Grammaire bilingue : française et basque / par J.-B. Archu = Bi mihiren gramatika : uskara eta Franzesa / egina J.-B. Archu.

Texto paralelo en francés y euskera

Introduction à la langue française et à la langue basque / par A. Hiriart.

Grammaire basque-française à l'usage des écoles du Pays basque = Uskara eta franzes gramatika Uskalherrietako haurrenzat eguina / J.B. Archu

Grammaire générale : ou exposition raisonnée des éléments nécessaires du langage ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Praeclarissimum opus diui Isidori Hyspalensis, quod aetimologiarum inscribitur ... : quasi i hoc volumine solu[m] de re gra[m]matica, atq[ue] vocabulor[m] interpretationibus ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Oeuvres complètes de Condillac.

Mode of access: Internet.

Compendio di grammatica comparativa dello antico indiano, greco ed italico /

Mode of access: Internet.

Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne consideré dans l'histoire naturelle de la parole ou Grammaire universelle et comparative, avec des figures en Taille-Douce /

Mode of access: Internet.

Elemens d'ideologie /

Contiene: T. I: 1e partie. Idéologie proprement dite (An XIII [1804] ; 2 ?ed. ; XXXII, 456 p.) -- T. II: 2e partie. Grammaire (An XI [1803] ; XII, 454 p.) -- T. III: 3e partie. Logique (An XII [1805] ; VIII, 671 p.) -- T. IV: 4e et 5e parties. Traité de la volanté et de ses effects (Vve. Cournier, 1815 ; VI, 578 p.)

Tabulae totius dialectices : aliarum artium instrumenti praecepta vtilissima breuiter cemplectentes, ordine perspicuo digestae /

Mode of access: Internet.

Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne consideré dans l'histoire naturelle de la parole ou Grammaire universelle et comparative, avec des figures en Taille-Douce /

Mode of access: Internet.

Coleccion española de las obras gramaticales de Cesar Du Marsais ordenadas para la instruccion pública /

Anteportada.

Grundzüge der physiologie und systematik der sprachlaute für linguisten und taubstummenlehrer /

Mode of access: Internet.

As vogais médias tônicas: um estudo contrastivo da metafonia com base em corpus

This research analyzes the average previous stressed vowels [ε] and [e] and later [ɔ] and [o] in nominal and verbal forms in the 1st person singular and 3rd person singular and plural in the present tense, specifically the umlaut process of mid vowels /e/ and /o/, which assimilate in /ε/ and /ᴐ/ in stressed position. The general objective of this research is to describe and quantify the occurrence of umlaut and subsequently analyze in which words there is regularity or not. As specific objectives we have: i) to compile and to label an oral, spontaneous, synchronic and regional corpus, from radio programs produced in the city of Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais; ii) to describe the characteristics of the corpus to be compiled; iii) to investigate the alternating timbre of mid vowels in stressed position; iv) to identify instances of nominal and verbal umlaut of the middle vowels in stressed position; v) to describe the identified cases of nominal and verbal umlaut; vi) to analyze the probable causes for the variation of the middle vowels. To perform the proposed analysis, we have adopted as a theoretical-methodological basis multi-representational models: Phonology of Use (BYBEE, 2001) and Exemplar Theory (PIERREHUMBERT, 2001) combined with the precepts of Corpus Linguistics (BEBER SARDINHA, 2004). The corpus consisted of 16 radio programs – eight political and eight religious – from the city of Ituiutaba-MG, with recordings of about 20 to 40 minutes. We note, by means of the results generated by WordSmith Tools® software, version 6.0 (SCOTT, 2012), that the analyzed forms show little variation, which shows that the umlaut is a process already lexicalized in participants of the radio programs analyzed. We conclude that the results converge with the proposal of the Phonology of Use (BYBEE, 2001; PHILLIPS, 1984) that less frequent words that have no phonetic environment conducive to change, are changed first.

The functional structure of the sentence: evidence from non-finite clauses

Non-finite clauses are sentential constituents with a verbal head that lacks a morphological specification for tense and agreement. In this paper I contend that these clauses are defective not only morphologically but also syntactically, in the sense that they all lack some of the functional categories that make up a full sentence. In particular I argue that to-infinitive clauses, gerund(ive) clauses and participial clauses differ among themselves, and with respect to other subordinate clauses, in the degree of structural defectiveness they display, which goes from the almost complete functional structure of the infinitive to the maximal degree of syntactic truncation of participial clauses (analyzed here as verbal small clauses). I also show the significant parallelism that exists in this respect between English and Spanish non-finite clauses, pointing to the implication this may have for a cross-linguistic approach to the cartography of syntactic structures.