Development of a high-frequency surface-wave radar cross section model for icebergs

In this thesis, the first-order radar cross section (RCS) of an iceberg is derived and simulated. This analysis takes place in the context of a monostatic high frequency surface wave radar with a vertical dipole source that is driven by a pulsed waveform. The starting point of this work is a general electric field equation derived previ- ously for an arbitrarily shaped iceberg region surrounded by an ocean surface. The condition of monostatic backscatter is applied to this general field equation and the resulting expression is inverse Fourier transformed. In the time domain the excitation current of the transmit antenna is specified to be a pulsed sinusoid signal. The result- ing electric field equation is simplified and its physical significance is assessed. The field equation is then further simplified by restricting the iceberg's size to fit within a single radar patch width. The power received by the radar is calculated using this electric field equation. Comparing the received power with the radar range equation gives a general expression for the iceberg RCS. The iceberg RCS equation is found to depend on several parameters including the geometry of the iceberg, the radar frequency, and the electrical parameters of both the iceberg and the ocean surface. The RCS is rewritten in a form suitable for simulations and simulations are carried out for rectangularly shaped icebergs. Simulation results are discussed and are found to be consistent with existing research.

Dosimetric Evaluation of Metal Artefact Reduction using Metal Artefact Reduction (MAR) Algorithm and Dual-energy Computed Tomography (CT) Method

Purpose: Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the standard diagnostic imaging modalities for the evaluation of a patient’s medical condition. In comparison to other imaging modalities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), CT is a fast acquisition imaging device with higher spatial resolution and higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for bony structures. CT images are presented through a gray scale of independent values in Hounsfield units (HU). High HU-valued materials represent higher density. High density materials, such as metal, tend to erroneously increase the HU values around it due to reconstruction software limitations. This problem of increased HU values due to metal presence is referred to as metal artefacts. Hip prostheses, dental fillings, aneurysm clips, and spinal clips are a few examples of metal objects that are of clinical relevance. These implants create artefacts such as beam hardening and photon starvation that distort CT images and degrade image quality. This is of great significance because the distortions may cause improper evaluation of images and inaccurate dose calculation in the treatment planning system. Different algorithms are being developed to reduce these artefacts for better image quality for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, very limited information is available about the effect of artefact correction on dose calculation accuracy. This research study evaluates the dosimetric effect of metal artefact reduction algorithms on severe artefacts on CT images. This study uses Gemstone Spectral Imaging (GSI)-based MAR algorithm, projection-based Metal Artefact Reduction (MAR) algorithm, and the Dual-Energy method.

Materials and Methods: The Gemstone Spectral Imaging (GSI)-based and SMART Metal Artefact Reduction (MAR) algorithms are metal artefact reduction protocols embedded in two different CT scanner models by General Electric (GE), and the Dual-Energy Imaging Method was developed at Duke University. All three approaches were applied in this research for dosimetric evaluation on CT images with severe metal artefacts. The first part of the research used a water phantom with four iodine syringes. Two sets of plans, multi-arc plans and single-arc plans, using the Volumetric Modulated Arc therapy (VMAT) technique were designed to avoid or minimize influences from high-density objects. The second part of the research used projection-based MAR Algorithm and the Dual-Energy Method. Calculated Doses (Mean, Minimum, and Maximum Doses) to the planning treatment volume (PTV) were compared and homogeneity index (HI) calculated.

Results: (1) Without the GSI-based MAR application, a percent error between mean dose and the absolute dose ranging from 3.4-5.7% per fraction was observed. In contrast, the error was decreased to a range of 0.09-2.3% per fraction with the GSI-based MAR algorithm. There was a percent difference ranging from 1.7-4.2% per fraction between with and without using the GSI-based MAR algorithm. (2) A range of 0.1-3.2% difference was observed for the maximum dose values, 1.5-10.4% for minimum dose difference, and 1.4-1.7% difference on the mean doses. Homogeneity indexes (HI) ranging from 0.068-0.065 for dual-energy method and 0.063-0.141 with projection-based MAR algorithm were also calculated.

Conclusion: (1) Percent error without using the GSI-based MAR algorithm may deviate as high as 5.7%. This error invalidates the goal of Radiation Therapy to provide a more precise treatment. Thus, GSI-based MAR algorithm was desirable due to its better dose calculation accuracy. (2) Based on direct numerical observation, there was no apparent deviation between the mean doses of different techniques but deviation was evident on the maximum and minimum doses. The HI for the dual-energy method almost achieved the desirable null values. In conclusion, the Dual-Energy method gave better dose calculation accuracy to the planning treatment volume (PTV) for images with metal artefacts than with or without GE MAR Algorithm.

Recente evoluzione delle tecnologie PET-RMN

La PET/RMN è un ibrido delle tecnologie di imaging che incorpora la risonanza magnetica nucleare (RMN), che fornisce un'imaging di tipo morfologico, e la tomografia ad emissione di positroni (PET), che fornisce un'imaging di tipo funzionale. Questa nuova tecnologia trova applicazioni in campo oncologico, cardiovascolare e nello studio del sistema nervoso centrale (SNC). La realizzazione di questa nuova tecnologia ha comportato diverse sfide tecniche per la combinazione delle due apparecchiature, che sono state risolte con diversi approcci. Lo sviluppo futuro della PET/RMN sarà guidato da molteplici fattori tra i quali l'eliminazione degli eventuali disturbi e la necessità di accordi per i rimborsi dell'esame. Tutt'ora esistono tre diversi produttori al mondo : Simens, Philips e GE (General Electric), i quali hanno diverse tecnologie e diversi metodi di analisi. La prima apparecchiatura PET/RMN in Italia è stata acquistata dall'ospedale di Padova nel gennaio 2015, mentre negli altri paesi aveva già fatto la sua comparsa dal 2011.

Avaliação da dose de radiação: angiotomografia coronariana - métodos retrospectivo e prospectivo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effective dose received by patients undergoing CCTA in both acquisition methods in the period June 1st to October 30th, 2013. Data collection was performed at the Clínica Sabedotti in Ponta Grossa/PR, with General Electric Equipment VCT XT, 64 detections lines. The effective dose was measured from the thirty cases randomly selected of Picture Archival and Communication System – PACS, reported by Dose Lenght Product (DLP) equipment for each examination and the conversion factor (EDLP) set by the European Commission for cardiac region (EDLP = 0.014). The results showed significant differences in radiation dose delivered to the patient according to the employee acquisition method, Retrospective or Prospective of ECG.

The unsteady flow field about a right circular cone in unsteady flight.

"These studies were conducted by the General Electric Company, Reentry Systems Department, for the Stability and Control Section of the Flight Dynamics Laboratory of the Air Force Research and Technology Division."

A general design method for electric machines using magnetic circuit model considering the flux saturation problem

This paper proposes an analytical approach that is generalized for the design of various types of electric machines based on a physical magnetic circuit model. Conventional approaches have been used to predict the behavior of electric machines but have limitations in accurate flux saturation analysis and hence machine dimensioning at the initial design stage. In particular, magnetic saturation is generally ignored or compensated by correction factors in simplified models since it is difficult to determine the flux in each stator tooth for machines with any slot-pole combinations. In this paper, the flux produced by stator winding currents can be calculated accurately and rapidly for each stator tooth using the developed model, taking saturation into account. This aids machine dimensioning without the need for a computationally expensive finite element analysis (FEA). A 48-slot machine operated in induction and doubly-fed modes is used to demonstrate the proposed model. FEA is employed for verification.

Electric vehicles: limited range and high costs hamper commercialization. Report by the Comptroller General of the United States.

Mode of access: Internet.

Hearings on the Navy proposal to modify SSN-688 contracts with the General Dynamics Corp. (Electric Boat Division) and LHA and DD-963 contracts with Litton Industries, Inc./Litton Systems, Inc. (Ingalls Shipbuilding Division /

Mode of access: Internet.

In re mediation proceedings between division 268 of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employes of America and the Cleveland Railway Company. Statement of the Cleveland Railway Company. June, 1918. Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, general counsel.

Mode of access: Internet.

Cyclopedia of applied electricity; a general reference work on direct-current generators and motors, storage batteries, electrochemistry, welding, electric wiring, meters, electric light transmission, alternating-current machinery, telegraphy, etc.,

"A compilation of many of the most valuable instruction books of the American school of correspondence."--Forword.

Electric wheeling in Illinois : a study and report of the Illinois Commerce Commission submitted to the Illinois General Assembly.

"Submitted pursuant to: Section 8-405.1 of the Revised Public Utilities Act."

Illinois Commerce Commission report to the General Assembly : experimental programs initiated by electric utilities under section 16-106 of the Electric Service Customer Choice and Rate Relief Law of 1997.

"This report is submitted in compliance with section 16-106 of the Electric Customer Choice and Rate Relief Law of 1997."

Direct and general support and depot maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : air conditioner, floor mounted, air cooled, electric motor driven, AC, 3 phase, 400 cycle, 38,000 Btu hr, 416 volt (Keco model F-0038), FSN 4120-066-8771 ....

"April 1969."

Operator's, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual for power supply, hydraulic/electric, portable : (4933-933-4742) used with M5, M18(XM18), M18A1(XM18E1), M21, XM27E1, M28(XM28), M28A1(XM28E1), M35(XM35), and XM156 aircraft armament subsystems.

Includes index.