Industrial Policy in Asia

This paper examines three types of industrialization that have occurred in East Asia: the Japanese, Chinese and generic Asian models. Industrial policies in Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK) initially protected local companies from foreign investors by imposing high tariffs on foreign investors. But Japan began introducing liberalization policies to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in the 1960s, and the ROK began to welcome foreign technology in the 1970s. Meanwhile, the governments of the ASEAN countries and Taiwan established export-processing zones (EPZ) to invite FDI by offering preferential treatment, such as tax deductions and exemptions. China adopted similar industrial policies and also established EPZs, attracting the capital and know-how of multinationals and thereby strengthening the international competitiveness of local enterprises. This paper reaches the following three conclusions. First, it would have been difficult for East Asian countries to grow without FDI. Second, central governments were a crucial factor in these countries' growth strategies. Third, EPZs offering preferential treatment can effectively enhance aggregate growth in developing countries, and the Asian experience shows that this strategy can be applied to other countries that satisfy certain preconditions.

Methodology to assess EU Biofuel Policies: The CAPRI Approach

This report is based on the outcome of a study carried out by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS, Spain) in cooperation with EuroCARE (Bonn, Germany). The report provides a detailed description of the methodology developed to assess the implications of the European Renewable Energy Directive on the agricultural sector, with an explicit focus on regional effects of biofuel targets in the EU. For the analysis, the spatial agricultural sector model CAPRI has been extended to include a global representation of biofuel markets (with endogenous supply, demand and trade flows for biofuels and biofuel feedstocks) while keeping the focus on regional impacts in the EU. The model is capable to simulate the impacts of EU biofuel policies on food production and prices, the potential use of by-products in the feed chain, the increasing pressure on marginal and idle land and the share of imported biofuels (self-sufficiency indicators). CAPRI is now able to jointly assess biofuel and agricultural policies, including policy instruments defined at the Member State level. The CAPRI biofuel module allows for a detailed analysis of most relevant biofuel support instruments like consumer tax exemptions, quota obligations, import tariffs and other trade measures. Additionally, the model allows for analysing scenarios regarding technical progress in 2nd generation technologies for biofuels.

Comprehensive Greenhouse Gas Management for the Electric Generating Industry

Climate change is becoming more visible in the political arena. Electric generating companies will likely be impacted by future regulation of climate change related emissions. Even though few climate related programs are mandatory, electric generating companies should begin to implement greenhouse gas management systems. This report includes a review of issues facing the electric generating industry, an examination of current emission management programs, and recommendations for an effective greenhouse gas management framework. An effective greenhouse gas management program allows a company to continually improve their impact on climate change by reducing emissions using the plan, do, check, act process. To ease the reporting burden, companies should apply de minimis exemptions to sources that produce less than 5% of emissions.

Sundry extracts on the subject of the taxation of College &c., ca. 1798-1801

Notebook with brown paper cover containing handwritten extracts from the charters and related legislation of New England academic, charitable, and commercial institutions regarding their ability to hold real estate and related tax exemptions. Most of the listed documents are dated in the 1780s and 1790s. The notebook also contains extracts from "Argument in the case of Poor's rate, charged on the College of Christ & Emmanuel in the University of Cambridge 1768." The item title is transcribed from a handwritten inscription on the back cover.

[Questions about real estate, 1799]

One leaf containing handwritten research questions regarding the holding of real estate and related tax exemptions, the College charters and temporary orders, and the tutors of the College.

[Questions about taxation, 1799]

One leaf containing handwritten research questions regarding the taxation of the College and tax exemptions offered to ministers. The paper was originally folded in three sections and a portion of the third section is missing.

Memorial of the President and Fellows of Harvard College to the General Court for the enlargement of their power to hold real estate. Copy, [1797 July 15]

Four folio-sized leaves containing a handwritten copy of a petition to the Massachusetts General Court from the Harvard Corporation requesting the College's amount of tax exempt real estate be enlarged.

Extract from legislation passed 1799 February 7

One fragment of a leaf containing a handwritten extract from unidentified legislation stipulating that a section of the bill "should not be so construed as to exempt" the real estate of the College or its officers from payment of local taxes beyond that exempted in the Charter of 1650 and the state Constitution. The text includes the note, "passed 7 Feb'y --99" and presumably refers to the bill referenced in President Willard's letter to Samuel Phillips that "passed the House, and is now before the Senate." The section did not become part of the tax law.

First Draught of substitute, [1799 February]

One folio-sized leaf containing a handwritten draft of the substitute clause providing Cambridge a year to provide evidence that Harvard exceeded £500 in real estate income. The clause was included in the annual tax act, approved on February 28, 1799 (Chapter 75).

Substitute, [1799 February]

Fragment of paper containing a handwritten copy of the substitute clause. The clause was included in the annual tax act, approved on February 28, 1799 (Chapter 75).

New Draught of a Bill, [1799]

One folio-sized leaf containing a handwritten draft of a bill section regarding the College's amount of tax-exempt real estate income, with the income values left blank.

Queries, [1798 June]

One octavo-sized leaf containing handwritten questions in the hand of Professor Pearson regarding the taxation of real estate in Cambridge. A note on the document verso: "Allen 2nd June 11th 1798" indicates Pearson used a student's assignment paper and the date suggests the queries may have been created in preparation for the June 20, 1798 meeting with the Committee of the Town of Cambridge.

[Yearly account statement from 1785 to 1799 January]

One folio-sized leaf containing a handwritten unidentified statement with calculations by year between June 1785 through January 1799. The entries include a yearly figure and "deduct" amounts, and amounts include cents suggesting the figures represent income or repair amounts, as opposed to rents.

A Catalogue of estates in Cambridge belonging to Harvard College, 1799 January 11

Two folio-sized leaves containing a handwritten list of Cambridge real estate belonging to Harvard and the amount of related rents, signed by President Willard.

No. 1 Acct. of Estate belonging to Harvard College January 1799

Two folio-sized leaves containing a one-page handwritten list and description of the College real estate.