Regulação de indústrias de rede: entre flexibilidade e estabilidade

This paper explores the problems of an unstable regulatory regime in network industries and addresses the tension between the necessary flexibility in the long-term regulatory commitment and the need for institutional stability. A draft statute that substantively changes the initial terms under which fixed telecommunications services have been transferred to private companies - currently under discussion in the Brazilian Congress - is presented as an example of that tension. Some alternative proposals to tackle with universal service challenges - the underlying problem behind the mentioned draft statute - are presented in the end.

Cognitive coaching : a multiple case study /

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the application of Cognitive Coaching as a school-based professional development program to improve instructional thought and decision making as well as to enhance staff perceptions, coUegiality and school culture. This topic emerged from personal and professional issues related to the role ofthe reflective practitioner in improving the quality of education, yet cognizant of the fact that little professional development was available to train teachers to become reflective. This case study, positioned within the interpretive sciences, focused on three teachers and how their experiences with cognitive coaching affected their teaching practices. Their knowledge, understanding and use of the four stages of instructional thought (preactive, interactive, reflective and projective) were tested before and at the end of eight coaching cycles, and again after two months to determine whether they had continued to use the reflective process. They were also assessed on whether their attitude towards peer coaching had changed, whether their feelings about teaching had become more positive and whether their professional dialogue had increased. Three methods of data collection were selected to assess growth: interviews, observations and joumaling. Analysis primarily consisted of coding and organizing data according to emerging themes. Although the professed aim of cognitive coaching was to teach the process in order that the teachers would become self-analytical and self-modifying, this study found that the value of the coaching, after trust had been established in both the coach and the process, was in the dialoguing and the time set aside to do it. Once the coaching stopped providing the time to dialogue, to examine one's meanings and beliefs, so did the critical self-reflection. As a result ofthe cognitive coaching experience though, all participants grew in their feelings of efficacy, craftsmanship, flexibility, consciousness and interdependence. The actual and potential significance ofthis study was discussed according to implications for teacher supervision, professional development, school culture, further areas of research and to my personal growth and development.

Autonomic and Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Control in Aging

This thesis tested a model of neurovisceral integration (Thayer & Lane, 2001) wherein parasympathetic autonomic regulation is considered to play a central role in cognitive control. We asked whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a parasympathetic index, and cardiac workload (rate pressure product, RPP) would influence cognition and whether this would change with age. Cognitive control was measured behaviourally and electrophysiologically through the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe). The ERN and Pe are thought to be generated by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a region involved in regulating cognitive and autonomic control and susceptible to age-related change. In Study 1, older and younger adults completed a working memory Go/NoGo task. Although RSA did not relate to performance, higher pre-task RPP was associated with poorer NoGo performance among older adults. Relations between ERN/Pe and accuracy were indirect and more evident in younger adults. Thus, Study 1 supported the link between cognition and autonomic activity, specifically, cardiac workload in older adults. In Study 2, we included younger adults and manipulated a Stroop task to clarify conditions under which associations between RSA and performance will likely emerge. We varied task parameters to allow for proactive versus reactive strategies, and motivation was increased via financial incentive. Pre-task RSA predicted accuracy when response contingencies required maintenance of a specific item in memory. Thus, RSA was most relevant when performance required proactive control, a metabolically costly strategy that would presumably be more reliant on autonomic flexibility. In Study 3, we included older adults and examined RSA and proactive control in an additive factors framework. We maintained the incentive and measured fitness. Higher pre-task RSA among older adults was associated with greater accuracy when proactive control was needed most. Conversely, performance of young women was consistently associated with fitness. Relations between ERN/Pe and accuracy were modest; however, isolating ACC activity via independent component analysis allowed for more associations with accuracy to emerge in younger adults. Thus, performance in both groups appeared to be differentially dependent on RSA and ACC activation. Altogether, these data are consistent with a neurovisceral integration model in the context of cognitive control.

La agencia cognitiva como subproducto de la deliberación pública

De 2005 à 2007, le Ministère du Développement social de l’Uruguay a mis en oeuvre le Plan d’aide nationale à l’urgence sociale (PANES). Parmi les résultats les plus notables que les évaluations ont fournis, citons la dénaturation de certains phénomènes socioculturels fortement enracinés : la violence conjugale, l’immobilité sociale et l’analphabétisme des adultes. Le fait de considérer ces phénomènes comme acceptables prouve l’existence de mécanismes générateurs de préférences irrationnelles ou adaptatives. Quels ont été les processus qui ont contribué à dénaturer ces préférences ? L’évaluation du PANES semble indiquer que l’une des voies a été la participation à des groupes de promotion et d’échange. Ces résultats font écho à la littérature philosophique croissante qui porte sur l’importance de la délibération et de la participation en ce qui concerne le développement de capacités et d’autonomie. Voici donc notre hypothèse de travail : les instances de participation qui entraînent une délibération publique peuvent conduire à la dénaturation de certaines pratiques qui restreignent l’autonomie personnelle, par le biais de la constitution d’une agence cognitive intersubjective. Cette agence comporte trois aspects : a) elle sous-tend l’élargissement d’un « espace à soi » chez le sujet ; b) elle établit une distance réflexive qui permet de revoir des préférences et de reconstruire des niveaux d’estime de soi, de respect de soi et de confiance en soi, etc.) c) elle fait office de sous-produit d’activités établies à d’autres fins.

La agencia cognitiva como subproducto de la deliberación pública

Between 2005 and 2007 the Ministry of Social Development of Uruguay implemented the National Plan for Social Emergency (PANES). One of the most outstanding results in the evaluations was the de-naturalization of some socio-cultural phenomena that were strongly rooted within society: domestic violence, social immobility, adult illiteracy. The consideration of these social phenomena as acceptable demonstrates the existence of mechanisms that generate irrational or adaptive preferences. What were the processes that aided in the de-naturalization of these preferences? The evaluation of PANES concludes that one way was the local participation in groups that promote a public deliberation. These results are consistent with the philosophical literature on the importance of deliberation and participation for developing capabilities and autonomy. The hypothesis is as follows: the participation in groups that involve public deliberation can lead to reversing the adaptive preferences that restrict personal autonomy through the creation of an intersubjective and cognitive agency. This agency has three features: a) it involves the expansion of an "inner space" into the person, b) it establishes a reflective distance that allows for the revision of preferences to reconstruct levels of self-esteem, self-respect and self-confidence; c) it is generated as a byproduct of activities set for other purposes.

Cognitive abilities, sociocultural background and academic achievement

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Cognitive appraisals, emotional reactions, and their associations with three forms of peer-victimization

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Aplicaciones Organizacionales de TREC en el modelo RET

Las aplicaciones organizacionales de modelos psicológicos son una realidad frecuente en la práctica profesional. Sin embargo es frecuente que los soportes teóricos no sean elaborados de forma expresiva, debido al pragmatismo del entorno organizacional. Esta situación es visible al considerar el lenguaje, la estructura y el soporte teórico recogido en las publicaciones de psicólogos dirigidos al público de las empresas (el management). No obstante, las propuestas teóricas psicológicas en el campo del desarrollo, el desarrollo humano, la respuesta emocional, el aprendizaje en adultos y la cognición entre otros soportan modelos aplicados y desarrollos pragmáticos específicos. Así ocurre en el caso de TREC, que reconoce como los obstáculos emocionales relacionados con sobredemandas influyen negativamente en la comunicación y los vínculos que soportan el liderazgo en entorno organizacional. Diferentes aportes desde la inteligencia emocional permitirán entender y conectar la relación de estas teorías.

La disonancia cognitiva y trampa de la memoria en decisiones de Inversión: caso colombiano

Este documento es el resultado de una investigación bajo el enfoque de Finanzas Corporativas del Comportamiento, disciplina relevante en el mundo financiero desde el 2002 y que hasta el momento poco se ha investigado en Colombia. Esta difiere del supuesto tradicional de la racionalidad de los individuos en la toma de decisiones financieras, ya que pueden ser influenciadas por sesgos cognitivos y emocionales que la teoría ortodoxa no tiene en cuenta en sus supuestos. Esta investigación busca indagar, desde el punto de vista conceptual y mediante el análisis de resultados de estudio de campo con operadores del mercado bursátil colombiano, sobre la posible presencia de elementos comportamentales en las decisiones de inversión. Los sesgos que se evaluaron fueron: disonancia cognitiva, heurístico de disponibilidad y sesgo de confirmación. Para la recolección de fuentes primarias, una encuesta fue enviada a los operadores Colombianos, categorizados en operadores con experiencia y operadores jóvenes. Después del filtro, 142 encuestas fueron seleccionadas para el análisis. Los principales hallazgos fueron que los jóvenes son más propensos a experimentar disonancia cognitiva y heurístico de disponibilidad y en ambas categorías, los sesgos analizados influencian medianamente la toma de decisiones de inversión.

Efectos a largo plazo del tratamiento de un adolescente con fobia social generalizada mediante el cognitive-behavioral group therapy for adolescents (CBGT-A).

Contiene tablas. Resumen tomado de la revista

How children think and learn : the social contexts of cognitive development.

Se hace un repaso detallado de las teorías y los debates en torno a cómo los niños piensan y aprenden. También se reconocen los difíciles problemas a los que se enfrentan los profesores cuando tratan de conjugar la teoría y la investigación con la práctica en el aula.

Cognitive processes associated with the professional development of Mathematics teacher. 'Procesos cognitivos asociados al desarrollo profesional del profesor de Matem??ticas'

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Cognitive function in normal aging and in older adults with mild cognitive impairment

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Não sei...intervenção junto de um aluno com disfunção cognitiva em ambiência inclusiva

RESUMO: Neste trabalho pretende-se mostrar o trabalho desenvolvido num ambiente inclusivo numa turma onde se encontra um aluno com défice cognitivo ligeiro. Dele faz parte a pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a inclusão, deficiência mental e perturbações emocionais. Para identificar as diversas problemáticas da turma utilizámos a sociometria, observação naturalista entre outros. Após a recolha da informação definimos objectivos e estratégias sempre com base na inclusão. De seguida procedemos à intervenção junto do grupo nas áreas da socialização, comunicação e académica. No final realizámos a avaliação das diversas actividades de forma a percebermos se os objectivos foram alcançados. ABSTRACT: In this paper we want to show all the work we had trying to include on a regular class a student with mental retardation. To do so, we search for definitions of inclusion, mental retardation and emotional disorders to help us understand the student problem. We used the several techniques that help us find out how the students react with each other. After this we decided which objectives we wanted to achieve which this work and selected different strategies to work based on inclusion and stared working with the group. Finally we evaluated the work to see if it had helped the students or not.

Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers

Acute doses of Ginkgo biloba have been shown to improve attention and memory in young, healthy participants, but there has been a lack of investigation into possible effects on executive function. In addition, only one study has investigated the effects of chronic treatment in young volunteers. This study was conducted to compare the effects of ginkgo after acute and chronic treatment on tests of attention, memory and executive function in healthy university students. Using a placebo-controlled double-blind design, in experiment 1, 52 students were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of ginkgo (120 mg, n=26) or placebo (n=26), and were tested 4h later. In experiment 2, 40 students were randomly allocated to receive ginkgo (120 mg/day; n=20) or placebo (n=20) for a 6-week period and were tested at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. In both experiments, participants underwent tests of sustained attention, episodic and working memory, mental flexibility and planning, and completed mood rating scales. The acute dose of ginkgo significantly improved performance on the sustained-attention task and pattern-recognition memory task; however, there were no effects on working memory, planning, mental flexibility or mood. After 6 weeks of treatment, there were no significant effects of ginkgo on mood or any of the cognitive tests. In line with the literature, after acute administration ginkgo improved performance in tests of attention and memory. However, there were no effects after 6 weeks, suggesting that tolerance develops to the effects in young, healthy participants.