El fragmento y la abstracción

El tema objeto de esta Tesis, el Fragmento y la Abstracción, es una propuesta de análisis sobre el diálogo entre el fragmento como object trouvé y la abstracción, como un modo de proceder por parte del autor en el proyecto de arquitectura. En un principio, tal vez la creación artística nació como un intento por comprender la complejidad del mundo en que el ser humano vivía. Y se dedica a establecer un diálogo con el fragmento, a veces buscando su significado como parte de una historia desconocida, otras como parte de su propia historia pero también como referencia a una etapa mítica, convirtiéndose en símbolo de un paraíso perdido. El fragmento ha dado lugar al diálogo entre obra y autor tanto en música como en literatura o pintura. Esta tesis intenta analizar dicho diálogo en la arquitectura. Esta investigación comienza interrogándose sobre el sentido del fragmento y la abstracción como el modo de pensamiento leve, en definición de Italo Calvino, que nos permite conectar las ideas más alejadas. Para ello, se propusieron cinco modelos para explorar dicha relación. Los edificios elegidos fueron 1.- Villa Adriana 2.- Palacio de Carlos V en la Alhambra 3.- La casa- museo de Sir John Soane 4.- El Carmen de Rodríguez-Acosta 5.- Castelvecchio Dos de ellos residencies imperiales (1 y 2) Dos fortalezas (2 y5) Dos casas-estudio (3 y 4) Las cinco tienen relación con jardines De sus autores no todos son conocidos Tres de ellos se dedicaron a la docencia en arquitectura. Los cinco tienen carácter museográfico. P.D. Durante la investigación, para relacionar a unos y otros, se introdujo a Gian Battista Piranesi como importante nexo de unión entre antigüedad y modernidad. ABSTRACT The subject of this Thesis “Fragment and Abstraction, is a purpose of analysis about the dialogue between fragment as object trouvé and abstraction, as a way to do by the author in the architectural project. At first, we suppose historically that artistic creation is born as a way to understand the complexity of the world where the human beings lives. They tried to stablish a dialogue with the fragment, looking for its meaning, sometimes as the part of an unknown story, sometimes as part of their own history, but sometimes as reference of mythic times, becoming a symbol of a lost paradise. In arts, fragment is at beginning of many dialogues between craft and the author, as we know in music, literature or painting. This thesis try to analyze this dialogue in architecture. This investigation began asking for the meaning of fragment as something what was broken out from something we do not know, and abstraction as an immaterial way of thinking which let us connecting the most far ideas. Therefore, five architectural model were proposed, in order to explain that relationship. The chosen buildings were: 1- Villa Adriana 2- Charles V Imperator’s Palace at la Alhambra 3- Sir John Soane House -Museum 4- Rodríguez –Acostas’s Carmen 5- Castelvecchio by Carlo Scarpa There are: Two Imperial palaces (the 1st and 2nd), Two fortresses (the 2nd and 5th) Two House-Artist Studio (the 3rd and 4th) Five types of relationship with gardens. The authors, from them, we do not know some of them Three of the architects used to teach architecture All of them went to Rome Now the five buildings have become museum institution.During the investigation, in order to explain the relationship between them, I introduced Giambattista Piranesi as an important nexus to understand the transition from the antiquity to the modernity.

[Fragmento del Corán] [Manuscrito]

Enc. en piel, en forma de cartera

Presencia de carbonato cálcico (CaCO3) recarbonatado en un probable fragmento constructivo de la ocupación neolítica cardial de Benàmer

Análisis mediante diferentes técnicas instrumentales (ATR-IR, TG, MO, SEM, DRX, FRX, etc..) de un fragmento constructivo procedente de un yacimiento Neolítico-Mesolítico de Cantera Benàmer (Muro d'Alcoi, Alicante).

El cantar de las hijas del Cid (fragmento de gesta)

Mode of access: Internet.

Las ideas actuales : con un fragmento de la novela El apóstol /

El apóstol.--El materialismo histórico.--Sobre moral biológica.--El hombre y la Naturaleza.--Clemenceau, Zola, Barrés.--Una visita a Paúl Bourget.--La restauración nacionalista.--Propósitos literarios.

Fragmento de la Codificación de leyes y disposiciones referentes a minería ; [estudio crítico de la legislación referente a sociedades anónimas] /

Mode of access: Internet.

A cachoeira de Paulo Affonso, poema original brasileiro; fragmento dos: Escravos, sob o titulo de Manuscriptos de Stenio. Gonzago; ou, A revolução de Minas.

Mode of access: Internet.

Nueva disertacion acerca de un fragmento de Afranio /

Mode of access: Internet.

Excursion a Cuelap (departemento de Amazonas - Per̕u); fragmento de las notas de viaje.

Mode of access: Internet.

Estudo de viabilidade técnico-ambiental para implantação de parques eólicos: um estudo de caso em um fragmento do litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte/Brasil

The use of energy from renewable sources is increasingly demanded by society, especially aeolian - whose raw material is wind. Investments in wind power have become significant in Brazil with emphasis on the Northeast and in particular the Rio Grande do Norte state. According to the Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (Energy Research Company) (2012 ) , investments in the state grew significantly since 2002 with a total accumulated power, by 2013, of approximately 3,400 MW . Even with the early experiences of exploitation of wind energy in 2002, it is still considered new and requires further study referring to the likely changes in the environment and society. In this case, it is of growing and urgent importance to deeply study the wind still in the survey phase of the project, ie , at the beginning of decision making on the most feasible to implement these parks site. Given the above, the question is: from a technical and environmental analysis, how to identify viable areas to install Aeolian parks, taking into account the factors of the environmental dynamics that are relevant to minimize the negative results to the environment and the society? Thus, this study conducted a study on technical and environmental feasibility, proposing a methodology of exploration of feasible wind farms in coastal areas. The study area was a fragment of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte and its natural landscape units were identified through the environmental characterization of the area, as well as it was elaborated the map of the land cover, restriction homes and urban areas and Permanent Preservation Areas - PPAs. The environmental fragility was subdivided in the fragility of the natural dynamic, mapped through relief, soils and geology of natural units, and the fragility of the ecosystem, originated by the land cover map. In addition to these maps, it was generated the wind resource for an area from a height of 50 and 100 meters. The intersection between the fragility maps, PPAs and Restriction of homes superimposed on maps of wind potential, provided the map of feasibility of Aeolian parks, resulting in the most favorable areas for its facilities in a technical and environmental point of view. From this study, the entrepreneur can evaluate whether or not to proceed with the studies in this area and especially decrease potential conflicts with society.

Preferência e competição alimentar em um grupo de Sapajus flavius em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Caaporã – Paraíba – Brasil

Feeding is the primary selective pressure in all forms of animals. Nutritional ecological models predict consequences of preferred and non-preferred food consumption on behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations. At same time, socioecological models infer socio-organizarion patterns based on feeding competition faced by animals. A list of preferred foods, and inferences regarding the intensity of feeding competition and its behavioural consequences are information of much importance for management of populations in fragments. In this work we observed the feeding behavior and spatial positioning of a group of more than 100 blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) that inhabit a fragment of Atlantic forest, surrounded by sugarcane plantation. We compared the consumption of different food items with their monthly availability in the area to define the preferred and fallback food items. We recorded the vocalizations of aggression and the inter-individual distance (area of Minimum Convex Polygon/n individuals) to infer the type of food competition experienced by animals. In the year studied the fruit feeding time correlated with top consumed fruit productivity, indicating preference for fruits. Our data indicate that the species Elaeis sp., Cecropia palmata, Inga spp. and Simarouba amara are the preferred food items in the diet. Available all year round and uniformly distributed, sugarcane was a regular item in the diet and its was characterized as a staple fallback food for this group. Although fruits are preferential food items, direct competition rate did not correlate to fruit productivity in the area, maintaining the high rates throughout the year (2.45 events/ hour). The inter-individual distance index positively correlated with rain fall indicating scramble food competition. The number of neighbours of females carrying infants was smaller when fruit productivity is low, indicating that females carrying infants are suffering increased indirect competition. Our data indicates that blond capuchins in this fragment make use of sugar cane as a staple fallback food, which evidence the importance of sugar cane landscape for the survival of this critically endangered capuchin species in fragmented habitats in Northeast Brazil. A preliminary list of preferred and important foods is offered, and can assist in the choice of trees for reforestation, better fragments to be preserved and areas of release and translocation of animals. We did not observe an increase of contest competition while using preferred foods, but when using staple FBF. This may be due the altered environment, which results in high competition food throughout the year. Both the food preference as the social and behavioral consequences of high food competition experienced by animals in this fragment must be accompanied over the years to ensure the survival of this population.

Preferência e competição alimentar em um grupo de Sapajus flavius em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Caaporã – Paraíba – Brasil

Feeding is the primary selective pressure in all forms of animals. Nutritional ecological models predict consequences of preferred and non-preferred food consumption on behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations. At same time, socioecological models infer socio-organizarion patterns based on feeding competition faced by animals. A list of preferred foods, and inferences regarding the intensity of feeding competition and its behavioural consequences are information of much importance for management of populations in fragments. In this work we observed the feeding behavior and spatial positioning of a group of more than 100 blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) that inhabit a fragment of Atlantic forest, surrounded by sugarcane plantation. We compared the consumption of different food items with their monthly availability in the area to define the preferred and fallback food items. We recorded the vocalizations of aggression and the inter-individual distance (area of Minimum Convex Polygon/n individuals) to infer the type of food competition experienced by animals. In the year studied the fruit feeding time correlated with top consumed fruit productivity, indicating preference for fruits. Our data indicate that the species Elaeis sp., Cecropia palmata, Inga spp. and Simarouba amara are the preferred food items in the diet. Available all year round and uniformly distributed, sugarcane was a regular item in the diet and its was characterized as a staple fallback food for this group. Although fruits are preferential food items, direct competition rate did not correlate to fruit productivity in the area, maintaining the high rates throughout the year (2.45 events/ hour). The inter-individual distance index positively correlated with rain fall indicating scramble food competition. The number of neighbours of females carrying infants was smaller when fruit productivity is low, indicating that females carrying infants are suffering increased indirect competition. Our data indicates that blond capuchins in this fragment make use of sugar cane as a staple fallback food, which evidence the importance of sugar cane landscape for the survival of this critically endangered capuchin species in fragmented habitats in Northeast Brazil. A preliminary list of preferred and important foods is offered, and can assist in the choice of trees for reforestation, better fragments to be preserved and areas of release and translocation of animals. We did not observe an increase of contest competition while using preferred foods, but when using staple FBF. This may be due the altered environment, which results in high competition food throughout the year. Both the food preference as the social and behavioral consequences of high food competition experienced by animals in this fragment must be accompanied over the years to ensure the survival of this population.

Florística e ecologia de briófitas em um fragmento de restinga no extremo sul do Brasil

A Área de Proteção Ambiental da Lagoa Verde é composta por um mosaico de unidades ambientais. Entre elas, destaca-se um fragmento de mata de restinga que reúne características físicas e microclimáticas para o estudo de ecologia de briófitas. Este estudo teve por objetivo realizar o levantamento das espécies de briófitas; fornece novas ocorrências de briófitas para o Rio Grande do Sul; avaliar a influência dos gradientes longitudinal e vertical na distribuição de briófitas; quantificar a variação da diversidade de briófitas nos gradientes longitudinal e vertical. Foram identificadas 51 espécies de briófitas como novas ocorrências para o Rio Grande do Sul, sendo 11 musgos e 40 hepáticas. Além do local de estudo foram identificadas espécies que estavam no herbário SP. No estudo dos gradientes longitudinal e vertical foram identificadas 53 espécies de briófitas, sendo 17 musgos e 36 hepáticas. Através da análise dos transectos e da inclusão dos forófitos subdivididos em três zonas de altura, foram coletadas amostras terrícolas e corticícolas. As briófitas respondem aos gradientes, através dos fatores microclimáticos (luminosidade e umidade), em relação ao aumento da riqueza e mudança na composição de espécies. A partição aditiva da diversidade de briófitas quantificou a variação da composição de espécies em cada gradiente. A diversidade entre cada nível dos gradientes longitudinal (umidade) e vertical (luminosidade) variou em torno de 40% e 50%, respectivamente. Em conclusão, o estudo sobre a ecologia de briófitas gerou conhecimento sobre a diversidade e biogeografia das espécies; contribuiu para o entendimento da distribuição das briófitas em função dos gradientes longitudinal e vertical, por influência de fatores microclimáticos e; revelou a variação da composição de espécies em função dos gradientes horizontal (umidade) e vertical (luminosidade).

Caracterização de frutos, divergência genética e estrutura espacial de jaboticabeiras nativas de fragmento florestal em Clevelândia - PR

To design strategies for the conservation and use of genetic resources of tree species such as jaboticaba tree, it is essential to make the characterization. In southwestern Paraná region, there are several forest fragments containing native jaboticaba tree (Plinia cauliflora), whose materials have broad potential for commercial orchards or breeding programs. As is the potential genetic diversity of a population to produce different genotypes, it would be able to start in such a characterization one of these fragments. The aim was to characterize fruits of jaboticaba tree (P. caulifora) of forest fragment kept in Clevelândia - PR for the presence of phenotypic variability, seeking to identify those superiors named for future selection as farming or male parent, as well as estimate genetic divergence between them, as a complementary tool for this purpose. Also, verify the regeneration and spatial distribution of the species. For the study was defined portion of a hectare (10.000 m²), with all individuals identified, mapped, with local coordinate system, and measured height and diameter. Fruits were characterized by sensory and biochemical characteristics in two years, 70 genotypes at 2013 and 56 at 2014, and of these 33 genotypes in both years. As a pre-selection criteria was adopted the choice of 20% of the genotypes that showed the highest frequency of superiority in the evaluated characteristics of the fruit. Genetic divergence among 33 genotypes per year was analyzed. The distribution pattern and spatial association was evaluated by Ripley's K function. It was classified for the first time the following ontogenetic stages of jaboticaba tree, by plant height, seedling (from 0.01 to 0.99 m), juvenile (1.0 to 4.99 m), immature (> 5.0 m, non-reproductive), adult (reproductive). It was also have been describe for the first time the naturally occurring juxtaposed seedlings, indicating polyembryony. The number of regenerating identified in the population (seedlings: n = 2163; juveniles: n = 330; immature: n = 59) was much larger than the number of adults (n = 132). The species showed reverse J-shaped size structure standard, with high concentration of regenerating. The regeneration distribution occurs in aggregate pattern and there is seedling-adult dependence, due seed dispersal and seedling emergence closest to mothers. The jaboticaba tree regeneration is sufficient to maintain the species for long term in this population, which should serve as reference to regeneration success for other studies of this important fruiting species from Ombrofile Mixed Forests. Has been pre-selected the jaboticaba trees 7, 42, 43, 47, 54, 91, 97, 104, 105, 118, 134, 153, 154, 157, 163, 169, 177, 186, 212, J7-01 and J7- 02, and 16 and 194 the ones that can now be selected by the superior characteristics of both cycles. It was recommended to carry out hybridization between genotypes 79 and 119, and 96 to 148. The quality of fruit analyzed showed potential for use as a dual purpose serving both in natura market or processing.