‘Towards a Green New Deal on the Island of Ireland: from economic crisis to a new political economy of sustainability’

This article begins from the assumption (which may seem controversial to many) that anyone who thinks that our current economic crisis is a temporary blip until ‘normal service’ (i.e. a return to ‘business as usual’) is resumed, profoundly misunderstands the severity and significance of what’s happening to the global economy and its impacts on the future prosperity of the island of Ireland. The economic recession represents nothing short of a re-structuring of the global economy and the creation of a new dispensation between governments, markets and citizens. The full implications of the re-regulation of the market, with the state bailing out and part nationalising the financial sector in both jurisdictions on the island (as in other parts of the world) have yet to be seen, but what we are witnessing is the emergence of a new economic model. Those who think we can, or even ought to, return to the pre-2008 economic model, are gravely mistaken. The current economic downturn marks the end of the ‘neo-liberal’ model and the beginnings of the transition (an inevitable transition, this article will argue) towards a new low carbon, renewable, green and sustainable economy and society.

‘Marxism and Ecology: From Political Economy to Political Ecology’

One of the reasons for the 'fin de seicle' angst within western liberal capitalist societies is the rise in prominance of ecological concerns within these societies. Long before the New Right declared the post-war welfare state to be untenable, early green critics had claimed it to be ecologically unsustainable. The addiction of the welfare state on ever increasing levels of economic growth was pronounced to be simply impossible within the context of a finite planet. Although it was not expressed in this manner, what these early ecological concerns with Limits to Growth were in effect saying was that the accumulation of capital rendered capitalism unsustainable. Yet the ecological critique of capitalism has not found much favour within the Marxist critique untile recently. Early Marxist analyses of the ecology movement dismissed them as ‘petty bourgeios radicals’ while many greens still view Marxism as ‘fair shares in extinction’. The lack of positive engagement and dialogue between Marxism and ecology has in recent years been put right with a discernable overlap between the two critiques of capitalism. This article seeks to present the areas of disagreement and agreement between the two and seeks to provide an ‘environmental audit’ on both the Marxist method and political project.

Trades Unions and the Transition away from 'actually existing unsustainability':From economic crisis to a new political economy beyond growth

Traditionally trades unions have accepted and promoted orthodox economic growth as a policy imperative. In recent years there has been a noticeable ‘greening’ of trade unions in relation to initiatives such as the ‘Green new deal’ and the creation of ‘green collar’ employment and the focus on a ‘just transition’ to a low carbon economy. Yet given the growing evidence of the negative impacts of economic growth in terms of environmental, resource and pollution impacts as well as the inability of economic growth to tackle (as opposed to managed) socio-economic inequality, it is timely to review the case for trades unions to fundamentally rethink the commitment to orthodox economic growth. That is, for trades unions to consider going beyond their current ‘green/sustainability’ strategies to consider more radical ‘post-growth’ policy positions. This chapter will explore some of the dimensions of a ‘post-growth’ trade union agenda by considering the evidence for going beyond growth from within the trade union movement (specifically looking at the International Labor Organization’s 2004 report on Economic Security, to internal union discussions around trades unionism and climate change) and external evidence ranging from Wilkinson and Pickett’s The Spirit Level (which suggests amongst other things that in the developed world what is needed is not economic growth but greater redistribution and lowering inequality – issues also of traditional interest to the Trades Union movement) to Tim Jackson’s Prosperity without Growth (which suggests that economic growth is ecologically unsustainable as well having passed a threshold beyond which it is contributing to human well-being in the developed world). As well as discussing the relationship between trades unionism and what may be called ‘green political economy’ (such as the ‘degrowth’ and ‘limits to growth’ perspectives) this chapter will also discuss the practical/policy implications of this ‘post-growth’ perspective in relation to trades unionism’s analysis of capitalism and its transformation in the context of a climate changed, carbon constrained world, including implications for ideas such as basic income, a shorter working week and what a trades unionism focused on how to achieve high quality of life within a low carbon context might look like.

Human Resource Management in Multinational Enterprises: Evidence From a Late Industrializing Economy

This paper examines the extent to which human resource management (HRM) practices in multinational enterprises (MNEs) from a small, late developing and highly globalized economy resemble their counterparts from larger, early industrializing countries. The paper draws on data from a large-scale representative survey of 260 MNEs in Ireland. The results demonstrate that there are significant differences between the HRM practices deployed in Irish-owned MNEs and that of their US counterparts but considerable similarity with UK firms. A key conclusion is that arguments in the literature regarding MNEs moving towards the adoption of global best practices, equating to the pursuance of an American model of HRM, were not obvious. The study found considerable variation from ‘US practices’ amongst indigenous Irish MNEs.

Construire l'avantage comparatif du Brésil? : la coordination dans les filiales soja du Mato Grosso et du Paraná

Ce mémoire propose une hypothèse alternative pour expliquer les facteurs à l’origine du boom du soja brésilien. En utilisant une approche combinant la théorie de l’organisation et l’économie politique institutionnelle, ce mémoire propose de comparer les modèles d’organisation de la chaîne de valeur soja des États du Mato Grosso et du Paraná. Dans un premier temps, cette recherche est guidée par un souci de documenter les rouages propres à chaque mode d’organisation et de catégoriser ces derniers comme des systèmes à part entière et cohérents. Ainsi, le mode de coordination du Mato Grosso (intégration de la chaîne de valeur) peut être qualifié de modèle hybride se rapprochant davantage du pôle hiérarchie tandis que le mode d’organisation du Paraná (coopérative agroindustrielle) peut être qualifié de mode hybride gravitant davantage vers le pôle marché. La nature des risques est identifiée comme principal déterminant du degré de centralisation de la gouvernance au sein de ces modèles. L’argument soutient que chaque mode de coordination est performant car il est adapté aux conditions locales de production et permet de mitiger les risques propres à chaque région de façon à encourager les échanges économiques. Dans un deuxième temps, cette recherche serait incomplète sans une analyse des facteurs politiques et historiques ayant influencé la trajectoire de développement de chaque région. Ainsi, chaque étude de cas présente un récit détaillé de l’évolution des politiques agraires et des institutions depuis les années 1960, soit le moment où la culture commerciale du soja a commencé à gagner en importance au Brésil. Analyser le changement institutionnel depuis 1960 est primordial pour comprendre comment se sont consolidées les règles du jeu qui sous-tendent aujourd’hui chaque mode de coordination.

A firm-level analysis of ICT adoption in an emerging economy: evidence from the colombian manufacturing industries

This study examines ICT adoption among 3,759 Colombian manufacturing firms, and attempts to identify the factors that are conducive to the adoption and usage of ICT at the firm level. Our major findings are (i) that the adoption of a given information and communication technology is better facilitated when a firm is relatively large, has large human capital, engages in more innovative activities, and when a firm’s organizational structure is better aligned with the given technology; (ii) that positive associations between the key determinants and ICT adoptions are more pronounced for small and medium-sized firms than for large ones, and (iii) that information spillovers within industries is also a determinant of ICT adoptions by the firms.

The viability of sustained growth by India’s MNEs: India’s dual economy and constraints from location assets

This paper considers the longer-term viability of the internationalization and success of Indian multinational enterprises (MNEs). We apply the ‘dual economy’ concept (Lewis, Manch Sch 22(2):139–191, 1954) to reconcile the contradictions of the typical emerging economy, where a ‘modern’ knowledge-intensive economy exists alongside a ‘traditional’ resource-intensive economy. Each type of economy generates firms with different types of ownership advantages, and hence different types of MNEs and internationalisation patterns. We also highlight the vulnerabilities of a growth-by-acquisitions approach. The potential for Indian MNEs to grow requires an understanding of India’s dual economy and the constraints from the home country’s location advantages, particularly those in its knowledge infrastructure.

O modelo de integração econômico e social nas cooperativas agropecuárias do Paraná

Analisar o modelo de integração das cooperativas de produtores agropecuários no estado do Paraná foi o propósito deste estudo. Foram estudadas as características, os fatores que dificultam e as ações que facilitam a integração entre cooperados e suas cooperativas e destas entre si. As cooperativas têm características distintas dos outros atores do mercado, nos seus objetivos, na forma de gestão, na formação do capital e na sua identificação com a comunidade onde atuam. O desenvolvimento das cooperativas agropecuárias no Paraná é resultante dos Projetos Integrados de Cooperativismo (PICs), implementados a partir de 1972. O modelo previa cooperativas singulares, cada qual com sua área de ação, com o objetivo de proporcionar assistência técnica, creditícia e apoio logístico aos produtores associados, e centrais cooperativas, por região, para industrialização e comercialização da produção. Os resultados proporcionados pelos projetos integrados são evidentes, pois, quase 60% da produção agropecuária atual provém das cooperativas em todo o estado. Porém, ao longo do tempo, em razão do crescimento desigual das cooperativas, surgiram disputas por área de ação entre cooperativas e conflitos de interesses em relação às centrais que comprometeram o modelo de integração idealizado. Pesquisa de campo realizada para este estudo, mostra que 75% das pessoas que compõem o público interno das cooperativas – cooperados, dirigentes e funcionários, concordam que há concorrência entre cooperativas no Paraná. Trata-se de tema polêmico porém relevante para o desenvolvimento do cooperativismo paranaense, que concorre com grandes conglomerados econômicos nacionais e internacionais. A superação do dilema da integração constitui importante desafio às organizações cooperativas. Esta dissertação utiliza metodologia de análise de conteúdo, descrita por VERGARA (2007, p. 15) para extrair da bibliografia e da pesquisa de campo os resultados almejados. Com base na Teoria da Delimitação dos Sistemas Sociais, concebida por Guerreiro Ramos (1981), conclui-se que as cooperativas agropecuárias paranaenses são organizações de interesse econômico que apresentam características isonômicas de gestão. A maioria dos fatores que dificultam a integração nas cooperativas é originada de atitudes internas de cooperados e dirigentes, tais como: individualismo, falta de conhecimento sobre as cooperativas e falta de interesse em participar da cooperativa. Entre as ações que poderiam contribuir para a integração foi citada a necessidade de se constituir novo modelo de integração, apoiado por programas de educação, comunicação e capitalização em volumes compatíveis com as demandas dos projetos das cooperativas, tanto aos cooperados quanto para projetos integrados entre cooperativas.

A utilização de estratégias organizacionais no processo de internacionalização no setor de cooperativismo no estado do Paraná: estudo de caso da cooperativa industrial C&M do estado do Paraná.

A presente pesquisa possui um enfoque no processo de internacionalização das empresas brasileiras, um fenômeno que vem ocorrendo de forma lenta e gradual ao longo dos últimos 25 anos, com grande ênfase nos anos 1990, quando o Brasil abriu sua economia ao capital externo, proporcionando maiores investimentos em novos produtos, novas tecnologias, e a adoção por parte das nossas organizações de novas formas e práticas de gestão empresarial, as quais já faziam parte há um bom tempo das organizações multinacionais pelo mundo afora, que sempre utilizaram essas melhores formas de gestão empresarial em seu estado da arte. Este atraso do Brasil em relação ao mundo desenvolvido, em que o País se fechou como uma verdadeira "ostra", refletiu-se em prejuízos imensuráveis ao desenvolvimento social, político e econômico, resultando em atrasos tecnológicos e educacionais e na consequente falta de pessoal qualificado em face de um mundo globalizado, no qual se mostram imprescindíveis as inovações tecnológicas e a capacitação humana. Nesse contexto, o processo de internacionalização de empresas, especificamente o segmento do cooperativismo de agronegócio no estado do Paraná, ganha um impulso significativo, quando as cooperativas, a partir da década de 1980, buscam sua inserção internacional no mundo globalizado através de um aumento gradativo em suas exportações, inicialmente somente com produtos in natura e, posteriormente, com a introdução de novas tecnologias, equipamentos, pesquisas, modernas formas de gestão e educação continuada de pessoal, possibilitando às cooperativas, e de forma geral ao setor cooperativista paranaense, um grande salto financeiro e um aumento expressivo na composição do PIB do Paraná, representando nos dias atuais aproximadamente 40% do total das exportações do estado. Dessa forma, este trabalho procura contribuir com a academia e com as organizações cooperativistas do estado do Paraná no sentido de buscar as razões para esse importante e irreversível processo de internacionalização, que trouxe, e ainda traz, vantagens financeiras, tecnológicas e dinamismo à economia local com os seus diversos atores, e que transforma essas organizações paranaenses e brasileiras em grandes players globais nos negócios internacionais.

Private equity and venture capital in an emerging economy: evidence from Brazil

This article, based on the Brazilian experience, examines how Private Equity and Venture Capital (PE/VC) adapts to an emerging economy Our dataset is based on two extensive questionnaires answered by each of the 65 PE/VC organizations with offices in Brazil. The results reveal that a lack of infrastructure and security create investment opportunities. However, institutional idiosyncrasies represent a major barrier and force PE/VC – a U.S. investment model – to adapt by investing in different stages of business development, avoiding LBOs, taking a generalist industry approach, geographically concentrating in the financial cluster and relying on arbitration for dispute resolution.

Assessment of micronutrient extractants from soils of Paraná, Brazil

In Brazil, plant-available micronutrients in the soil can be determined by several chemical extractants, the most common of which are dilute acid and chelating solutions. The purpose of this study was to assess the extractants 0.1 mol L-1 HCl, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA for analysis of the micronutrients Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in soils from the state of Parana. In samples from 12 soils (0-20 cm layer), wheat was planted (Triticum aestivum), grown for 42 days after emergence, and then bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for 38 days. At the end of each planting period, the soil was sampled again. All extractants tested to assess the availability of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn correlated with each other. The efficiency of the extractants HCl, Mehlich-3 and DTPA in assessing plant-available Cu was similar, unlike Mehlich-1, which proved less efficient. The extractants HCl, Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 were less efficient in estimating plant-available Zn and Fe, and the most indicated extractant is DTPA. The efficiency of the extractants HCl, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA in assessing plant-available Mn in soils from Parana was similar.