From the LHC to future colliders

Discoveries at the LHC will soon set the physics agenda for future colliders. This report of a CERN Theory Institute includes the summaries of Working Groups that reviewed the physics goals and prospects of LHC running with 10 to 300 fb(-1) of integrated luminosity, of the proposed sLHC luminosity upgrade, of the ILC, of CLIC, of the LHeC and of a muon collider. The four Working Groups considered possible scenarios for the first 10 fb(-1) of data at the LHC in which (i) a state with properties that are compatible with a Higgs boson is discovered, (ii) no such state is discovered either because the Higgs properties are such that it is difficult to detect or because no Higgs boson exists, (iii) a missing-energy signal beyond the Standard Model is discovered as in some supersymmetric models, and (iv) some other exotic signature of new physics is discovered. In the contexts of these scenarios, the Working Groups reviewed the capabilities of the future colliders to study in more detail whatever new physics may be discovered by the LHC. Their reports provide the particle physics community with some tools for reviewing the scientific priorities for future colliders after the LHC produces its first harvest of new physics from multi-TeV collisions.

Salt in the desert: A comparison of clinical versus serum-calculated osmolality determination of dehydration

Background: Clinicians frequently use their own judgement to assess patient’s hydration status although there is limited evidence for the diagnostic utility of any individual clinical symptom. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of clinically assessed dehydration in older hospital patients (using multiple symptoms), versus dehydration measured using serum-calculated osmolality (CO) as the reference standard. Method: Participants were 44 hospital patients aged ≥ 60 years. Dehydration was assessed clinically and pathologically (CO) within 24 hours of admission and at study exit. Indicators of diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Results: Clinicians identified 27% of patients as dehydrated at admission, and 19% at exit, compared to 19% and 16% using CO. Agreement between the measures was fair at admission and poor at exit. Clinical assessment showed poor sensitivity for predicting dehydration with reasonable specificity. Conclusions: Compared to the use of CO, clinical assessment of dehydration in older patients was poor. Given that failure to identify dehydration in this population may have serious consequences, we recommend that clinicians do not rely upon their own assessments without also using the reference standard.

Associations between dehydration, cognitive impairment and frailty in older hospitalized patients: An exploratory study

An exploratory study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of dehydration in older patients (aged ≥60 years) with and without cognitive impairment (CI) admitted to hospital and to examine associations between dehydration, CI and frailty. Forty-four patients participated and dehydration was assessed within 24 hours of admission and at day 4 or at discharge, whichever occurred first (study exit). Patients’ cognitive function and frailty status were assessed using validated instruments. Twenty-seven (61%) patients had CI and 61% were frail. The prevalence of dehydration at admission was 29% (n=12) and 19% (n=6) at study exit and dehydration status did not differ according to either CI status or frailty status. Within the non-CI group, however, significantly more frail than fit patients were dehydrated at admission (p=0.03). These findings indicate that dehydration is common amongst older hospital patients, and that frailty may increase the risk for dehydration in cognitively intact older patients.

Direct Top-Quark Width Measurement at CDF

We present a measurement of the top-quark width using $t\bar{t}$ events produced in $p\bar{p}$ collisions at Fermilab's Tevatron collider and collected by the CDF II detector. In the mode where the top quark decays to a $W$ boson and a bottom quark, we select events in which one $W$ decays leptonically and the other hadronically~(lepton + jets channel) . From a data sample corresponding to 4.3~fb$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity, we identify 756 candidate events. The top-quark mass and the mass of $W$ boson that decays hadronically are reconstructed for each event and compared with templates of different top-quark widths~($\Gamma_t$) and deviations from nominal jet energy scale~($\Delta_{JES}$) to perform a simultaneous fit for both parameters, where $\Delta_{JES}$ is used for the {\it in situ} calibration of the jet energy scale. By applying a Feldman-Cousins approach, we establish an upper limit at 95$\%$ confidence level~(CL) of $\Gamma_t $

Archaeometric evidence for the authenticity of the Jehoash inscription tablet

A gray, fine-grained arkosic sandstone tablet bearing an inscription in ancient Hebrew from the First Temple Period contains a rich assemblage of particles accumulated in the covering patina. Two types of patina cover the tablet: a thin layer of black to orange iron-oxide-rich layer, a product of micro-biogenic processes, and a light beige patina that contains feldspars, carbonate, iron oxide, subangular quartz grains, carbon ash particles and gold globules (1 to 4 microns [1 micron = 0.001 millimeter] in diameter). The patina covers the rock surface as well as the engraved lettering grooves and blankets and thus post-dates the incised inscription as well as a crack that runs across the stone and several of the engraved letters. Radiocarbon analyses of the carbon particles in the patina yield a calibrated radiocarbon age of 2340 to 2150 Cal BP. The presence of microcolonial fungi and associated pitting in the patina indicates slow growth over many years. The occurrence of pure gold globules and carbon ash particles is evidence of a thermal event in close proximity to the tablet (above 1000 degrees Celsius). This study supports the antiquity of the patina, which in turn, strengthens the contention that the inscription is authentic.

高超声速尾流及其气动、物理和化学性质(下)

<正> 七、尾流计算方法和湍流输运系数 有关高超声速尾流的理论分析工作,始于前述Feldman[16]1961年的平衡层流尾流数值解。然而,除非飞行体在低空中以高超声速飞行,高熵的尾流总是处于化学非平衡之中,而在低空时,尾流又总是转捩为湍流,所以Feldman的计算多少有点自相矛盾。 1962年,Lees和Hromas[41]首先对圆球尾流的湍流扩散问题进行了分析,他们采用雷诺相似假设,即假定质量、动量和能量的湍流输运之间存在着相似关系,并根

PICES Science: the first ten years and a look to the future

Introduction [pdf, 0.17 MB] Warren S. Wooster [pdf, 0.12 MB] PICES - the first decade, and beyond Paul H. LeBlond [pdf, 0.03 MB] The Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee: The first decade D.E. Harrison and Neville Smith [pdf, 0.04 MB] Ocean observing systems and prediction - the next ten years Tsutomu Ikeda and Patricia A. Wheeler [pdf, 0.85 MB] Ocean impacts from the bottom of the food web to the top: Biological Oceanography Committee (BIO) retrospective Timothy R. Parsons [pdf, 0.2 MB] Future needs for biological oceanographic studies in the Pacific Ocean Douglas E. Hay, Richard J. Beamish, George W. Boehlert, Vladimir I. Radchenko, Qi-Sheng Tang, Tokio Wada, Daniel W. Ware and Chang-Ik Zhang [pdf, 0.2 MB] Ten years FIS in PICES: An introspective, retrospective, critical and constructive review of fishery science in PICES Richard F. Addison, John E. Stein and Alexander V. Tkalin [pdf, 0.12 MB] Marine Environmental Committee in review Robie W. Macdonald, Brian Morton, Richard F. Addison and Sophia C. Johannessen [pdf, 1.89 MB] Marine environmental contaminant issues in the North Pacific: What are the dangers and how do we identify them? R. Ian Perry, Anne B. Hollowed and Takashige Sugimoto [pdf, 0.36 MB] The PICES Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Program: Why, how, and what next? List of acronyms [pdf, 0.07 MB] (Document contains 108 pages)

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 618]

As lideranças avançaram nas negociações sobre o texto final das disposições transitórias. E o primeiro turno de votação acabará nesta semana. A votação das disposições irá começar hoje. A previsão é que haja quórum para votar os temas que já conseguiram o consenso das lideranças. Há 48 dispositivos a serem votados para acabar o primeiro turno. Entre eles está o código de defesa do consumidor, a legalização dos cassinos, a transformação dos territórios de Roraima e Amapá em estados, e a estabilidade para os servidores públicos. Os líderes irão se reunir hoje para negociar os últimos 11 artigos que faltam ser analisados. A estabilidade do servidor já é um dos temas em que já ocorreu um acordo. A estabilidade está assegurada para os servidores que tenham mais de cinco anos de trabalho, ficando fora aqueles que exercem cargo de confiança. Hoje os líderes recomeçam a discutir a anistia aos microempresários, ainda há várias divergências. A discussão sobre quem irá se responsabilizar pelo custo da anistia continua.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 748]

Trata das questões ambientais na nova Constituição, com políticas de governo que promovam a educação ambiental em todos os niveis de ensino. De acordo com a nova carta, Fernando de Noronha deixa de ser administrado pelo Governo Federal e passa a ser reincorporado ao Estado de Pernambuco

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 735 ]

Trata de questões de preservação ambiental, como a conscientização política, a proteção ambiental, a exploração e queimadas na Amazônia, bem como a necessidade da reforma agrária.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 350]

Os constituintes discutem sobre a mudança no regimento interno e fazem manifesto sobre a proteção ao meio ambiente.

Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic): Bay anchovy

The bay anchovy occurs along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts, from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Yucatan, Mexico (Hildebrand 1963), except for the Florida Keys where it is apparently absent (Daly 1970). (PDF contains 22 pages)

Demographic studies of extrasolar planets

Uncovering the demographics of extrasolar planets is crucial to understanding the processes of their formation and evolution. In this thesis, we present four studies that contribute to this end, three of which relate to NASA's Kepler mission, which has revolutionized the field of exoplanets in the last few years.

In the pre-Kepler study, we investigate a sample of exoplanet spin-orbit measurements---measurements of the inclination of a planet's orbit relative to the spin axis of its host star---to determine whether a dominant planet migration channel can be identified, and at what confidence. Applying methods of Bayesian model comparison to distinguish between the predictions of several different migration models, we find that the data strongly favor a two-mode migration scenario combining planet-planet scattering and disk migration over a single-mode Kozai migration scenario. While we test only the predictions of particular Kozai and scattering migration models in this work, these methods may be used to test the predictions of any other spin-orbit misaligning mechanism.

We then present two studies addressing astrophysical false positives in Kepler data. The Kepler mission has identified thousands of transiting planet candidates, and only relatively few have yet been dynamically confirmed as bona fide planets, with only a handful more even conceivably amenable to future dynamical confirmation. As a result, the ability to draw detailed conclusions about the diversity of exoplanet systems from Kepler detections relies critically on understanding the probability that any individual candidate might be a false positive. We show that a typical a priori false positive probability for a well-vetted Kepler candidate is only about 5-10%, enabling confidence in demographic studies that treat candidates as true planets. We also present a detailed procedure that can be used to securely and efficiently validate any individual transit candidate using detailed information of the signal's shape as well as follow-up observations, if available.

Finally, we calculate an empirical, non-parametric estimate of the shape of the radius distribution of small planets with periods less than 90 days orbiting cool (less than 4000K) dwarf stars in the Kepler catalog. This effort reveals several notable features of the distribution, in particular a maximum in the radius function around 1-1.25 Earth radii and a steep drop-off in the distribution larger than 2 Earth radii. Even more importantly, the methods presented in this work can be applied to a broader subsample of Kepler targets to understand how the radius function of planets changes across different types of host stars.

Análise de sobrevida dos pacientes com AIDS atendidos em um centro de pesquisa no Rio de Janeiro : 1986 a 2000

O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar o tempo decorrido e fatores relacionados a sobrevida, a partir do diagnóstico da AIDS dos pacientes atendidos no Centro de Pesquisa Hospital Evandro Chagas (CPqHEC). Comparar a sobrevida segundo os critérios definição de caso de AIDS estabelecidos pelo Centro de controle de doenças e prevenção dos EUA (CDC) em 1987 e 1993 e pelo Ministério da Saúde Brasil em 1998. De um total de 1591 indivíduos com sorologia positiva para HIV, cadastrados entre 1986 a 1999, foi selecionada uma amostra aleatória sistemática com 392 indivíduos, sendo identificados 193 casos de AIDS pelo critério CDC 1993. A sobrevida foi considerada como o tempo decorrido da data do diagnóstico da AIDS ao óbito (falha), sendo a censura definida para os pacientes com perda de seguimento ou que permaneceram vivos até dezembro de 2000, com a data da censura igual a data do último atendimento. A duração da sobrevida foi descrita através do método de Kaplan-Meier, sendo comparadas as funções de sobrevida das categorias das variáveis pelo teste log-rank. Um modelo com os co-fatores de maior relevância na sobrevida foi ajustado, utilizando-se o modelo dos riscos proporcionais de Cox. Dos 193 pacientes com AIDS, 92 (47,7%) morreram, 21 (10,9%) abandonaram o tratamento, e 80 (41,7%) permaneceram vivos até o fim do estudo. Encontramos sobrevida relativamente alta nos três critérios de definição de caso avaliados, em parte explicada pelos casos serem procedentes de um único hospital de pesquisa, com alto grau de conhecimento na condução da doença. A profilaxia primária para PPC foi preditor de melhor sobrevida. Casos com AIDS definida por herpes zoster apresentaram melhor prognóstico e os definidos por duas doenças o pior prognóstico.

Turbulent buoyant jets into stratified or flowing ambient fluids

Theoretical and experimental studies were made on two classes of buoyant jet problems, namely:

1) an inclined, round buoyant yet in a stagnant environment with linear density-stratification;

2) a round buoyant jet in a uniform cross stream of homogenous density.

Using the integral technique of analysis, assuming similarity, predictions can be made for jet trajectory, widths, and dilution ratios, in a density-stratified or flowing environment. Such information is of great importance in the design of disposal systems for sewage effluent into the ocean or waste gases into the atmosphere.

The present study of a buoyant jet in a stagnant environment has extended the Morton type of analysis to cover the effect of the initial angle of discharge. Numerical solutions have been presented for a range of initial conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted for photographic observations of the trajectories of dyed jets. In general the observed jet forms agreed well with the calculated trajectories and nominal half widths when the value of the entrainment coefficient was taken to be α = 0.082, as previously suggested by Morton.

The problem of a buoyant jet in a uniform cross stream was analyzed by assuming an entrainment mechanism based upon the vector difference between the characteristic jet velocity and the ambient velocity. The effect of the unbalanced pressure field on the sides of the jet flow was approximated by a gross drag term. Laboratory flume experiments with sinking jets which are directly analogous to buoyant jets were performed. Salt solutions were injected into fresh water at the free surface in a flume. The jet trajectories, dilution ratios and jet half widths were determined by conductivity measurements. The entrainment coefficient, α, and drag coefficient, C_d, were found from the observed jet trajectories and dilution ratios. In the ten cases studied where jet Froude number ranged from 10 to 80 and velocity ratio (jet: current) K from 4 to 16, α varied from 0.4 to 0.5 and C_d from 1.7 to 0.1. The jet mixing motion for distance within 250D was found to be dominated by the self-generated turbulence, rather than the free-stream turbulence. Similarity of concentration profiles has also been discussed.