The Narrative Turn in the French Novel of the 1970s

The most important French literary movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the nouveau roman, radically questioned the idea of the novel as storytelling, claiming that narratives create a false illusion of the world’s intelligibility. However, in the 1970s storytelling finds its way back into the French novel – a shift that has been characterized as the “return of the narrative”. In my article, I argue that the “narrative turn” in the French novel of the 1970s can be seen as a turn towards a fundamentally hermeneutic view of the narrative mediatedness of our relation to the world. From a hermeneutic perspective, the nouveaux romanciers – insofar as they reject the narrative in order to disclose the discontinuous, fragmentary and chaotic nature of reality – hang onto the positivistic idea that “real” is only that which is independent of human meaning-giving processes. By contrast, the hermeneutists, such as Paul Ricoeur, consider also the human experience of the world to be real, and largely narrative in form. This view is shared by the principal novelists associated with the narrative turn, such as Michel Tournier to whom man is a “mythological animal”. However, after the nouveau roman , narratives have lost their innocence: they no longer appear as “natural” but are conscious of their own narrativity, historicity, and the way they represent only one possible – inevitably ethically and politically charged – perspective into reality. By making storytelling thematic and by telling “counter-stories” that question prevailing models of sense-making, Tournier and other “new storytellers” strive to promote critical reflection on the stories on the basis of which we orient to the world and narrate our lives – both as individuals and as communities.

Identification of miRNAs from French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under low nitrate stress

Objective: In this study, we report the role of miRNAs involved under nitrogen starvation from widely grown vegetable crop, French bean. In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to the elucidation of miRNAs involved in low nitrate stress. Methods: To identify miRNAs expressed under stress, cDNA libraries were analyzed. Results: We reported the nine potential miRNAs with 67 targets involved in nutrient transporters and other stress specific genes. Among the miRNA sequences obtained 6 sequences belong to miR172 family, one with miR169. RT-PCR analysis of expression of miR172 family was induced upon low nitrate stress while miR169 family was repressed. In addition, Pvu-SN7b and Pvu-miR16 may be new members of miRNA172 and miR169 families, respectively. Conclusion: The targets of Pvu-SN7b were major protein kinases, one among which is the Protein Kinase CK2. CK2 Kinase is found to involve in transcription-directed signaling, gene control and cell-cycle regulation. Other targets of Pvu-SN7b were involved in DNA-dependent transcription regulation, photo-periodism, calcium-mediated signaling. Pvu-miR16 targets Thymidine kinase, the key enzyme of deoxy-nucleotide synthesis. The cleavage of these targets affects cell proliferation there by affecting nodule formation. Pvu-miR8 inhibits translation of its target protein Pre-protein translocase, a membrane-bound protein transporter involved in trans-membrane protein transportation. Together these results denote the response and role of miRNAs to nitrate-limiting conditions in French bean.

80 C 146 U.S. Aeroplane carrier "Saratoga" and French cruiser "Joan D'Arc" in Pedro Miguel Lock - Panama Canal - 2/7/28

Leonard Carpenter Panama Canal Collection. Photographs: Views of Panama and the Canal. [Box 1] from the Special Collections & Area Studies Department, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida.

Analysis of volatility transmissions in integrated and interconnected markets: The case of the Iberian and French markets

This paper models the mean and volatility spillovers of prices within the integrated Iberian and the interconnected Spanish and French electricity markets. Using the constant (CCC) and dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) bivariate models with three different specifications of the univariate variance processes, we study the extent to which increasing interconnection and harmonization in regulation have favoured price convergence. The data consist of daily prices calculated as the arithmetic mean of the hourly prices over a span from July 1st 2007 until February 29th 2012. The DCC model in which the variances of the univariate processes are specified with a VARMA(1,1) fits the data best for the integrated MIBEL whereas a CCC model with a GARCH(1,1) specification for the univariate variance processes is selected to model the price series in Spain and France. Results show that there are significant mean and volatility spillovers in the MIBEL, indicating strong interdependence between the two markets, while there is a weaker evidence of integration between the Spanish and French markets. We provide new evidence that the EU target of achieving a single electricity market largely depends on increasing trade between countries and homogeneous rules of market functioning.

Ecologia molecular de ostras (Crassostrea spp.) do Atlântico Tropical

Crassostrea (Sacco, 1897) é o gênero mais importante do mundo de ostras de cultivo e consiste de 34 espécies distribuídas pelas regiões tropicais e temperadas do globo. C. gasar e C. rhizophorae são as duas espécies nativas que estão distribuídas ao longo de toda a costa do Brasil até o Caribe. C. gasar também ocorre na costa da Africa. Ainda que sua distribuição seja extensa e com disponibilidade abundante, o cultivo de ostras nativas no Brasil ainda é incipiente e a delimitação correta dos estoques mantém-se incerta. O sucesso do desenvolvimento da malacocultura, que é recomendada internacionalmente como forma sustentável de aquicultura, depende da resolução desses problemas. Assim, com o objetivo de determinar geneticamente seus estoques no Atlântico como também estimar sua história demográfica, dois diferentes marcadores moleculares foram empregados: sequências de DNA da região controle mitocondrial e loci de microssatélites espécie-especifícos, desenvolvidos no presente estudo. Foram sequenciados fragmentos da região controle de um total de 930 indivíduos de C. gasar e C. rhizophorae coletados em 32 localidades que incluíram o Caribe, a Guiana Francesa, a costa brasileira e a África. Também foram realizadas genotipagens de 1178 indivíduos, e ambas as espécies, com 9 e 11 loci de microssatélites para C. gasar e C. rhizophorae, respectivamente. Os dados genéticos foram analisados através de diferentes abordagens (índices de estruturação (FST) e de (Jost D), análise molecular de variância (AMOVA), análise espacial molecular de variância (SAMOVA), Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSP), análise fatorial de correspondência (AFC) e análise de atribuição Bayesiana (STRUCTURE)). Os resultados indicaram um padrão geral de estruturação, onde dois diferentes estoques foram detectados para ambas as espécies: grupos do norte e do sul, onde o Rio de Janeiro seria a região limitante entre os dois estoques. Os maiores valores dos índices de estruturação foram encontrados para C. gasar, indicando que esta espécie estaria mais estruturada do que C. rhizophorae. As análises demográficas indicaram uma provável expansão das populações durante o ultimo período glacial e uma possível origem americana das populações africanas. Todos os resultados sugeriram a existência de uma barreira geográfica próxima ao Rio de Janeiro, que poderia ser a cadeia de Vitória-Trindade e o fenômeno de ressurgência que ocorre em Cabo Frio (RJ). Esses resultados serão de grande utilidade para estabelecer critérios para seleção de sementes para cultivo ao longo da costa do Brasil que permitirá o manejo adequado dos estoques ostreícolas, prevenindo seu desaparecimento como já ocorrido em outros recifes no mundo.

Growth and mortality of Ctenochaetus striatus, Stegastes nigricans and Sargocentron microstoma in Tiahura Reef, Moorea Island, French Polynesia

Growth parameters and mortality rates were estimated from length-frequency data sampled in 1982, using the FiSAT software, for three coral reef fish species, the surgeon fish (Ctenochaetus striatus), the damselfish (Stegastes nigricans) and the squirrel fish (Sargocentron microstoma) in Tiahura Reef, Moorea Island, French Polynesia.

The lagoon fisheries of French Polynesia

A brief review is presented of the lagoon fisheries of the Tuamotu (especially Rangiroa) and Society Archipelagos, French Polynesia, with some emphasis on the role of traps and of social and economic factors affecting the distribution of fishing effort.