Saúde mental e gênero em um CAPS II de Brasília : condições sociais, sintomas, diagnósticos e sofrimento psíquico

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Departamento de Psicologia Clínica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia Clínica e Cultura, 2016.

Family needs of critically ill patients in the emergency department

INTRODUCTION: Family members' experience a range of physiological, psychological and emotional impacts when accompanying a critically ill relative in the emergency department. Family needs are influenced by their culture and the context of care, and accurate clinician understanding of these needs is essential for patient- and family-centered care delivery. The aim of this study was to describe the needs of Taiwanese family members accompanying critically ill patients in the emergency department while waiting for an inpatient bed and compare these to the perceptions of emergency nurses. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional survey was conducted in a large medical center in Taiwan. Data were collected from 150 family members and 150 emergency nurses who completed a Chinese version of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory. RESULTS: Family members ranked needs related to 'communication with family members,' as most important, followed by 'family member participation in emergency department care', 'family member support' and 'organizational comfort'; rankings were similar to those of emergency nurses. Compared to nurses, family members reported higher scores for the importance of needs related to 'communication with family members' and 'family members' participation in emergency department care'. CONCLUSIONS: Family members place greater importance than emergency nurses on the need for effective communication.

Modelo predictivo para uso del condón y consumo de alcohol como conductas de riesgo relacionadas con el contagio de VIH/SIDA en trabajadoras sexuales de Bogotá- 2015

Objetivo: Determinar un modelo predictivo para uso del condón y consumo de alcohol como conductas de riesgo relacionadas el contagio de VIH/Sida en mujeres trabajadoras sexuales de la ciudad de Bogotá en el año 2015. Métodos Estudio de tipo transversal con diseño observacional, se tomaron 255 mujeres trabajadoras sexuales de la ciudad de Bogotá; La información analizada fue tomada del estudio realizado en cinco ciudades de Colombia en el año 2015, las hipótesis planteadas se soportaron en la asociación entre las condiciones sociodemográficas, de conocimiento, practicas, hábitos, apoyo social y de ocupación propia de las mujeres trabajadoras sexuales que podían explicar y predecir la adopción de conductas riesgosas para VIH/sida como son el uso del condón y el consumo de alcohol en ejercicio de su ocupación. Resultados El promedio de edad de inicio en el trabajo sexual fue 22,1±7,1 años, tres cuartas partes son solteras y residen en estrato dos y tres; el 96,5% dijo usar el condón con el último cliente y el 27,8% de ellas consumió alcohol durante su último servicio. En la conducta de riesgo uso del condón, se encontraron asociados entre otras, la edad [OR=1,10(1,03-1,17)], vivir en estrato dos [OR=7,7(1,5-39,5)], el ingreso por trabajo sexual [OR=1,0(1,0-1,0)], la disponibilidad del condón para el servicio [OR=0,03(0,008-0,16)] y contar con otro método de planificación (ligadura de trompas) [OR=4,47(1,0-18,3)]. En la conducta de riesgo consumo de alcohol, se encontró asociado ente otros: estrato socioeconómico dos [OR=5,8(1,54-22,3)], nivel de escolaridad secundaria [OR=0,12(0,16-0,96)], vivir con otros familiares [OR=3,45(1,7-7,02)], ingreso por trabajo sexual [OR=1,0(1,0-1,0)] y el sitio donde se ofrece el servicio [OR=0,07(0,04-0,15)]. Después de ajustar, se encontró que las variables que mejor explican el uso del condón fueron edad [OR=1,1(1,02-1,17)] y disponibilidad del condón [OR=0,04(0,008-0,024)], el modelo tuvo poca sensibilidad 33,3% y buena capacidad predictiva (84,6%). Las variables que mejor explicaron el consumo de alcohol durante el servicio fueron edad [OR= 0,95(0,91-0,98)], Número de clientes por semana [OR=0,9(0,90-0,98)], sitio donde ofrece el servicio [OR=7,1(3,45-14,8)], y estrato socioeconómico [OR=1,8 (0,90-3,83)], resultando un modelo con buena sensibilidad (71,8%) y buena capacidad predictiva (86,4%). Conclusiones Aspectos como la edad, el estrato socioeconómico, escolaridad, estado civil, ingreso económico por trabajo sexual, edad de inicio en el trabajo sexual, número de clientes antiguos en la última semana, disponibilidad del condón para prestar el servicio y ligadura de trompas como método diferente de planificación, se asociaron estadísticamente con el uso del condón. Sin embargo al ajustar las variables solo la edad y la disponibilidad del condón se mantuvieron como variables explicativas. Cabe anotar, que aunque el modelo mostró buena capacidad predictiva (84,6%), la precisión en sus estimaciones fue baja debido a la poca frecuencia del no uso del condón con el ultimo cliente (3,5%), y la sensibilidad del modelo apenas fue del 33,3%. Por otro lado, factores como la edad, el estrato socioeconómico, nivel educativo, ingreso económico, sitio de oferta del servicio, composición familiar, número de hijos, número de clientes atendidos en la última semana y número de clientes antiguos mostraron asociación estadística con el consumo de alcohol. Sin embargo, al ajustar las variables solo edad, estrato socioeconómico, sitio donde se ofrece el servicio y número de clientes por semana mantuvieron asociación estadística; observándose además que el estrato socioeconómico (uno y dos) y sitio donde se ofrece el servicio (establecimiento), son factores de riesgo para el consumo de alcohol en ejercicio de la ocupación y la poca edad y un número reducido de clientes por semana se comportan como factores de protección para el consumo de alcohol. El modelo predictivo que se desarrolló para la conducta de riesgo de consumo de alcohol, con una sensibilidad del 71,8% y un poder predictivo del 86,4%. .

Introduction : the South Asia Infant Feeding Research Network (SAIFRN)

The South Asia Infant Feeding Research Network (SAIFRN) was established in 2007 to foster and coordinate a research partnership among South Asian and international research groups interested in infant and young child feeding. SAIFRN has brought together a mix of researchers and program managers from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka together with international partners from Australia. As the first activity, SAIFRN conducted a series of analyses using Demographic and Health Surveys of Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka and the National Family Health Survey of India. The results highlight that most indicators of infant and young child feeding in these four countries have not reached the targeted levels. The rates vary considerably by country, and the factors associated with poor feeding practices were not always consistent across countries. Driven by the ultimate goal of improved child survival in the region, SAIFRN wishes to expand its partnerships with governmental and nongovernmental organizations that share common interests both within and outside the South Asia region. In the future, SAIFRN hopes to provide more opportunities to researchers in the region to improve their skills by participating in capacity-building programs in collaboration with international partner institutions, and looks forward to liaising with potential donors to support such activities.

Construction of Francophone families’ health literacy in a linguistic minority situation

With the increase in international mobility, healthcare systems should no longer be ignoring language barriers. In addition to the benefit of reducing long‐term costs, immigrant‐friendly organizations should be concerned with mitigating the way language barriers increase individuals’ social vulnerabilities and inequities in health care and health status. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative, exploratory study of the health literacy of 28 Francophone families living in a linguistic‐minority situation in Canada. Analysis of interviews revealed that participants’ social vulnerability, mainly due to their limited social and informational networks, influenced the construction of family health literacy. Disparities in access to healthcare services could be decreased by having health professionals’ work in alliance with Francophone community groups and by hiring bilingual health professionals. Linguistic isolation and lack of knowledge about local cultural organizations among Francophone immigrants were two important findings of this study

A Survey-based Study of Knowledge of Alzheimer's Disease among Health Care Staff

Background Continued aging of the population is expected to be accompanied by substantial increases in the number of people with dementia and in the number of health care staff required to care for them. Adequate knowledge about dementia among health care staff is important to the quality of care delivered to this vulnerable population. The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge about dementia across a range of health care staff in a regional health service district. Methods Knowledge levels were investigated via the validated 30-item Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS). All health service district staff with e-mail access were invited to participate in an online survey. Knowledge levels were compared across demographic categories, professional groups, and by whether the respondent had any professional or personal experience caring for someone with dementia. The effect of dementia-specific training or education on knowledge level was also evaluated. Results A diverse staff group (N = 360), in terms of age, professional group (nursing, medicine, allied health, support staff) and work setting from a regional health service in Queensland, Australia responded. Overall knowledge about Alzheimer's disease was of a generally moderate level with significant differences being observed by professional group and whether the respondent had any professional or personal experience caring for someone with dementia. Knowledge was lower for some of the specific content domains of the ADKS, especially those that were more medically-oriented, such as 'risk factors' and 'course of the disease.' Knowledge was higher for those who had experienced dementia-specific training, such as attendance at a series of relevant workshops. Conclusions Specific deficits in dementia knowledge were identified among Australian health care staff, and the results suggest dementia-specific training might improve knowledge. As one piece of an overall plan to improve health care delivery to people with dementia, this research supports the role of introducing systematic dementia-specific education or training.

A locus on the long arm of chromosome 1 as a possible cause of essential hypertension

None of the genes responsible for essential hypertension has been identified. Recent work in genetically hypertensive rats has shown linkage of blood pressure with alleles of the renin gene. Since the renin gene is a member of a conserved synteny group that in humans spans chromosome 1q21.3-32.3 and includes the gene for antithrombin III (AT3), we used linkage studies to examine the relationship between alleles of AT3 and hypertension in a family having 10 affected members. From the lod score obtained at a recombination fraction of zero the odds for linkage of AT3 and hypertension in this family were calculated as 6:1 in favour of linkage. This result provides grounds for further examination of the possible role of the 1q23 locus in the aetiology of essential hypertension.

The effects of parental illness and other ill family members on youth caregiving experiences

Informed by a model of family role-redistribution derived from the Family Ecology Framework (Pedersen & Revenson, 2005), this study examined differences in two proposed psychological components of role-redistribution (youth caregiving experiences and responsibilities) between youth of a parent with illness and their peers from ‘healthy’ families controlling for the effects of whether a parent is ill or some other family member, illness type, and demographics. Based on self-report questionnaire data, four groups of Australian children were derived from a community sample of 2474youth (‘healthy’ family, n=1768; parental illness, n=336; other family member illness, n=254; both parental and other family member illness, n=116). The presence of any family member with a serious illness is associated with an intensification of youth caregiving experiences relative to peers from healthy families. This risk is elevated if the ill family member is a parent, if more illnesses are present, and by certain youth and family demographics, and especially by higher caregiving responsibilities. The presence of a family member, particularly a parent, with a serious medical condition has pervasive increased effects on youth caregiving compared to healthy families, and these effects are not fully accounted for by illness type, demographics or caregiving responsibilities.

The effects of parental illness and other ill family members on the adjustment of children

Background This study addresses limitations of prior research that have used group comparison designs to test the effects of parental illness on youth. Purpose This study examined differences in adjustment between children of a parent with illness and peers from ‘healthy’ families controlling for the effects of whether a parent or non-parent family member is ill, illness type, demographics and caregiving. Methods Based on questionnaire data, groups were derived from a community sample of 2,474 youth (‘healthy’ family, n = 1768; parental illness, n = 336; other family member illness, n = 254; both parental and other family illness, n = 116). Results The presence of any family member with an illness is associated with greater risk of mental health difficulties for youth relative to peers from healthy families. This risk is elevated if the ill family member is a parent and has mental illness or substance misuse. Conclusions Serious health problems within a household adversely impact youth adjustment.

Report: The Canadian Best Practices Educational Toolkits: Translating evidence-based stroke recommendations into practical implementation resources

The Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke Care are intended to reduce variations in stroke care and facilitate closure of the gap between evidence and practice (Lindsay et al., 2010). The publication of best practice recommendations is only the beginning of this process. The guidelines themselves are not sufficient to change practice and increase consistency in care. Therefore, a key objective of the Canadian Stroke Network (CSN) Best Practices Working Group (BPWG) is to encourage and facilitate ongoing professional development and training for health care professionals providing stroke care. This is addressed through a multi-factorial approach to the creation and dissemination of inter-professional implementation tools and resources. The resources developed by CSN span pre-professional education, ongoing professional development, patient education and may be used to inform systems change. With a focus on knowledge translation, several inter-professional point-of-care tools have been developed by the CSN in collaboration with numerous professional organizations and expert volunteers. These resources are used to facilitate awareness, understanding and applications of evidence-based care across stroke care settings. Similar resources are also developed specifically for stroke patients, their families and informal caregivers, and the general public. With each update of the Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke Care, the BPWG and topic-specific writing groups propose priority areas for ongoing resource development. In 2010, two of these major educational initiatives were undertaken and recently completed—one to support continuing education for health care professionals regarding secondary stroke prevention and the other to educate families, informal caregivers and the public about pediatric stroke. This paper presents an overview of these two resources, and we encourage health care professionals to integrate these into their personal learning plans and tool kits for patients.

A genome-wide linkage scan provides evidence for both new and previously reported loci influencing common migraine

Latent class analysis was performed on migraine symptom data collected in a Dutch population sample (N = 12,210, 59% female) in order to obtain empirical groupings of individuals suffering from symptoms of migraine headache. Based on these heritable groupings (h(2) = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.41-0.57) individuals were classified as affected (migrainous headache) or unaffected. Genome-wide linkage analysis was performed using genotype data from 105 families with at least 2 affected siblings. In addition to this primary phenotype, linkage analyses were performed for the individual migraine symptoms. Significance levels, corrected for the analysis of multiple traits, were determined empirically via a novel simulation approach. Suggestive linkage for migrainous headache was found on chromosomes 1 (LOD = 1.63; pointwise P = 0.0031), 13 (LOD = 1.63; P = 0.0031), and 20 (LOD = 1.85; P = 0.0018). Interestingly, the chromosome 1 peak was located close to the ATP1A2 gene, associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2). Individual symptom analysis produced a LOD score of 1.97 (P = 0.0013) on chromosome 5 (photo/phonophobia), a LOD score of 2.13 (P = 0.0009) on chromosome 10 (moderate/severe pain intensity) and a near significant LOD score of 3.31 (P = 0.00005) on chromosome 13 (pulsating headache). These peaks were all located near regions previously reported in migraine linkage studies. Our results provide important replication and support for the presence of migraine susceptibility genes within these regions, and further support the utility of an LCA-based phenotyping approach and analysis of individual symptoms in migraine genetic research. Additionally, our novel "2-step" analysis and simulation approach provides a powerful means to investigate linkage to individual trait components.

Oceans and human health: Sentinel habitats and sentinel species

The health of the oceans and people are inextricably linked. For many years we focused research and policy on anthropogenic impacts to oceans and coasts. Recently we have started to think about how the health of the oceans affects us. In response to the Oceans and Human Health Act of 2004, a NOAA initiative was created to explore the “One Health” of the oceans and coasts. The Center of Excellence in Oceans and Human Health at Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML) is one of three Centers dedicated to understanding the connections and forecasting changes in ocean and coastal health and human health. The Center at HML is developing new tools and approaches, including sentinel habitats and sentinel species, to evaluate linkages between ecological process and human health and wellbeing. The results provide environmental and public health managers, policy-makers and communities forecasts and assessments to improve ecosystem-based management that protects health and mitigates risks for the oceans, coasts and people.(PDF contains 4 pages)

Serviço social e saúde da família: perspectivas de inserção e prática profissional

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo reconhecer as experiências de inserção do assistente social na Saúde da Família e as tendências da prática profissional nessa área. Diante das repercussões da contrarreforma na política e nas práticas de saúde, questionamos como o Serviço Social tem pautado suas experiências de inserção frente às contradições da Saúde da Família. Para isso, a pesquisa é baseada no referencial crítico dialético, em que utilizamos a metodologia da pesquisa documental com levantamento quanti-qualitativo. A análise foi realizada a partir das comunicações com referência à Saúde da Família do Congresso Brasileiro de Assistentes Sociais (CBAS) e Congresso Nacional de Serviço Social em Saúde (CONASSS) entre os anos de 2000 a 2009. Nos trabalhos foram identificados três eixos temáticos: Análise da Estratégia, Relato de experiência e Reflexão das possibilidades de inserção. A partir desses eixos buscamos reconhecer a dimensão teórico-metodológica, ético-política e técnico-operativa. Os resultados apontam que os assistentes sociais têm ocupado predominantemente funções de suporte em equipes de referência e que esta tem se apresentado como a possibilidade de inserção oficial através do NASF. Nas abordagens reconhecemos que as experiências pautadas na perspectiva crítica contam com histórico de articulação com os movimentos sociais, com referência à Reforma Sanitária e as discussões da categoria, e na prática, esses conceitos direcionam o processo de trabalho. Verificamos que há uma tendência majoritária de incorporação do discurso do Ministério da Saúde quanto à estrutura e processo de trabalho em Saúde da Família, o que tem contribuído para a incorporação de instrumentais construídos pela Estratégia na prática profissional. Essa tendência aponta que a inserção dos assistentes sociais na Saúde da Família tem recebido influências de vertentes neoconservadoras e sofrido os impactos da contrarreforma na política de saúde.

A prática educativa como expressão da prática profissional no contexto da equipe de saúde da família no município do Rio de Janeiro

Este estudo teve como objeto as práticas educativas em saúde desenvolvidas no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), no Município do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo geral foi a compreensão das práticas educativas realizadas pelos profissionais que atuam no PSF. O interesse se deu pelo fato de reconhecer o PSF como espaço privilegiado no desenvolvimento de práticas educativas voltadas para a conscientização popular, nos aspectos sociais, políticos e da saúde, pelas suas características de atuação em território definido, e na lógica de vigilância à saúde. Ressalta-se a importância da Educação em Saúde como estratégia de intervenção por uma sociedade mais saudável. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, realizada entre 2007 e 2008. A análise dos dados foi orientada pelo método de Análise de Conteúdo. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semi-estruturada, com cinco equipes de saúde da família, totalizando vinte profissionais. Na análise foram identificadas quatro categorias: organização do processo de trabalho, papel do profissional na equipe, organização da prática educativa e fatores que interferem na realização das práticas educativas. Na análise verificou-se que os profissionais enfrentam dificuldades no planejamento das práticas educativas, relacionadas, principalmente, à falta de capacitação pedagógica e à dificuldade de organização do processo de trabalho, centrado no modelo biomédico. Os agentes comunitários se destacam na realização das atividades, com o apoio da equipe, principalmente da enfermeira. Os temas são escolhidos, prioritariamente, a partir da identificação das necessidades de saúde dos usuários pelos profissionais. Verifica-se que há dificuldade na definição dos objetivos das práticas educativas. Predomina o formato de grupos, voltados para a promoção da saúde, mas também com enfoque preventivista. Verifica-se a presença de práticas com outras formas de relação entre profissionais e usuários, num exercício de cidadania para a qualidade de vida. A avaliação é realizada informalmente, entre os profissionais e, geralmente, se detém à quantidade de usuários participantes, ou na constatação de mudança de comportamento do usuário. Os fatores que interferem dizem respeito às relações estabelecidas entre os profissionais, e entre estes e os usuários. A violência associada ao narcotráfico surge como fator que prejudica a atividade no território. As capacitações em prática educativa também são mencionadas. Verifica-se que a forma de organização do processo de trabalho influencia fortemente, visto que a realização das práticas educativas depende diretamente da dinâmica dada ao trabalho, e do espaço destinado para essa atividade na divisão do trabalho. As questões relacionadas à infra-estrutura são relatadas, principalmente, no que diz respeito à escassez de material, recursos financeiros, e espaço físico inadequado. Percebe-se que a falta da sistematização da prática educativa parece comprometer as transformações necessárias para o seu aprimoramento e reflete a falta de compreensão dos profissionais sobre a importância do processo educativo para a saúde e como instrumento de transformação social e política dos sujeitos. Percebe-se, ainda, a necessidade de investimentos para a qualificação do profissional do PSF, não somente em relação às práticas educativas, mas também para que seja possível operar as mudanças necessárias para a reorientação do modelo de atenção à saúde proposto pelo PSF.