958 resultados para FÍSICA MATEMÁTICA


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Esta tesis se centra en el estudio de medios granulares blandos y atascados mediante la aplicación de la física estadística. Esta aproximación se sitúa entre los tradicionales enfoques macro y micromecánicos: trata de establecer cuáles son las propiedades macroscópicas esperables de un sistema granular en base a un análisis de las propiedades de las partículas y las interacciones que se producen entre ellas y a una consideración de las restricciones macroscópicas del sistema. Para ello se utiliza la teoría estadística junto con algunos principios, conceptos y definiciones de la teoría de los medios continuos (campo de tensiones y deformaciones, energía potencial elástica, etc) y algunas técnicas de homogeneización. La interacción entre las partículas es analizada mediante las aportaciones de la teoría del contacto y de las fuerzas capilares (producidas por eventuales meniscos de líquido cuando el medio está húmedo). La idea básica de la mecánica estadística es que entre todas soluciones de un problema físico (como puede ser el ensamblaje en equilibrio estático de partículas de un medio granular) existe un conjunto que es compatible con el conocimiento macroscópico que tenemos del sistema (por ejemplo, su volumen, la tensión a la que está sometido, la energía potencial elástica que almacena, etc.). Este conjunto todavía contiene un número enorme de soluciones. Pues bien, si no hay ninguna información adicional es razonable pensar que no existe ningún motivo para que alguna de estas soluciones sea más probable que las demás. Entonces parece natural asignarles a todas ellas el mismo peso estadístico y construir una función matemática compatible. Actuando de este modo se obtiene cuál es la función de distribución más probable de algunas cantidades asociadas a las soluciones, para lo cual es muy importante asegurarse de que todas ellas son igualmente accesibles por el procedimiento de ensamblaje o protocolo. Este enfoque se desarrolló en sus orígenes para el estudio de los gases ideales pero se puede extender para sistemas no térmicos como los analizados en esta tesis. En este sentido el primer intento se produjo hace poco más de veinte años y es la colectividad de volumen. Desde entonces esta ha sido empleada y mejorada por muchos investigadores en todo el mundo, mientras que han surgido otras, como la de la energía o la del fuerza-momento (tensión multiplicada por volumen). Cada colectividad describe, en definitiva, conjuntos de soluciones caracterizados por diferentes restricciones macroscópicas, pero de todos ellos resultan distribuciones estadísticas de tipo Maxwell-Boltzmann y controladas por dichas restricciones. En base a estos trabajos previos, en esta tesis se ha adaptado el enfoque clásico de la física estadística para el caso de medios granulares blandos. Se ha propuesto un marco general para estudiar estas colectividades que se basa en la comparación de todas las posibles soluciones en un espacio matemático definido por las componentes del fuerza-momento y en unas funciones de densidad de estados. Este desarrollo teórico se complementa con resultados obtenidos mediante simulación de la compresión cíclica de sistemas granulares bidimensionales. Se utilizó para ello un método de dinámica molecular, MD (o DEM). Las simulaciones consideran una interacción mecánica elástica, lineal y amortiguada a la que se ha añadido, en algunos casos, la fuerza cohesiva producida por meniscos de agua. Se realizaron cálculos en serie y en paralelo. Los resultados no solo prueban que las funciones de distribución de las componentes de fuerza-momento del sistema sometido a un protocolo específico parecen ser universales, sino que también revelan que existen muchos aspectos computacionales que pueden determinar cuáles son las soluciones accesibles. This thesis focuses on the application of statistical mechanics for the study of static and jammed packings of soft granular media. Such approach lies between micro and macromechanics: it tries to establish what the expected macroscopic properties of a granular system are, by starting from a micromechanical analysis of the features of the particles, and the interactions between them, and by considering the macroscopic constraints of the system. To do that, statistics together with some principles, concepts and definitions of continuum mechanics (e.g. stress and strain fields, elastic potential energy, etc.) as well as some homogenization techniques are used. The interaction between the particles of a granular system is examined too and theories on contact and capillary forces (when the media are wet) are revisited. The basic idea of statistical mechanics is that among the solutions of a physical problem (e.g. the static arrangement of particles in mechanical equilibrium) there is a class that is compatible with our macroscopic knowledge of the system (volume, stress, elastic potential energy,...). This class still contains an enormous number of solutions. In the absence of further information there is not any a priori reason for favoring one of these more than any other. Hence we shall naturally construct the equilibrium function by assigning equal statistical weights to all the functions compatible with our requirements. This procedure leads to the most probable statistical distribution of some quantities, but it is necessary to guarantee that all the solutions are likely accessed. This approach was originally set up for the study of ideal gases, but it can be extended to non-thermal systems too. In this connection, the first attempt for granular systems was the volume ensemble, developed about 20 years ago. Since then, this model has been followed and improved upon by many researchers around the world, while other two approaches have also been set up: energy and force-moment (i.e. stress multiplied by volume) ensembles. Each ensemble is described by different macroscopic constraints but all of them result on a Maxwell-Boltzmann statistical distribution, which is precisely controlled by the respective constraints. According to this previous work, in this thesis the classical statistical mechanics approach is introduced and adapted to the case of soft granular media. A general framework, which includes these three ensembles and uses a force-moment phase space and a density of states function, is proposed. This theoretical development is complemented by molecular dynamics (or DEM) simulations of the cyclic compression of 2D granular systems. Simulations were carried out by considering spring-dashpot mechanical interactions and attractive capillary forces in some cases. They were run on single and parallel processors. Results not only prove that the statistical distributions of the force-moment components obtained with a specific protocol seem to be universal, but also that there are many computational issues that can determine what the attained packings or solutions are.

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Em nosso trabalho, preocupamo-nos em tratar um dos componentes que consideramos essenciais para ajudar no desenvolvimento do projeto da escola de tempo integral, a saber, a importância do papel que a prática de atividades físicas desempenha no contexto. Para tanto, buscamos conhecer as peculiaridades do projeto Escola de Tempo Integral da Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo e os benefícios educacionais que ele proporciona, traçando posteriormente as benesses que a Educação Física pode oferecer e argumentando a este respeito. No contexto do ensino regular tradicional brasileiro, a Educação Física desfruta de pouca credibilidade, sendo popularmente considerada uma matéria secundária, assim como o profissional por ela responsável. Acreditamos, com mais razão do que para a escola regular, que a viabilidade da Escola de Tempo Integral dependa sobremaneira da maior participação e apoio da Educação Física, haja vista que o aluno passará mais tempo dentro dos estabelecimentos de ensino e seria esperado que o aumento da carga horária levasse a uma queda na produtividade das horas posteriores de estudo. Partindo desse ponto de vista, a educação física pode trazer benefícios no tocante à ética, cultura, saúde e sociabilidade, tidos como secundários em relação aos estudos de caráter mais instrumental, por exemplo, matemática, português e ciências.(AU)

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During the last decades the area of science education has discussed issues related to the inclusion of the History and Philosophy of Science (HFS) in the practice of science teaching. Among the arguments put forward in favour of this approach, it is pointed out the possible enhancement of scientific content learning and the understanding of the nature of Science (NoS). In spite of such considerations, we still have a very small number of research papers reporting results of practical interventions that utilize the historical approach, moreover, there is a lack of teaching materials in this perspective. Our work has sought to contribute to this area with regard to two aspects: on the one hand, with the production of didactic material, by drawing up texts on the history of inertia for graduate students. On the other hand, we investigate whether the arguments mentioned above in relation to the didactic use of HFS sustain themselves, in a particular context. We developed and applied a didactic sequence, using the texts that we built, to teach the concept of inertia and discuss selected contents of NoS. The didactic sequence was applied in two graduate classes, one from a course of Geophysics (BSc.) and another from the Physics (teaching formation), both from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). An initial survey exposed that students, even having approached the concept of inertia in basic education, presented conceptions of common sense regarding the relationship between force and motion. The questionnaire also allowed us to identify the existence of elements of concepts considered inadequate as regards to NoS. At the end of our research, our data indicated a greater number of positive hits on the issues concerning the concept of inertia. Regarding the aspects of NoS, we were able to identify, in a few cases, a move towards a more appropriate understanding, however, certain distortions persisted, highlighting the limitations of the approach used

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In this dissertation we propose a Teaching Unit of Physics to teach content through environmental discussions of the greenhouse effect and global warming. This teaching unit is based on a problem-methodological intervention from the application of the method of the Arch of Charles Maguerez. The methodological foundations of the thesis are embedded in action research and this is structured in five chapters: the first chapter deals with the Physical Environment (FMA) as a subject in Degree Courses in Physics in Brazil, bringing the concern of how this discipline has been taught. We started the first chapter explaining the reasons behind the inclusion of the discipline of Physical Environment in a Physics Degree Courses. Then we did a search on the websites of Institutions of Higher Education, to know of the existence or not of this discipline on curricular. We then analyzed the menus to see what bibliographies are being adopted and what content of Physics are being worked, and how it has been done. The courses surveyed were those of Federal and Federal Institutes Universities. Thus ended the first chapter. Given the inseparability between studies in Physics Teaching and studies on competencies, skills and significant learning, wrote the second chapter. In this chapter we discuss the challenge of converting information into knowledge. Initially on initial teacher training, because even if this is not our focus, the study is a discipline on the upper reaches, therefore, offered to future teachers. Then we talked about the culture of knowledge, where we emphasize the use of a teaching approach that promotes meanings taught by content and make sense to the student. We finished the third chapter, making some considerations on skills and abilities, in order to identify what skills and competencies were developed and worked during and after the implementation of Curriculum Unit. The third chapter is the result of a literature review and study of the radioactive EarthSun interaction. The subjects researched approach from the generation of energy in the sun to topics stain solar coronal mass ejections, solar wind, black body radiation, Wien displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, greenhouse effect and global warming. This chapter deals with material support for the teacher of the aforementioned discipline. The fourth chapter talks about the arc method of Charles Maguerez; Here we explain the structure of each of the five steps of the Arc and how to use them in teaching. We also show another version of this method adapted by Bordenave. In the fifth and final chapter brought a description of how the method of Arc was used in physics classes of Environment, with students majoring in Physics IFRN Campus Santa Cruz. Here, in this chapter, a transcript of classes to show how was the application of a problem-based methodology in the teaching of content proposed for Physics Teaching Unit from the environmental discussion about the greenhouse effect and global warming phenomena

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Lettres àune Princesse d'Allemagne sur divers sujets de physique et de philosophie (Letters to a Princess of Germany on various topics of physics and philosophy) is the work taken as an object of study of this thesis. It is a literary success written in the eighteenth century by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Paul Euler (1707-1783) in order to meet a request from the Prussian king, Frederick II, the Great (1712-1786) to accept to guide the intellectual education of his niece, the young princess Anhalt-Dessau (1745-1808). The method of teaching and learning through letters elected to the education of the German monarch resulted in a collection of 234 matches in which Euler theory is about music, Philosophy, Mechanics, Optics, Astronomy, Theology and Ethics among others. The research seeks to point out mathematical content contained in this reference work based on the exploitation and adaptation of original historical works as an articulator of development activities for teaching mathematics in basic education and in accordance with the National Curriculum Parameters of Mathematics (NCP) work. The general objective point out the limits and didactic potential of Lettres à une Princesse d'Allemagne sur divers sujets de physique et de philosophie as a source of support for teachers of basic education in developing activities for teaching mathematics. The discussions raised point to concrete possibilities of entanglement between the extracted mathematical content of the bulge of the work with current teaching methodologies from resizing the use of letters according to Freire's pedagogical perspective of the correspondence, and especially the use of new communication channels in the century XXI, both aimed at dialogue and approximation between those who write and those who read.

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This work aims to study about the importance of cinema for cultural and professional training of teachers of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. The educational potential of cinema is emphasizing by different authors, which also reveal the teachers' training gap in this issue (media). In this study, we defend the audiovisual language of cinema as an integrating element of Arts and Science for cultural and professional training of teachers. This subject has been developed by different authors, in which the emphasis has been the importance of intelligent dialogue with the world. Specifically, the training of science teachers and mathematics, by the approach of Cinema in its formation, It envisions the possibility of minimizing the dichotomy between humanistic and scientific training, already much discussed by some researchers. Educational products contribute to an effective experience and reflection on the cultural and educational role of the Seventh Art. Considering the Cinema as a possible "bridge" between the two cultures (scientific culture and humanistic culture) and promoting ownership of audiovisual language in teacher training It was accomplished the I Exhibition - Cultural Spring: Cinema and Science Education in UFRN. The production of the booklet "Topics of History, Language and Art of Cinema for Science and Mathematics Teachers," and its application in a short course in the XXI National Symposium on Physics Teaching also aimed to contribute to the approximation of Science and Art in training teachers.

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This research sought to understand the space training provided by Institutional Scholarship Program Initiation of Teaching to a group of students of Degree in Mathematics that had activities developed in the same public school. The goal is to qualify them for teaching practice for these basic institutions. We decided to conduct a qualitative study of type ethnographic case study. For a year and a half while we were at the meetings and activities of the Group, we did what we call as a participant observation. To obtain the data, we used different survey instruments: the researcher\'s field notes through his observation of everyday life of the group, photographs and filming of the activities, document analysis and database produced, physically and digitally, in addition to questionnaires and interviews with records written, which complemented each other and helped establish a triangulation of information collected. We analyze the trajectory of the group on three axes: on the first, we present and understand the paths taken by the Group in the process of setting up training spaces, and production of their professional training, in the second, we analyze how the space of PIBID is being integrated with others spaces of formations in the educational institution of the degree course in mathematics and, in the third axis, we understand the process of knowledge production of that group. The trajectory taken by the group was marked by a process of reflection and discussion systematic and collective, which favored the pursuit for be a better professional and also confirmed a possible path to be followed in initial teacher education.

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In this work, we have proposed and applied a methodology for teaching electromagnetism, based on an experimental activity and designed in an investigative teaching model, and containing a high degree of dialogism among teachers and students. We have used the discovery of the electron as a generator theme and a remote experiment to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron as an educational resource. Our analyses indicate favorably towards the promotion of ways of appropriation of knowledge by the student, very different from those perceived in traditional expositive classes. Similarly, we find that the presence of a technological resource and an experimental activity create new posture of the teacher in the classroom, probably caused by the unpredictability of the results from the use of such resources. A challenge that we still need to solve is how to engage students in extra classroom tasks, since learning is not only effective in time for classes. We also present the weaknesses detected in our methodological proposal as well as implementations necessary in order to continue the validation process of this methodology.

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This study is based on the design and development of a Didactic sequence in Physics for the first year of high school in a public school, involving structured activities on Astronomy topics, Astronautics and Aeronautics. In addition, it produced a didactic-pedagogic Tutorial for teachers to develop teaching-learning processes in Physics through activities with handmade rockets. These activities have been based on teaching moments of questioning, systematization and contextualization. In this context the understanding and the deepening of concepts and scientific and physical phenomena are related to everyday knowledge, in accordance with the historical-cultural theory, with the Three Pedagogic Moments, dialogicity and Information and Communication Technologies as instruments of triggering actions and motivation, like movies and applications in teaching Astronomy, Physics and Mathematics. The research activities were conduced by adopting a qualitative approach and included reports, questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and other notes. The development of the Didactic Sequence enabled a differentiated teaching and learning process, including aspects such as conceptualization, contextualization, flexibility, interdisciplinary and theoreticalexperimental relationship.

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artigo problematiza quais seriam as principais demandas para o ensino Educaçao Física escolar no capitalismo contemporâneo do ponto de vista hegemônico em que a centralidade nos processos educacionais é ocupada por disciplinas que possuem uma dimensao mais cognitiva, tais como Português e Matemática. Sendo assim, buscou-se apreender como a noçao de competência vem assumindo a centralidade na esfera educativa ao mesmo tempo em que coloca os saberes e o conhecimento em segundo plano. Além disto, identificar e compreender como a tendência colocada acima, sob a égide de dois documentos oficiais: Relatório Jacques Delors no plano internacional e Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais no plano brasileiro repercutem nos saberes a serem trabalhados pela Educaçao Física no atual momento histórico foi centralmente importante. A partir dos elementos trabalhados, chegou-se ao entendimento de que a Educaçao Física imediatamente nao contribui para a formaçao exigida pela gestao de trabalho flexível, porém mediatamente sim, quando o trabalho pedagógico se volta, essencialmente, para a perspectiva de instrumentalizar os alunos para a resoluçao de problemas e a tomada de decisoes acertadas ao longo da vida

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artigo problematiza quais seriam as principais demandas para o ensino Educaçao Física escolar no capitalismo contemporâneo do ponto de vista hegemônico em que a centralidade nos processos educacionais é ocupada por disciplinas que possuem uma dimensao mais cognitiva, tais como Português e Matemática. Sendo assim, buscou-se apreender como a noçao de competência vem assumindo a centralidade na esfera educativa ao mesmo tempo em que coloca os saberes e o conhecimento em segundo plano. Além disto, identificar e compreender como a tendência colocada acima, sob a égide de dois documentos oficiais: Relatório Jacques Delors no plano internacional e Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais no plano brasileiro repercutem nos saberes a serem trabalhados pela Educaçao Física no atual momento histórico foi centralmente importante. A partir dos elementos trabalhados, chegou-se ao entendimento de que a Educaçao Física imediatamente nao contribui para a formaçao exigida pela gestao de trabalho flexível, porém mediatamente sim, quando o trabalho pedagógico se volta, essencialmente, para a perspectiva de instrumentalizar os alunos para a resoluçao de problemas e a tomada de decisoes acertadas ao longo da vida

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artigo problematiza quais seriam as principais demandas para o ensino Educaçao Física escolar no capitalismo contemporâneo do ponto de vista hegemônico em que a centralidade nos processos educacionais é ocupada por disciplinas que possuem uma dimensao mais cognitiva, tais como Português e Matemática. Sendo assim, buscou-se apreender como a noçao de competência vem assumindo a centralidade na esfera educativa ao mesmo tempo em que coloca os saberes e o conhecimento em segundo plano. Além disto, identificar e compreender como a tendência colocada acima, sob a égide de dois documentos oficiais: Relatório Jacques Delors no plano internacional e Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais no plano brasileiro repercutem nos saberes a serem trabalhados pela Educaçao Física no atual momento histórico foi centralmente importante. A partir dos elementos trabalhados, chegou-se ao entendimento de que a Educaçao Física imediatamente nao contribui para a formaçao exigida pela gestao de trabalho flexível, porém mediatamente sim, quando o trabalho pedagógico se volta, essencialmente, para a perspectiva de instrumentalizar os alunos para a resoluçao de problemas e a tomada de decisoes acertadas ao longo da vida

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O presente trabalho descreve uma proposta de atividade educacional direcionada para professores de Matemática, envolvendo situações-problema no ensino de Matemática Financeira para ser aplicado com alunos do Ensino Médio. Tais atividades tem como objetivo fornecer um contexto real, no qual o estudante esteja inserido. O trabalho se divide em quatro partes: a introdução de uma situaçãoproblema envolvendo juros simples, o conhecimento matemático, a resolução da situação-problema e a proposta de atividade educacional. Diferenciando-se do que usualmente é encontrado nos livros didáticos, a proposta aqui apresentada propõe estudar conteúdos matemáticos de forma articulada, envolvendo o conceito de porcentagem vinculado com funções lineares e juros simples com função afim e progressão aritmética. Dessa forma, é apresentada uma sequência de aulas envolvendo situações-problema através de atividades, adequadas para os alunos.

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A partir do ano de 2012, lança-se uma proposta de reestruturação no Ensino Mé- dio no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Surge nessa proposta um elemento novo na grade curricular chamado de Seminário Integrado. Esse tem por objetivo aliar a formação geral à parte diversificada do currículo através de um planejamento interdisciplinar voltado à pesquisa. Diante desse cenário surge a motivação para elaborar esse trabalho, nele apresenta-se quatro atividades interdisciplinares relacionando a matemática com outras disciplinas. Nossa proposta é que essas atividades possam servir como uma possível base para elaboração e/ou estruturação de atividades nos Seminários Integrados. Junto com cada atividade apresentamos uma proposta de pesquisa relacionada à prática social, bem como em quais sentidos essas atividades poderão preparar o jovem para ser inserido no mercado de trabalho. O material elaborado pelos professores envolvidos e a escolha dos métodos de ensino utilizados são subsidiados por uma pesquisa bibliográfica que fizemos a respeito do tema interdisciplinaridade. As atividades elaboradas foram aplicadas em duas turmas de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio, em uma escola particular na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Apresentamos alguns dados que consideramos relevantes em termos de resultados relacionados ao ganho pedagógico.

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Esta dissertação propõe atividades a fim de estabelecer uma aproximação entre a matemática e a música, aproveitando a estreita relação existente entre esses dois assuntos. Aplica-se a história da matemática como ferramenta para o entendimento de conceitos matemáticos e musicais, bem como a evolução da música. Além disso, utiliza-se a resolução de problemas para estabelecer a relação entre a matemática e a música através das funções exponencial e logarítmica e a sequência numérica chamada progressão geométrica (P.G.) Ações efetivas, como questionários relativos ao assunto a ser estudado, debates com o intuito de perceber o nível de conhecimento dos alunos sobre a música e uma atividade prática, a construção de um xilofone de garrafas, envolvendo os conhecimentos adquiridos, auxiliaram para a obtenção do resultado final deste trabalho. Apresenta-se também a análise das atividades que embasaram a proposta desse trabalho quando aplicadas em uma turma de segundo ano do Colégio Sinodal Alfredo Simon, localizada na cidade de Pelotas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul.