The chemical nature of carbonaceous deposits and their role in methane dehydro-aromatization on Mo/MCM-22 catalysts

Various carbonaceous deposits are formed during the course of methane dehydro-aromatization (MDA) under non-oxidative conditions on Mo/MCM-22 catalysts. These carbon species were investigated by various temperature-programmed techniques such as TPH and TPCO2, combining with TPO and TGA results in order to reveal their chemical nature and determine their amounts. The TPO profiles recorded from coked Mo/MCM-22 catalysts show two temperature peaks: one at about 756 K and the other at about 876 K. The coke amounts related to these two peaks were determined on the basis of the corresponding corrected and deconvoluted TPO profiles, combining with the TGA profiles concerned.

Study of the carbonaceous deposits formed on a Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst in methane dehydro-aromatization by using TG and temperature-programmed techniques

Carbonaceous deposits formed during the temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) of methane dehydro-aromatization (MDA) over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts have been investigated by TPH, TPCO2 and TPO, in combination with thermal gravimetric analysis (TG). The TPO profiles of the coked catalyst after TPSR of MDA show two temperature peaks: one is at about 776 K and the other at about 865 K. The succeeding TPH experiments only resulted in the diminishing of the area of the high-temperature peak, and had no effect on the area of the low-temperature peak. On the other hand, the TPO profiles of the coked catalyst after succeeding TPCO2 experiments exhibited obvious reduction in the areas of both the high-and low-temperature peaks, particularly in the area of the low-temperature peak. On the basis of TPSR, TPR and TPCO2 experiments and the corresponding TG analysis, quantitative analysis of the coke and the kinetics of its burning-off process have been studied. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Allochthonous and autochthonous mire deposits, slope instability and palaeoenvironmental investigations in the Borve Valley, Barra, Outer Hebrides, Scotland

Ashmore, P. Brayshay, B.A Edwards, K.J Gilbertson, D. Grattan, J. Kent, M. Pratt, K. Weaver, R. 'Allochthonous and autochthonous mire deposits, slope instability and palaeoenvironmental investigations in the Borve Valley, Barra, Outer Hebrides, Scotland' The Holocene 2000 10, 1 pp.97-108

Tectonics Inversions & Emerald Deposits

In spite of the great amount of emerald deposits throughout the world, the priorities in quality and volume of extracted rough material are the sites of Colombia (Muzo and Chivor emerald belts). This sites are know even before the Spanish conquistadores. Emeralds were extracted from Somondoco mine (today Chivor) since 1537 and from Muzo in 1567. Contrariwise to the majority of the emerald deposits of the world, which are associated with granitic rocks, the Colombian emerald deposits are associated with hydrofracturing (the main factor controlling emerald mineralization) and hydrothermal fluids, rich in beryl, chrome and vanadium, induced by a tectonic inversion of the deep Mesozoic backarc basin, which is also responsible of the majority of the petroleum systems of the foredeep and foldbelt areas (maturation of the source-rocks andcreation of structural traps). The host rocks of the emeralds are carbonaceous calsiltites (calcareous schists) rich in organic matter of Lower Cretaceous age, which are cut by calcite veins, which, often, contain emeralds, particularly when they are folded. Indeed, since long time (Cheilletz, A. and Giulliani, G., 1996) suggested a two-stage model for the formation of the Colombian emeralds : (i) Stage I is characterized by décollement planes (early compressional tectonic regime) within the carbonaceous calsiltites, hydrothermal fluid infiltration and wall-rock metasomatic alteration ; (ii) Stage II (late tectonic regime) deforms the previous veins by thrust-related folds (development of stratiform and hydraulic breccia), which are synchronous of the emerald mineralization. The resulting tectonic structures are complex fold patterns characterized by propagation anticlines with emerald veins and emerald hydraulic breccia in the apexes, as in Quipama, Tendenquema and Chivor mines. Otherwise stated, since all emerald exploitations are, presently underground, exhaustive geological and particularly structural studies are required to reduce the probability of disappointments. The color of emeralds is from light green to thick green with obvious pleochroism. They appears with different colors when observed at different angles, especially with polarized light. The emeralds from Coscuez deposits have a homogeneous intensive color and bluish tone. At Muzo deposit, the emeralds have middle or dark green color with yellowish tone. At the Chivor deposits, the emeralds have less intensive green color with slight bluish tone. The typical inclusions are albite and pyrite, as well as long bubbles with three phase-inclusions according the zones of growth and along the crystal shapes.

Transporte de microorganismos indicadores de contaminación fecal en una cuenca de la pampa ondulada : el rol de las propiedades físicas y químicas de los suelos y de los sedimentos

Dentro de las actividades agropecuarias, es la ganadería sobre pastizales una de las principales producciones que favorece la contaminación biológica de las aguas superficiales. Uno de los principales factores que afecta este proceso es la absorción bacteriana. Por ello se analizó la interrelación entre el suelo y los fenómenos absortivos en tres escalas de percepción en una cuenca agropecuaria de la pampa ondulada. En la escala de laboratorio se pudo demostrar el importante rol de las propiedades físicas y químicas de los suelos en la absorción y coeficiente de partición bacteriana. Entre estas se destacaron la CIC, contenido de arcillas y PSI como predictores de estos parámetros biolóbicos. Además, los suelos evaluados mostraron una alta heterogeneidad en la capacidad de absorción bacteriana (45 por ciento a 73,3 por ciento) lo cual permitió separar ambientes con capacidades de absorción diferentes, encontrándose en los Argiudoles una abserción significativamente mayor que en los Natracualfes. En esta misma escala fue probado la importancia del tamaño de agregados y la calidad del medio líquido circundante en la regulación de los procesos abserotivos. El tamaño de agregado clave en estos procesos fue el de 20 a 50 µm mientras que un medio líquido con alta fuerza iónica intensificaba estos procesos. A escala de parche, en parcelas inoculadas con E. coli bajo lluvia simulada, se corroboró la importancia de la absorción y coeficiente de partición en la retención bacteriana por parte del suelo y se comprobó el rol de las propiedades del suelo sobre estos parámetros a semejanza de lo encontrado en laboratorio. Por último a escala de cuenca se puso de manifiesto la incidencia de la absorción y Kd bacteriano en el transporte de contaminantes biolóbiocos a través del escurrido superficial. Esta escala permitió la consideración de parámetros claves en el transporte bacteriano como la supervicencia bacteriana, la temporalidad de ocurrencia de las lluvias así como su intensidad. Los resultados obtenidos a nivel de laboratorio, parche y cuenca constituyen un avance en el estudio de la dinámica de la contaminación biológica de los suelos y los cursos de agua en ambientes frágiles destinados a la producción animal

Monitoreo descriptivo de parásitos de origen fecal hallados en hortalizas de hojas

p.271-276

Return of deposits

Explores case law illustrating the circumstances in which the courts are likely to order the return of a deposit in the event of a buyer's default. Notes the unwillingness of the courts to apply the rule on penalties to deposits and discusses the court's discretion under the Law of Property Act 1925 s.49(2) to order repayment. Focuses on the Chancery Division ruling in Aribisala v St James Homes (Grosvenor Dock) Ltd giving guidance on the circumstances in which the discretion under s.49(2) should be exercised.

Returning to deposits...

Examines the Court of Appeal ruling in Midill (97PL) Ltd v Park Lane Estates Ltd on whether the court should exercise its discretion to return a deposit paid under a contract for the sale of a property where, despite the claimant having defaulted on its purchase, the owner obtained a higher price than would have been paid by the claimant when it subsequently sold the property to a third party. Considers the need for special or exceptional circumstances to be present to override the rule that deposits were to be forfeited upon the purchaser's default.