923 resultados para Future Scenarios.


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O abastecimento de água é de suma importância não só para a sobrevivência humana, como também para o desenvolvimento de atividades econômicas e institucionais, ou seja, para vida orgânica/biótica e para a vida social. Com relação à disponibilidade desse recurso, o Brasil é um país com enormes reservas potencias para atender a esse fim. A Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto, Campus da UFPA, atualmente produz sua água, com a captação através de aquifero subterrâneo, e, em pequena quantidade, também compra da Concessionária Local. Contudo, em relação à produção na Universidade Federal do Pará não há conhecimento quanto aos custos de manutenção da linha de produção, da mão-deobra envolvida, etc. A falta desse conhecimento não permite que o Gestor possa agir de forma estratégica, com relação a essa situação. Este trabalho visa levantar os custos diretos e indiretos da produção de 1m³ de água tratada na Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto, comparando-o com os valores cobrados pela Concessionária Local, a fim de demonstrar ao gestor qual a situação mais vantajosa à Administração com relação ao assunto a ser abordado. Ademais, foram criados cenários futuros, tendo em vista que a atividade universitária é dinâmica e crescente, além do que se incorporaram condições como custo de energia e valor da outorga para captação de água, ainda não integrados nos custo atuais de produção. Os resultados demonstram claramente que a opção de produzir água para consumo é a mais vantajosa em termos econômicos para a Instituição, em qualquer cenário proposto. Ressalta-se que o custo por m³ da água produzida varia de R$ 0,31 a R$ 0,45, enquanto que a compra através da Concessionária Local, em torno de R$ 4,30/m³ para o ano de 2011, só se mostrará viável se esse preço for de no máximo de R$ 0,50/m³. Com essas informações e análises devidamente apresentadas de forma clara e tecnicamente consideradas, este trabalho poderá ser utilizado como instrumento de gestão pública capaz de permitir o melhor ou mais adequado sistema de Abastecimento de Água na Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto.

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No contexto da previsão de séries temporais, é grande o interesse em estudos de métodos de previsão de séries temporais que consigam identificar as estruturas e padrões existentes nos dados históricos, possibilitando gerar os próximos padrões da série. A proposta defendida nesta tese é a de desenvolvimento de um framework que utilize ao máximo as potencialidades das técnicas de previsão (redes neurais artificiais) com as técnicas de otimização (algoritmos genéticos) em um sistema híbrido intercomunicativo que aproveite bem as vantagens de cada uma dessas técnicas para a geração de cenários futuros que possam mostrar, além das previsões normais com base nos valores históricos, percursos alternativos das curvas das séries temporais analisadas.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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A promoção das energias renováveis, como estratégias para mitigar as alterações climáticas é um grande desafio mundial, principalmente para países em desenvolvimento como Brasil que busca diversificar sua matriz energética a partir de fontes renováveis, mas possui restrições de custo de investimentos. Neste contexto, são necessárias ferramentas que mensurem os riscos de investimento em projetos de fontes de energia renovável. Este trabalho contribui para o desenvolvimento sustentável da Amazônia através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de análise de risco de investimento em projetos de eficiência energética aplicada no aproveitamento da biomassa do dendê. A crescente produção de dendê na região amazônica para geração de produtos alimentícios e biodiesel está gerando um grande volume de biomassa. Verificou-se que a utilização do resíduo da biomassa de dendê para a geração de energia e comercialização no mercado aumenta o seu valor econômico, para tanto se identificou os Critérios e Indicadores (C&I) de sustentabilidade da cadeia do dendê agrupando-os em: econômicos, ambientais, sociais e técnicos. Qualificando e quantificando os riscos que afetam os indicadores identificados. A metodologia desenvolvida foi analisada em três cenários futuros de crescimento econômico para o Brasil que foram construídos balizados nos cenários contidos no Plano Nacional de Energia 2030.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Better knowledge of the anthropogenic soils can help create future scenarios for the Amazon region through information that supports the sustainable planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil physical anthropogenic and not anthropogenic in the region of Manipur, AM. In the study area we selected two, one with no anthropogenic soils (native forest) and another with anthropogenic soils (black earth archaeological). In each area, we established a grid measuring 70 x 70 m and the soils were sampled at the points of intersection of the grid with regular spacing of 10 by 10 feet, making a total of 64 sampling points in each landscape. Soil samples were collected at a depth from 0.0 to 0.10 I did the analyzes physical (texture, bulk density, macroporosity, microporososidade, porosity and aggregate stability). Then, the data were subjected to descriptive statistics and geostatistics. It was found that the anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic soils showed different behaviors in relation ace their spatial structures. The spatial variability that prevailed in anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic soil was moderate and weak indicating that these soils are strongly linked to changes in the soil by extrinsic factors. The soil was observed anthropogenic best results for total porosity, microporosity and bulk density, showing superior characteristics compared for agronomic soil not anthropogenic. And the range of values found in the above two areas were used in the mesh, showing greater spatial continuity in these environments.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The genus Brachycephalus is endemic to the Atlantic rainforest and is distributed mainly in the southeastern and southern Brazil. Currently, it has 17 recognized species, most of them, associated with mountainous habitats along the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira ridges. Here we use an ecological niche modelling approach based on climatic variables, to assess the potential niche of the mountainous species of this genus. The model generated was then projected to future scenarios considering the last IPCC report, in order to estimate the impacts of climate changes on these species distribution. Results show a decrease in the total suitable area for the mountainous Brachycephalus species, as well as tendencies already observed for other organisms, such as, pole and upward migrations. A southern area on Planalto de Paranapiacaba increases in suitability for these species. We suggest special efforts on new surveys and conservation on the northern part of their distribution, once this seems to be the region more affected by climate changes on the projected scenarios

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This paper analyses the cosmological consequences of amodified theory of gravity whose action integral is built from a linear combination of the Ricci scalar R and a quadratic term in the covariant derivative of R. The resulting Friedmann equations are of the fifth-order in the Hubble function. These equations are solved numerically for a flat space section geometry and pressureless matter. The cosmological parameters of the higher-order model are fit using SN Ia data and X-ray gas mass fraction in galaxy clusters. The best-fit present-day t(0) values for the deceleration parameter, jerk and snap are given. The coupling constant beta of the model is not univocally determined by the data fit, but partially constrained by it. Density parameter Omega(m0) is also determined and shows weak correlation with the other parameters. The model allows for two possible future scenarios: there may be either an eternal expansion or a Rebouncing event depending on the set of values in the space of parameters. The analysis towards the past performed with the best-fit parameters shows that the model is not able to accommodate a matter-dominated stage required to the formation of structure.

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The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened tropical biomes, with much of the standing forest in small (less than 50 ha), disturbed and isolated patches. The pattern of land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) which has resulted in this critical scenario has not yet been fully investigated. Here, we describe the LULCC in three Atlantic Forest fragmented landscapes (Sao Paulo, Brazil) between 1960-1980s and 1980-2000s. The three studied landscapes differ in the current proportion of forest cover, having 10%, 30% and 50% respectively. Between the 1960s and 1980s. forest cover of two landscapes was reduced while the forest cover in the third landscape increased slightly. The opposite trend was observed between the 1980s and 2000s: forest regeneration was greater than deforestation at the landscapes with 10% and 50% of forest cover and, as a consequence, forest cover increased. By contrast, the percentage of forest cover at the landscape with 30% of forest cover was drastically reduced between the 1980s and 2000s. LULCC deviated from a random trajectory, were not constant through time in two study landscapes and were not constant across space in a given time period. This landscape dynamism in single locations over small temporal scales is a key factor to be considered in models of LULCC to accurately simulate future changes for the Atlantic Forest. In general, forest patches became more isolated when deforestation was greater than forest regeneration and became more connected when forest regeneration was greater than deforestation. As a result of the dynamic experienced by the study landscapes, individual forest patches currently consist of a mosaic of different forest age classes which is likely to impact bio-diversity. Furthermore, landscape dynamics suggests the beginning of a forest transition in some Atlantic Forest regions, what could be of great importance for biodiversity conservation due to the potential effects of young secondary forests in reducing forest isolation and maintaining a significant amount of the original biodiversity. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Native bees are important providers of pollination services, but there are cumulative evidences of their decline. Global changes such as habitat losses, invasions of exotic species and climate change have been suggested as the main causes of the decline of pollinators. In this study, the influence of climate change on the distribution of 10 species of Brazilian bees was estimated with species distribution modelling. We used Maxent algorithm (maximum entropy) and two different scenarios, an optimistic and a pessimistic, to the years 2050 and 2080. We also evaluated the percentage reduction of species habitat based on the future scenarios of climate change through Geographic Information System (GIS). Results showed that the total area of suitable habitats decreased for all species but one under the different future scenarios. The greatest reductions in habitat area were found for Melipona bicolor bicolor and Melipona scutellaris, which occur predominantly in areas related originally to Atlantic Moist Forest. The species analysed have been reported to be pollinators of some regional crops and the consequence of their decrease for these crops needs further clarification. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The aim of this study was to identify future distribution areas and propose actions to preserve passion fruit pollination service under a scenario of future climate change. We used four species of Xylocopa bees that are important for passion fruit pollination in Brazilian Tropical Savannas. We also used the known forage plant species (33 species) that are associated with this same area, since passion fruit flowers provide only nectar for bees and only during their blossoming period. We used species distribution modeling to predict the potential areas of occurrence for each bee and plant based on the current day distribution and a future climate scenario (moderate projections of climate change to 2050). We used a geographic information system to classify the models and to analyze the future areas for both groups of species. The current day distribution map showed that Xylocopa and plant species occurred primarily in the southern and central-eastern areas of the Brazilian Tropical Savannas. In the north, Xylocopa species only occurred in a small area between the states of Maranhão and Piauí while forage plant species were only observed in the northern part of the Tocantins State. However, both future scenarios (bees and plants) showed a shift in distribution, with occurrence predominantly detected in the northern areas of Brazilian Tropical Savannas. Possible conservation areas and the use of appropriate agricultural practices were suggested to ensure the maintenance of the bee/plant focal species.