 23 MPa

Estudo do resíduo fosfogesso na formulação de uma pasta para revestimento interno de edifícios

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Alternativas de ultimação de resíduo plástico termofixo

In the present work it was developed originals alternatives of enveronmentally safe and economically viable destination of thermoset plastic residue from a button factory, which at presnte stores such residue tempor and in a way that is inconvenient to the atmosphere, a waiting safe solutions. As the residue is not recycleab and its burning leberates strongly aggressive gases, safe alternatives were researched. Inicially, ghe residue in incineration was performed in cement ovens with precise control ofe emission of gases, but it was proved inviable due to its low calorific power, as well as the liberation of free lead in the ashes. An original and feasible option was the residue confinemente in soil-ciment blocks, lohich resulted in blocks highly resistant to simple compression with structural block, and also a significant increase in thermal resistence. Was got up other options of original and important composites as: making of blocks for pré-moulded flagstone, internal coating of walls with plaster being obtained good texture results, replenish of ceramic blocks and blocks with cement, also implying in increase of thermal resistance. Besides these original and scientific contributions, the it was technologically contribution of defreadation with suggestions of the material using torch of thermal plasm; for this was projected, built, characterized and tested a torch to it shapes it being obtained exciting results for the development of this technology come back for ending destruction from all the types of inconvenient garbage to the atmosphere

Análise do espalhamento espectral em superfícies de estruturas complexas para comunicações móveis

In this work, the transmission line method is explored on the study of the propagation phenomenon in nonhomogeneous walls with finite thickness. It is evaluated the efficiency and applicability of the method, considering materials like gypsum, wood and brick, found in the composition of the structures of walls in question. The results obtained in this work are compared to those available in the literature, for several particular cases. A good agreement is observed, showing that the performed analysis is accurate and efficient in modeling, for instance, the wave propagation through building walls and integrated circuit layers in mobile communication and radar system applications. Later, simulations of resistive sheets devices such as Salisbury screens and Jaumann absorbers and of transmission lines made of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) are made. Thereafter, it is described a study on frequency surface selective structures (FSS). It is proposed the development of devices and microwave integrated circuits (MIC) of such structures, for the accomplishment of experiments. Finally, future works are suggested, for instance, on the development of reflectarrays, frequency selective surfaces with dissimilar elements, and coupled frequency selective surfaces with elements located on different layers

Medição da densidade óssea através de ondas eletromagnéticas e classificação por MVS

This work holds the purpose of presenting an auxiliary way of bone density measurement through the attenuation of electromagnetic waves. In order to do so, an arrangement of two microstrip antennas with rectangular configuration has been used, operating in a frequency of 2,49 GHz, and fed by a microstrip line on a substrate of fiberglass with permissiveness of 4.4 and height of 0,9 cm. Simulations were done with silica, bone meal, silica and gypsum blocks samples to prove the variation on the attenuation level of different combinations. Because of their good reproduction of the human beings anomaly aspects, samples of bovine bone were used. They were subjected to weighing, measurement and microwave radiation. The samples had their masses altered after mischaracterization and the process was repeated. The obtained data were inserted in a neural network and its training was proceeded with the best results gathered by correct classification on 100% of the samples. It comes to the conclusion that through only one non-ionizing wave in the 2,49 GHz zone it is possible to evaluate the attenuation level in the bone tissue, and that with the appliance of neural network fed with obtained characteristics in the experiment it is possible to classify a sample as having low or high bone density

Viabilidades térmica, econômica e de materiais de um sistema solar de aquecimento de água a baixo custo para fins residenciais

An solar alternative system for water heating is presented. Is composed for one low cost alternative collector and alternative thermal reservoir for hot water storing. The collector of the system has box confectioned in composite material and use absorption coils formed for PVC tubes. The box of hot water storage was confectioned from a plastic polyethylene drum used for storage of water and garbage, coated for a cylinder confectioned in fiber glass. The principle of functioning of the system is the same of the conventionally. Its regimen of work is the thermosiphon for a volume of 250 liters water. The main characteristic of the system in considered study is its low cost, allowing a bigger socialization of the use of solar energy. It will be demonstrated the viabilities thermal, economic and of materials of the system of considered heating, and its competitiveness in relation to the available collectors commercially. Relative aspects will be boarded also the susceptibility the thermal degradation and for UV for the PVC tubes. It will be shown that such system of alternative heating, that has as main characteristic its low cost, presents viabilities thermal, economic and of materials

Estudo da Potencialidade da produção de tijolos de adobe misturado com outros materiais: uma alternativa de baixo custo para a construção civil

The production of the red pottery brick, made traditionally with clay, is a technique that is already stabled. However, in spite of the little complexity that involves the conventional process of these bricks production, it are exposed to many problems that begin in the fase of exploration of the mines, the problems get worse because of the lack of the clay's characterization, and they continue through the steps of the dough preparation, conformation of the products, the drying and the burning process. The wastefulness is shown and so is the low quality of the material produced. Among other factors, the high use of energy in the burning makes the cost of this material inaccessible to the low income consumer. Besides this, the destruction of the environment around the mines and the use of native vegetation to produce wood - the most used fuel in the pottery industry - make serious environmental damage. The production technique of a new type of simple brick (adobe), that has low cost and no environmental damage, can be the viable altemative to lower the cost of this part of the civil construction, and, consequently, in the building of cheaper houses. In this paper, the results of the mechanical resistance of the adobe brick are shown, using in its composition, clay, natural vegetable fibers, cement and plaster in a process that is completely handcrafted and manual. It is intented to make clear that are possible alternatives to be put in practice, with the simple process, using "raw earth" that has been used in the construction of houses in thousands of years, trying to solve these severe problems. Analysis and tests were performed to find results that could prove the possibility of the utilization of this kind of material. Other studies are in progress, and the new researches are necessary to enrich this work, but it stays the certainty that there is potential to produce bricks from adobe, as an alternative that has low cost to civil construction

Projeto, construção e análise de desempenho de um forno solar alternativo tipo caixa a baixo custo

An alternative box-type solar oven constructed from the scrap iron of a gas conventional cook is presented, which functions principles are the effect greenhouse and the concentration. The oven of the conventional cook is the baking enclosure where the absorber (pot) of the solar oven is located, being re-covered for a glass blade for the generation of the greenhouse effect isolated lateral and having deep its and for a composite the plaster base and EPS. Segments of plain mirrors had been placed in the laterals of the oven for the concentration of the radiation and a reflecting parabola was introduced in the baking enclosure for the exploitation of the incident reflected radiation in the interior of the oven. The oven is mobile to allow one better aiming of exactly in relation to the apparent movement of the sun. The thermal economic and of materials viabilities of the stove in study will be demonstrate The average internal temperature of the absorber was around 150°C and the internal temperature around 120°C. Will demonstrate that its low cost and good thermal performance represents basic characteristics for the viability of large use of such archetype, mainly for cooking the decreases and averages temperatures. One will reveal that the archetype in study is competitive with the box-type solar cooker conceived in the whole world

Construção e análise de desempenho de um forno/fogão solar tipo caixa construído a partir de uma sucata de pneu

An alternative box-type solar cooker built starting from the scrap of a tire and a scrap of old office chair is presented, which principles functions are the effect greenhouse and the concentration. The tire served as structure for making of is the baking enclosure where the absorber (roasting pan 20x30cm) of the solar is located, being re-covered for a glass blade for the generation of the greenhouse effect isolated lateral and having deep its and for a composite the plaster base and EPS. Segments of plain mirrors had been placed in the laterals of the oven/cook for the concentration of the radiation and a reflecting parable was introduced in the baking enclosure for the exploitation of the incident reflected radiation inside of the oven/cook. The oven/cook is mobile to allow one better aiming of exactly in relation to the apparent movement of the sun. The thermal economic and of materials viabilities of the stove/cook in study will be demonstrate. The average internal temperature of the absorber was around 152,3°C and the internal temperature around 110°C. Will demonstrate that toits low cost and good thermal performance, represents basic characteristics for the viability of large use of such archetype, mainly for cooking the decreases and averages temperatures. One will reveal that the archetype in study is competitive with the box-type solar cooker conceived in the whole world

Viabilidade de utilização de um compósito a partir de resíduos para a construção de casas populares

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Análise de desempenho de um fogão solar com parabola fabricada em material compósito

It is presented a solar cooker made with a parabolic reflector composed by a composite material. For this purpose, it was utilized a cast concrete with a parabolic profile obtained by means of modeling. It will be demonstrated the manufacturing process and settings, as well as tests results, in order to determine the contact temperature and cooking time of some foods. This solar cooker presents the following main characteristics: the concentration method, low cost and easy manufacturing process. It was performed by employing recycled materials such as cement, plaster, crushed polystyrene and wheels. The captation area measures 1 square meter and its parabole was covered with a mirrors measuring 25 cm2. A temperature higher than 650°C was obtained. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the cooking viability for several type of foods such as beans, potatoes, rice, yams and pasta can be used in two meals for a family of four. In addition, the advantages of this cooker were analysed in comparison with others described in literature as well as those operating on gas. Especially in Northeast of Brazil, where there is a potential for solar energy, this prototype is an important tool, because it avoids not only desertification, but also pollutants from burning firewoods which cause ecological imbalance

Compósito para fabricação de blocos para construção de casas: estudos térmico e de materiais

We present two models of blocks made of composite material obtained from the use of cement, plaster, EPS crushed, shredded tire, mud, sand and water, for the construction of popular housing. Were made metal molds for the manufacture of blocks to be used in the construction of a residence for low-income families. Performed tests of compressive strength of the composite for various formulations that met the specific standard for blocks used in construction. To study the thermal conductivity of the composite for further study of thermal comfort generated in a residence built with the proposed composite. We also determined the mass-specific and water absorption for each formulation studied. Using a home already built with another composite material, made up the closing of a window with the building blocks and found the thermal insulation, measuring external and internal temperatures of the blocks. The blocks had made good thermal insulation of the environment, resulting in differences of up to 12.6°C between the outer and inner faces. It will be shown the feasibility of using composite for the end proposed and chosen the most appropriate wording