Fate of clinical research studies after ethical approval--follow-up of study protocols until publication.

BACKGROUND: Many clinical studies are ultimately not fully published in peer-reviewed journals. Underreporting of clinical research is wasteful and can result in biased estimates of treatment effect or harm, leading to recommendations that are inappropriate or even dangerous. METHODS: We assembled a cohort of clinical studies approved 2000-2002 by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Freiburg, Germany. Published full articles were searched in electronic databases and investigators contacted. Data on study characteristics were extracted from protocols and corresponding publications. We characterized the cohort, quantified its publication outcome and compared protocols and publications for selected aspects. RESULTS: Of 917 approved studies, 807 were started and 110 were not, either locally or as a whole. Of the started studies, 576 (71%) were completed according to protocol, 128 (16%) discontinued and 42 (5%) are still ongoing; for 61 (8%) there was no information about their course. We identified 782 full publications corresponding to 419 of the 807 initiated studies; the publication proportion was 52% (95% CI: 0.48-0.55). Study design was not significantly associated with subsequent publication. Multicentre status, international collaboration, large sample size and commercial or non-commercial funding were positively associated with subsequent publication. Commercial funding was mentioned in 203 (48%) protocols and in 205 (49%) of the publications. In most published studies (339; 81%) this information corresponded between protocol and publication. Most studies were published in English (367; 88%); some in German (25; 6%) or both languages (27; 6%). The local investigators were listed as (co-)authors in the publications corresponding to 259 (62%) studies. CONCLUSION: Half of the clinical research conducted at a large German university medical centre remains unpublished; future research is built on an incomplete database. Research resources are likely wasted as neither health care professionals nor patients nor policy makers can use the results when making decisions.

Association between Inflammatory and Obesity Markers in a Swiss Population-Based Sample (CoLaus Study).

Objective: To assess the associations between obesity markers (BMI, waist circumference and %body fat) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β); interleukin-6 (IL-6); tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)). Methods: Population sample of 2,884 men and 3,201 women aged 35-75 years. Associations were assessed using ridge regression adjusting for age, leisure-time physical activity, and smoking. Results: No differences were found in IL-1β levels between participants with increased obesity markers and healthy counterparts; multivariate regression showed %body fat to be negatively associated with IL-1β. Participants with high %body fat or abdominal obesity had higher IL-6 levels, but no independent association between IL-6 levels and obesity markers was found on multivariate regression. Participants with abdominal obesity had higher TNF-α levels, and positive associations were found between TNF-α levels and waist circumference in men and between TNF-α levels and BMI in women. Obese participants had higher hs-CRP levels, and these differences persisted after multivariate adjustment; similarly, positive associations were found between hs-CRP levels and all obesity markers studied. Conclusion: Obesity markers are differentially associated with cytokine levels. %Body fat is negatively associated with IL-1β; BMI (in women) and waist circumference (in men) are associated with TNF-α; all obesity markers are positively associated with hs-CRP. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.

Kleine Lotterien - grosse Unterschiede : eine Untersuchung von Kleinlotterien, Tombolas und Lottos

Während im Kanton Freiburg durchschnittlich 2'500 Lottos pro Jahr veranstaltet werden, sind es im Kanton Zürich gerade einmal 150. Der Kanton Schaffhausen kennt keine gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zu Kleinlotterien, Tombolas oder Lottos, der Kanton Waadt dagegen regelt sogar die Farbe der Lottokarten. Obwohl der Bund umfassende Gesetzgebungskompetenz im Bereich der Glücksspiele innehat, trifft er im Lotteriegesetz keine abschliessenden Regelungen für gemeinnützige und wohltätige Lotterien. Für Unterhaltungslotterien sieht er sogar einen absoluten Vorbehalt des kantonalen Rechts vor. Die Folge davon ist eine fast unüberschaubare Vielzahl von Regelungen, die sich von Kanton zu Kanton unterscheiden. Eine syste¬matische Über¬sicht fehlt bis anhin ebenso wie eine Gesamterhebung der in den letzten Jahren durchgeführten Tombolas und Lottos. Die vorliegende Arbeit will diese Lücke schliessen. Sie untersucht, welche gesetzlichen Regelungen es für Kleinlotterien, Tombolas und Lottos in den Kantonen gibt und wie oft diese veranstaltet werden. Die dabei umgesetzten Geld¬summen werden miteinander verglichen. Alors qu'en moyenne, 2500 lotos sont organisés chaque année dans le canton de Fribourg, seuls 150 le sont sur une même période dans le canton de Zürich. Le canton de Schaffhouse ne dispose pas de loi concernant les petites loteries, les tombolas ou les lotos, alors que le canton de Vaud va jusqu'à définir la couleur des cartons pour les lotos. On constate que même si la Confédération possède une compétence législative globale en matière de jeux de hasard, elle n'a pas légiféré exhaustivement la matière des loteries servant à des fins d'utilité publique ou de bienfaisance. De plus, la compétence législative en matière de loterie organisée à l'occasion d'une réunion récréative est déléguée au niveau cantonal. Par conséquent, on observe une multitude presque confuse de différentes régulations cantonales. Actuellement, il est impossible d'avoir une vue d'ensemble systématique ainsi qu'une statistique globale contenant des données des tombolas et lotos organisés dans les différents cantons. Ce travail vise à combler cette lacune en analysant quelques régulations cantonales pour les petites loteries, tombolas et lotos, en comparant le nombre de fois que ces loteries sont organisées ainsi que les sommes dépensées pour ces mêmes loteries.