Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in sera samples of mice experimentally infected

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) DNA in blood can help to diagnose the disease in its acute phase; however, it must be considered that hemoglobin, present in blood, can inhibit polymerase activity, making impracticable the detection of DNA in samples. Mice were experimentally infected via oral route with ME49 and BTU2 strains cysts and RH strain tachyzoites; polymerase chain reaction was used to detect T. gondii DNA in mice sera 18, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours post infection (PI). Toxoplama gondii DNA was detected in only one animal infected with BTU2 strain, genotype III (isolated from a dog with neurological signs) 18 hours PI. The agent's DNA was not detected in any sample of the other experimental groups. New studies must be carried out to verify the technique sensitivity in researches on this agent's genetic material using sera samples of acute-phase toxoplasmosis patients, especially in cases of immunosuppression.

Response of mice connective tissue to intracanal dressings containing chlorhexidine

Substances containing chlorhexidine (CHX) have been studied as intracanal medicaments. The aim of the present study was to characterize the response of mouse subcutaneous connective tissue to CHX-containing medications by conventional optical microscopy. The tissue response was evaluated by implanting polyethylene tubes containing one of the substances evaluated: Calen paste + 0.5% CHX, Calen + 2% CHX, 2% CHX gel, and Calen paste (control). After experimental periods of 7, 21, and 63 days, the implants (n = 10) were removed along with the subcutaneous connective tissue. Tissue samples were subjected to histological processing, and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the number of inflammatory cells, blood vessels, and vascularized areas were performed. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests with the significance level set at 5%. We concluded that Calen + 0.5% CHX led to reparative tissue response in contrast with Calen + 2% CHX and 2% CHX gel, which induced persistent inflammatory response, pointing to the aggressive nature of this mixture. When Calen + 2% CHX and 2% CHX gel were compared, the latter induced more intense inflammatory response. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Strongyloides venezuelensis infection susceptibility of seven inbred strains of mice

Foi investigada a susceptibilidade de sete linhagens isogênicas de camundongos à infecção experimental, primária e secundária, por Strongyloides venezuelensis a fim de servir de base para estudos genéticos sobre a resistência. Foram utilizados 12 camundongos machos, com seis semanas de idade, das seguintes linhagens isogênicas: A/J, BALB/c, CBA/J, C3H/Hepos, C57BL/6, DBA/2 e NIH. Os animais foram inoculados, via sub-cutânea, com 2000 larvas infectantes. As contagens médias (± desvio padrão) de parasitas no intestino delgado dos camundongos seis dias após a infecção, em ordem crescente, foram: 28 (± 19) na linhagem NIH; 647 (± 228) na BALB/c; 709 (± 425) na DBA/2; 731 (± 151) na C3H/Hepos, 801 (± 174) na CBA/J; 1024 (± 267) na C57BL/6 e 1313 (± 483) na A/J. Os camundongos C57BL/6 apresentaram as mais elevadas contagens de ovos de S. venezuelensis por grama de fezes (OPG) e os NIH, as mais baixas. Não foram detectados ovos nos exames de fezes e não foram encontrados parasitas no intestino delgado dos animais re-infectados 14 dias após a infecção primária. A linhagem NIH apresentou elevada resistência contra as infecções primárias por S. venezuelensis. Entre as outras seis linhagens, uma das mais susceptíveis foi a linhagem C57BL/6.

Action of the chemical agent fipronil (active ingredient of acaricide Frontline (R)) on the liver of mice: An ultrastructural analysis

Fipronil, active ingredient of the acaricide Frontiline (R), is a phenyl-pyrazolic derivative, and its efficacy in the elimination of several plagues, even in low concentrations, has already been demonstrated; however, its effect on nontarget organisms has not been thoroughly explained. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different dosages of fipronil on the liver of mice in artificial conditions. Results showed that the animals exposed to fipronil present significant ultrastrucutural changes in hepatic cells with evident cellular and cytoplasm disorganization in hepatocytes characterized by an increase in the number of organelles, mainly mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum, organelles that, in the case of the exposed animals, were probably responsible for the enzymes' synthesis that have the function of inactivating the toxic metabolites. A fat accumulation in the hepatocytes' cytoplasm (steatosis) was observed, in addition to extended vacuolated areas, mainly in regions next to the cell nucleus. Alterations observed in the nuclei of the hepatocytes pointed out cell death processes. Moreover, Kupffer cells increased in number (hyperplasia) suggesting an increase in the phagocytic activity of the liver in the exposed animals. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Handling of female pacas (Agouti paca, Linnaeus, 1766) for ultrasound pregnancy detection

A paca é um roedor sul-americano cujo manejo, tranqüilização ou anestesia oferece um grande campo de pesquisa devido aos poucos artigos existentes. Doze pacas fêmeas adultas foram utilizadas, mantidas separadas em seis baias, sendo capturadas com um puçá de polipropileno e levadas a uma sala na qual se realizava a tricotomia abdominal. Após, os animais eram colocados em uma gaiola de ferro de compressão lateral. A sessão de ultra-sonografia era realizada em modo B com um transdutor setorial eletrônico de 5,0 e 7,5 MHz. Para a diminuição do estresse causado pelos procedimentos, a tranqüilização das fêmeas era realizada com diazepam e maleato de midazolam por via oral. Ambos demonstraram-se efetivos na tranqüilização das pacas previamente e durante as sessões, sendo que o maleato de midazolam proporcionou um melhor manejo dos animais.

Kinetics of B cell response during Yersinia enterocolitica infection in resistant and susceptible strains of mice

In this study we analyze the B-cell response in murine yersiniosis. To this end, we determined whether polyclonal activation of B-lymphocytes occurs during infection of susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (C57BL/6) mice with Y. enterocolitica 0:8 and compared the immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes produced in response to the infection by the two strains. The number of splenic cells secreting nonspecific and specific immunoglobulins was determined by ELISPOT. The presence of anti-Yersinia antibodies in serum was detected by ELISA. In both strains, the number of specific Ig-secreting cells was relatively low. Polyclonal B-cell activation was observed in both strains of mice, and the greatest activation was observed in the BALB/c mice, mainly for lgG(1)- and IgG(3)- secreting cells. The C57BL/6 mice showed a predominance of IgG(2a)-secreting cells. The peak production of anti-Yersinia IgG antibodies in the sera of BALB/c mice was seen on the 28th day after infection. The greatest increase in IgM occurred on the 14th day. A progressive increase of specific IgG antibodies was observed in C57BL/6 mice up to the 28th day after infection while IgM increased on the 21st day after infection. The production of specific IgA antibodies was not detected in either BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that polyclonal. activation of B lymphocytes occurs in both the Yersinia resistant and Yersinia-susceptible mice and that the more intense activation of B lymphocytes observed in the susceptible BALB/c mice does not enhance their resistance to Y. enterocolitica infection.

Different inflammatory stimuli in the footpad of mice influence the kinetics of resident peritoneal cells

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The effects of Chlorella vulgaris in the protection of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Role of natural killer cells

In this work we have demonstrated the effects of oral administration of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) on Natural Killer cells (NK) activity of mice infected with a sublethal dose of viable Listeria monocytogenes. The treatment with C. vulgaris produced a significant increase on NK cells activity in normal (non-infected) animals compared to the animals that received only vehicle (water) (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the infection alone produced a significant increase on NK cells activity, which was observed at 48 and 72 hours after the inoculation of L. monocytogenes. Moreover, when CV was administered in infected animals, there was an additional increase in NK cells activity which was significantly higher than that found in the infected groups (p < 0.0001) CV treatment (50 and 500mg/Kg) of mice infected with a dose of 3x105 bacteria/animal, which was lethal for all the non- treated controls, produced a dose-response protection which led to a 20% and 55% survival, respectively (p < 0.0001).