Estudio sobre la medida de la velocidad de detonaci��n

El presente proyecto trata de un an��lisis de las mediciones de la velocidad de detonaci��n, obtenidas por diferentes m��todos y dispositivos. Tiene como objetivo la inter-comparaci��n de los resultados entre diferentes organismos para poder analizar las desviaciones e incertidumbres de las diferentes metodolog��as de medidas empleadas actualmente. Para ello, se realizaron medidas con dos tipos de explosivos por diferentes m��todos y con dispositivos de medida distintos. A partir de esas mediciones y de las propiedades t��cnicas de los explosivos empleados, se determin�� cu��les son los m��todos m��s recomendables para utilizar en cada explosivo, y que dispositivos de medici��n de la velocidad de detonaci��n m��s adecuado. ABSTRACT This project is an analysis of the velocity of detonation measurements, obtained by different kind of methods and devices. The aim of work is to compare the results between different laboratories and to be able to analyze the deviations and uncertainties the different measurement methodologies currently used. For that purpose, measurements were made with different explosives, and it was determined which methods and devices are the most suitable for each explosive. From these measurements and the technical features of each explosive used, we established what are the most suitable for each explosive use, and which is the most appropiate device to measure the detonation velocity.

Investigaci��n de la relaci��n entre el microfracturamiento producido por el explosivo y la disoluci��n del metal en una mena oxidada de cobre

El efecto de la cantidad de explosivos es investigado con el prop��sito de conocer cu��l es la influencia del explosivo con respecto a la cin��tica de la lixiviaci��n de un mineral oxidado y conocer cu��l es la recuperaci��n del metal que contiene. Si la cantidad de explosivo es m��s grande nos permite obtener un mayor grado de microfracturamiento que permite una lixiviaci��n m��s eficiente. Este microfracturamiento se conoce a trav��s de medir la superficie espec��fica del mineral, permitiendo conocer cu��l es la acci��n de la onda explosiva. Se extraen tres muestras de mineral oxidado de cobre y se les lixivia en pruebas de laboratorio de lixiviaci��n columnar. Los resultados de la cin��tica de la lixiviaci��n y la recuperaci��n del metal fueron positivos, es decir, fueron superiores cuando mayor es la superficie espec��fica o la cantidad de explosivo. ABSTRACT The effect of the quantity of explosives is investigated with the purpose to know which is the influence of the explosive with regard to the kinetic of the leaching of a mineral one oxidized, and which the recovery of the metal that contains is. The greater quantity of explosives permits to obtain a greater one microcracking that permits a lixiviation more efficient. This microcracking knows him through measuring the specific surface of the mineral, permitting to know which the action of the explosive wave is. Three samples of mineral oxidized of Cu are extracted, and tests were performed of Iixiviation columnar. The results of the kinetic of the lixiviation and of the recovery of the metal they were positive, that is to say, they enlarged when enlarged the specific surface or the quantity of explosive key.

Concesi��n de explotaci��n de granitos derivada del permiso de investigaci��n ���Honor de Miengo���

Este proyecto tiene por objeto el estudio de la viabilidad, tanto econ��mica como t��cnica, de la apertura y explotaci��n de una cantera de granito para su uso como roca ornamental. Para ello se ha seleccionado una zona de potencial inter��s en Santa Olalla del Cala (Huelva) debido a los afloramientos y la tonalidad de los mismos. En esta zona se ha realizado un estudio del medio f��sico y una investigaci��n sobre los tipos de roca existentes en la superficie que comprende el Permiso de Investigaci��n de la compa����a minera Canteras Extreme��as S.L. Con todo ello, se han determinado varias ��reas de inter��s en las que se podr��a realizar el emplazamiento de la cantera. Desde el punto de vista t��cnico, se ha definido el dise��o de la cantera optando por un m��todo de explotaci��n combinando el M��todo Finland��s con el corte con hilo diamantado, proyectando a su vez una zona de emplazamiento para la futura escombrera temporal, teniendo en cuenta la realizaci��n de un estudio de impacto ambiental, plan de restauraci��n, plan de vigilancia ambiental, explosivos y previsi��n de ejecuci��n de las labores. El estudio realizado de los indicadores econ��micos nos muestra que el proyecto es rentable, con todo ello se concluye que, tanto t��cnica como econ��micamente, la explotaci��n del recurso minero es viable. ABSTRACT This project aims to study the feasibility, both economic and technical, to the opening and operation of a granite quarry for use as an ornamental stone. For this we have selected an area of potential interest in Santa Olalla del Cala (Huelva) due to upwelling and tonality of these. In this area, it has made a study of the physical environment and an investigation into the types of rock on the surface comprising the Research Permit of the mining company Canteras Extreme��as SL. With all this, we have identified several areas of interest in which they could make the location of the quarry. From the technical point of view, we have defined the design of the quarry opting for a mining method combining the Finnish Method with the diamond wire cutting, projecting turn an area of the site for future temporal tip, taking into account the completion of an environmental impact, restoration plan, environmental monitoring plan, explosives and forecasting operations execution. The study of economic indicators shows that the project is profitable, yet it can be concluded that, both technically and economically, exploitation of mineral resources is viable.

A novel method for measuring the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness under impulsive loadings

The design and development of a new method for performing fracture toughness tests under impulsive loadings using explosives is presented. The experimental set-up was complemented with pressure transducers and strain gauges in order to measure, respectively, the blast wave that reached the specimen and the loading history. Fracture toughness tests on a 7017-T73 aluminium alloy were carried out by using this device under impulsive loadings. Previous studies reported that such aluminium alloy had very little strain rate sensitivity, which made it an ideal candidate for comparison at different loading rates. The fracture-initiation toughness values of the 7017-T73 aluminium alloy obtained at impulsive loadings did not exhibit a significant variation from the cases studied at lower loading rates. Therefore, the method and device developed for measuring the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness under impulsive loadings was considered suitable for such a purpose

Estudio de la movilidad que presenta el di��sel en un suelo contaminado empleando surfactantes

La contaminaci��n de suelos con hidrocarburos de petr��leo en M��xico es un problema que se ha vuelto muy com��n en nuestros d��as, debido principalmente a derrames, as�� como a las actividades propias de la industria petrolera. Algunos suelos contaminados, principalmente en el sureste de M��xico, contienen concentraciones de hidrocarburos hasta de 450,000 mg/kg. Por dichas razones, una de las preocupaciones de las autoridades ambientales es el desarrollo de tecnolog��as eficientes y econ��micamente factibles que permitan la eliminaci��n de este tipo de contaminantes. El saneamiento del sitio se puede lograr a trav��s de diversos procedimientos, como son la aplicaci��n de m��todos f��sicos, qu��micos y biol��gicos (o combinaciones de ellas). La elecci��n de un m��todo depende de la naturaleza del contaminante, su estado f��sico, concentraci��n, tipo de suelo, espacio f��sico disponible, tiempo destinado para su tratamiento, as�� como de los recursos econ��micos disponibles. Previa a la aplicaci��n de la tecnolog��a es necesario la realizaci��n de un diagn��stico de la contaminaci��n del suelo, con el fin de conocer el tipo, concentraci��n y distribuci��n de los contaminantes presentes, as�� como el volumen de suelo a tratar, las condiciones clim��ticas de la zona, y caracter��sticas f��sicas del lugar (v��as de acceso y servicios, entre otros). En la presente tesis, el empleo de surfactantes, se ha propuesto como una t��cnica para incrementar la movilidad de contaminantes org��nicos hidrof��bicos (HOCs) como hidrocarburos totales del petr��leo (HTPs), bifenilos policlorados (PCBs), Benceno, Tolueno, Xilenos, explosivos, clorofenoles, pesticidas, entre otros, y as�� facilitar su degradaci��n. Los surfactantes debido a que reducen la tensi��n superficial del agua, son mol��culas formadas por grupos polares hidrof��licos y largas cadenas carbonadas hidrof��bicas. Sus grupos polares forman puentes hidr��geno con las mol��culas de agua, mientras que las cadenas carbonadas se asocian a los hidrocarburos debido a interacciones hidrof��bicas que estos presentan. En soluciones acuosas, los surfactantes forman estructuras esf��ricas organizadas llamadas micelas. La solubilizaci��n de los contaminantes se lleva a cabo solamente cuando se forma la fase micelar, la cual se obtiene cuando la concentraci��n del surfactante es superior a la concentraci��n micelar cr��tica (CMC), es decir, arriba de la concentraci��n de la cual el mon��mero se comienza a auto-agregar. La eficiencia de desorci��n de di��sel por un surfactante depende de su naturaleza, de la dosis empleada, de la hidrofobicidad del contaminante, de la interacci��n surfactante-suelo y del tiempo de contacto surfactante-suelo. Sin embargo, la mejor eficiencia de desorci��n no est�� siempre relacionada con la mejor eficiencia de movilidad o solubilidad, debido principalmente a que el empleo de una alta concentraci��n de surfactante puede inhibir la movilizaci��n. De acuerdo con informaci��n proporcionada por la Procuradur��a Federal de Protecci��n al Ambiente (PROFEPA), a la fecha no se ha llevado a cabo en M��xico ninguna restauraci��n de sitios espec��ficamente contaminados con di��sel, la t��cnica de lavado de suelos. Por lo anterior existe la necesidad de emplear la t��cnica de lavado de suelos ex situ. Espec��ficamente en el suelo extra��do de la ex refiner��a 18 de marzo ubicada en el Distrito Federal M��xico y empleando una soluci��n de surfactantes con agua desionizada, la cual consiste ponerlos en contacto con el suelo contaminado con di��sel por medio de columnas de lavado cil��ndricas, para lograr la remoci��n del contaminante. Se emplearon como surfactantes el lauril sulfato de sodio, lauril ��ter sulfato de sodio y Glucopon AV-100 a diferentes concentraciones de 0.5 a 4.0 [g/L], logr��ndose obtener una eficiencia del 80 % con este ��ltimo surfactante. El lavado de suelos contaminados con di��sel empleado surfactantes, es una tecnolog��a que requiere que se profundice en el estudio de algunas variables como son el tipo de surfactante, concentraci��n, tiempo de lavado, fen��menos de difusi��n, desorci��n, propiedades termodin��micas, entre otros. Los cuales determinar��n el ��xito o fracaso de la t��cnica empleada. Nowadays, soil pollution with oil in Mexico is a very common issue due mainly to both oil spill and oil activities. For example, mainly in the southeast area of Mexico, polluted soil contains high concentrations of hydrocarbons, up to 450,000 mg/kg. For these reasons, enviromental authorities have the concern in developing economically feasible and efficient technology that allow the elimination of these type of contaminants. The sanitation in sites can be achieved through several procedures such as physical, chemical and biological methods (or a combination among them). The choice of a method depends on the nature and physical state of the contaminant, the concentration, type of soil, physical space available, time consumption and financial resources. Before any technological application, a diagnostic of the polluted soil is necessary in order to know the type, concentration and distribution of contaminants as well as the soil volume, climatic conditions and physical features of the place (access routes and services, among others). In this thesis, surfactants has been proposed as a technique to increase the mobility of hydrophobic-organic contaminants (HOCs), e.g. total hydrocarbons of petroleum, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, toluene, xylenes, explosives, chlorophenols, pesticides, among others, and, hence, to facilitate degradation. Since surfactants reduce the water surface tension, they are molecules comprised of hydrophilic polar groups and long-hydrophobic carbon chains. Surfactant���s polar groups form hydrogen bonding with water molecules while carbon chains, i.e. hydrocarbon chains, have hydrophobic interactios. In aqueous solutions, surfactants form self-organised spherical structures called micelles. The solubilisation of contaminants is carried out only when the micellar phase is formed. This is obtained when the surfactant concentration is higher than the cr��tical micelle concentration (CMC), i.e. above the concentration where the surfactant monomer begins to self-aggregate. The diesel efficiency desorption by surfactants depends on their nature, the dose use, the contaminant hydrophobicity, the surfactant-soil interaction and the contact time with surfactant soil. However, the best desorption is not always related with the best either mobility or solubility efficiency since high concentration of surfactant can inhibit mobilisation. According to information of the Federal Bureau of Environmental Protection (PROFEPA), up today, there is not any restauration of diesel-polluted sites using the washing-soil technique. Due to the above, there exist the necessity of employing the waching-soil technique ex situ. More specifically, a sample soil from the oil-refinery of ���18 de marzo��� in Mexico city was extracted and a surfactant solution with deionised water was put in contact with the diesel contaminated soil by means of cylindrical waching columns in order to remove the contaminant. The surfactants employed in this work were sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate and Glucopon AV-100 at different concentrations of 0.5 to 4 [g/L], obtaining a efficiency of 80 % with this last surfactant. The washing of diesel-polluted soil using surfactants is a technology which requires a deeper study of some variables such as the type of surfactant, concentration, washing time, difusi��n phenomena, desorption, thermodynamic properties, among others. These parameters determine the succes or failure of the employed technique.

Identification of approaches for the control of health, environmental, and safety hazards associated with air bag use and disposal. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Investigation of detonators and electric detonators,

On verso of t.-p.: First edition. June, 1913.

Cargo tanks - bottom loading of flammable liquids, Volume II: review and analysis of liquid level control systems used in bottom loaking of flammable liquids into cargo tanks. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety, Washington, D.C.

The Sedan event /

"April 1965"--Title page ; "Issued August 6, 1965"--Cover.

Venting measurements /

"Issued: Aug., 1964"--Cover.

Base surge analysis /

"September 1, 1963"--Title page.

Stem design /

Project pre-SCHOONER.

Stem design and shotcrete, grout, and concrete support /

Project pre-SCHOONER.

Engineering geology of Buckboard Mesa, Nevada test site : interim report /

"July 1964."

Ejecta studies /

"Issued: April 25, 1963"--Cover ; "October 1962"--Title page.