Avaliação da função ventricular direita por meio da ecocardiografia em cães com doença valvar crônica de mitral

A doença valvar crônica de mitral (DVCM) é a principal cardiopatia adquirida dos cães e uma das suas complicações é a hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP), o que pode induzir a disfunção do ventriculo direito (VD). Assim, constituíram-se em objetivos do presente estudo identificar e descrever alterações de tamanho do VD, padrão de fluxo na artéria pulmonar (AP) e função sistólica ventricular direita nas diferentes fases da DVCM, além de correlacionar estas variáveis com índices de tamanho, volume, funções sistólica e diastólica do lado esquerdo do coração, bem como com a velocidade da insuficiência tricúspide (IT) e gradiente de pressão entre o ventrículo e átrio direitos nos cães que apresentavam regurgitação da valva tricúspide. Para tanto, foram incluídos 96 cães de diversas raças no estudo, que foram separados em quatro grupos de acordo com o estágio da DVCM: grupos ou estágios A, B1, B2 e C. Os cães com DVCM sintomáticos ou em estágio C apresentaram alterações no fluxo da artéria pulmonar (AP), bem evidenciadas pela redução das suas velocidades máxima e média, além da redução dos tempos de aceleração (TAC) e ejeção (TEJ) do fluxo sistólico da AP e correlação negativa com as variáveis de tamanho e funções sistólica e diastólica do coração esquerdo. O tamanho do VD foi estatisticamente maior nos animais do estágio C em comparação aos do estágio B1 e associou-se, negativamente, com os índices de função sistólica ventricular esquerda (VE). Os índices de função sistólica do VD como índice de excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (iTAPSE) e variação fracional de área (FAC) foram maiores nos estágios mais avançados da DVCM e, juntamente com a velocidade de movimentação miocárdica sistólica do anel valvar tricúspide (onda Sm), correlacionou-se com índices de funções sistólica e diastólica do VE, seguindo o mesmo padrão de aumento de movimentação e estado hipercinético das variáveis do lado esquerdo do coração na evolução da DVCM. O padrão de fluxo sistólico da AP, bem caracterizado pelo TAC e TEJ, e o índice de área doVD foram os índices que mais alteraram com a evolução da hipertensão pulmonar na DVCM, enquanto que os índices de função do VD não apresentaram alterações significativas neste modelo de hipertensão arterial pulmonar em cão

Comparison of Inhaled Nitric Oxide Versus Oxygen on Hemodynamics in Patients With Mitral Stenosis and Severe Pulmonary Hypertension After Mitral Valve Surgery

Pulmonary hypertension represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with mitral stenosis who undergo cardiac surgery, especially in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) would improve the hemodynamic effects and short-term clinical outcomes of patients with mitral stenosis and severe pulmonary hypertension who undergo cardiac surgery in a randomized, controlled study. Twenty-nine patients (4 men, 25 women; mean age 46 2 years) were randomly allocated to receive iNO (n = 14) or oxygen (n = 15) for 48 hours immediately after surgery. Hemodynamic data, the use of vasoactive drugs, duration of stay, and short-term complications were assessed. No differences in baseline characteristics were observed between the groups. After 24 and 48 hours, patients receiving iNO had a significantly greater increase in cardiac index compared to patients receiving oxygen (p < 0.0001). Pulmonary vascular resistance was also more significantly reduced in patients receiving iNO versus oxygen (-117 dyne/s/cm(5), 95% confidence interval 34 to 200, vs 40 dyne/s/cm5, 95% confidence interval 34 to 100, p = 0.005) at 48 hours. Patients in the iNO group used fewer systemic vasoactive drugs.(mean 2.1 +/- 0.14 vs 2.6 +/- 0.16, p = 0.046) and had a shorter intensive care unit stay (median 2 days, interquartile range 0.25, vs median 3 days, interquartile range 7, p = 0.02). In conclusion, iNO immediately after surgery in patients with mitral stenosis and severe pulmonary hypertension improves hemodynamics and may have short-term clinical benefits. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Am J Cardiol 2011;107:1040-1045)

Influence of Parasympathetic Modulation in Doppler Mitral Inflow Velocity in Individuals without Heart Disease

Background: The relation between left ventricular filing velocities determined by Doppler echocardiography and autonomic nervous system function assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the autonomic nervous system assessed by the time and frequency domain indices of HRV in the Doppler indices of left ventricular diastolic filling velocities in patients without heart disease. Methods: We studied 451 healthy individuals (255 female [56.4%]) with normal blood pressure, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and treadmill electrocardiographic exercise stress test results, with a mean age of 43 +/- 12 (range 15-82) years, who underwent transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and 24-hour electrocardiographic ambulatory monitoring. We studied indices of HRV on time (standard deviation [SD] of all normal sinus RR intervals during 24 hours, SD of averaged normal sinus RR intervals for all 5-minute segments, mean of the SD of all normal sinus RR intervals for all 5-minute segments, root-mean-square of the successive normal sinus RR interval difference, and percentage of successive normal sinus RR intervals > 50 ms) and frequency (low frequency, high frequency, very low frequency, low frequency/high frequency ratio) domains relative to peak flow velocity during rapid passive filling phase (E), atrial contraction (A), E/A ratio, E-wave deceleration time, and isovolumic relaxation time. Statistical analysis was performed with Pearson correlation and logistic regression. Results: Peak flow velocity during rapid passive filling phase (E) and atrial contraction (A), E/A ratio, and deceleration time of early mitral inflow did not demonstrate a significant correlation with indices of HRV in time and frequency domain. We found that the E/A ratio was < 1 in 45 individuals (10%). Individuals with an E/A ratio < 1 had lower indices of HRV in frequency domain (except low frequency/high frequency) and lower indices of the mean of the SD of all normal sinus RR intervals for all 5-minute segments, root-mean-square of the successive normal sinus RR interval difference, and percentage of successive normal sinus RR intervals > 50 ms in time domain. Logistic regression demonstrated that an E/A ratio < 1 was associated with lower HF. Conclusion: Individuals with no evidence of heart disease and an E/A ratio < 1 demonstrated a significant decrease in indexes of HRV associated with parasympathetic modulation. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23: 762-5.)

Mitral valve prolapse and anxiety disorders

We investigated whether there is an association between anxiety disorders and mitral valve prolapse. We compared mitral valve prolapse prevalence in individuals with panic disorder (n=41), social anxiety disorder (n=89) and in healthy controls (n=102) in an attempt to overcome the biases of previous studies. Our results show no associations between panic disorder or social anxiety disorder and mitral valve prolapse, regardless of the diagnostic criteria employed, and that the relationship between these conditions seems not to be clinically relevant.

Laminar disorganisation of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb does not affect topographic targeting of primary olfactory axons

Primary olfactory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor protein typically project to topographically fixed olfactory bulb sites. While cell adhesion molecules and odorant receptors have been implicated in guidance of primary olfactory axons. the postsynaptic mitral cells may also have a role in final target selection. We have examined the effect of disorganisation of the mitral cell soma layer in mutant mice heterozygous for the beta-subunit of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (Lis1(-/+)) on the targeting of primary olfactory axons. Lis1(-/+) mice display abnormal lamination of neurons in the olfactory bulb. Lis1(-/+) mice were crossed with the P2-IRES-tau:LacZ line of transgenic mice that selectively expresses beta-galactosidase in primary olfactory neurons expressing the P2 odorant receptor. LacZ histochemistry revealed blue-stained P2 axons that targeted topographically fixed glomeruli in these mice in a manner similar to that observed in the parent P2-IRES-tau:LacZ line. Thus, despite the aberrant organisation of postsynaptic mitral cells in Lis1(-/+) mice, primary olfactory axons continued to converge and form glomeruli at correct sites in the olfactory bulb. Next we examined whether challenging primary olfactory axons in adult Lis(-/+) mice with regeneration would affect their ability to converge and form glomeruli. Following partial chemical ablation of the olfactory neuroepithelium with dichlobenil, primary olfactory neurons die and are replaced by newly differentiating neurons that project axons to the olfactory bulb where they converge and form glomeruli. Despite the aberrant mitral cell layer in Lis(-/+) mice. primary olfactory axons continued to converge and form glomeruli during regeneration. Together these results demonstrate that the convergence of primary olfactory axons during development and regeneration is not affected by gross perturbations to the lamination of the mitral cell layer. Thus, these results support evidence from other studies indicating that mitral cells do not play a major role in the convergence and targeting of primary olfactory axons in the olfactory bulb. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Relationship of ventricular longitudinal function to contractile reserve in patients with mitral regurgitation

Background Latent left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with valvular or myocardial disease may be identified by loss of contractile reserve (CR) at exercise echocardiography. Contraction in the LV longitudinal axis may be more sensitive than radial contraction to minor disturbances of LV function. We sought to determine whether tissue Doppler measurement of longitudinal function could be used to identify CR. Methods Exercise echocardiography was performed in 86 patients (20 women, age 53 +/- 18 years), 72 with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mitral regurgitation, and 14 normal controls. Pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (DTI) was used to measure maximum annular systolic velocity at rest and stress. Inducible ischemia was excluded by analysis of wall motion by an experienced observer. CR was defined by greater than or equal to5% improvement of stress compared with rest ejection fraction (EF). Exercise capacity was assessed from expired gas analysis. Results CR was present in 34 patients with mitral regurgitation (47%); peak EF in patients with and without CR was 74% +/- 11% versus 54% +/- 15% (P

Granulomatose de Wegener e estenose subglótica: descrição de caso

Descreve-se o caso de um paciente com Granulomatose de Wegener, em tratamento com esteróides e ciclofosfamida, que, apesar do tratamento, evoluiu com dispnéia progressiva e rouquidão. A investigação mostrou tratar-se de uma estenose subglótica, sendo a dispnéia prontamente aliviada com a traqueostomia. São discutidos diagnósticos diferenciais e modalidades de tratamentos de estenose subglótica em portadores de Wegener.

Estenose congênita da abertura piriforme

A estenose congênita da abertura piriforme é uma rara causa de obstrução nasal que pode ocorrer no recém-nascido. É provocada pelo crescimento excessivo do processo nasal medial da maxila causando um estreitamento do terço anterior da fossa nasal. Inicialmente foi relatada uma deformidade isolada, posteriormente a estenose congênita da abertura piriforme foi considerada como apresentação de forma menor da holoprosencefalia. Neste artigo relatamos um caso de recém-nascido do sexo masculino que apresentava desde o parto dispnéia, cianose e episódios de apnéia. O paciente foi submetido a cirurgia com alargamento da abertura piriforme por acesso sublabial. No seguimento apresentou boa evolução durante o acompanhamento. O relato desta deformidade mostra sua importância como causa de obstrução nasal congênita e diagnóstico diferencial de atresia coanal. A estenose congênita da abertura piriforme pode ser reparada adequadamente, quando necessário, através de procedimento cirúrgico.

Perfil ecocardiográfico do doente com estenose aórtica degenerativa

Mestrado em Tecnologia de Diagnóstico e Intervenção Cardiovascular - Área de especialização: Ultrassonografia Cardiovascular.

Repercussões da estase pulmonar sobre os volumes, capacidades e débitos ventilatórios

Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia, 1994, 13(10): 763-768.

Isolated Cleft of the Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet

Isolated anterior mitral leaflet cleft (not associated with atrio-ventricular septal defect) is a rare cause of congenital mitral regurgitation, and the treatment consists of direct suturing of the cleft. We present a clinical case with this entity.

Degenerescência Caseosa da Calcificação do Anel Mitral: Revisão a Propósito de Seis Casos

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus is a rare form of mitral annular calcification, whose etiology is not completely understood and which can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of intracardiac tumor. The authors describe the cases of six patients, five of them female, mean age 74.8 +/- 6.4 years (65-81). Four patients presented with heart failure, two with atrial fibrillation and five with hypertension. Round, echogenic images, 18-26 mm in their largest diameter with a central echolucent area, were identified by transthoracic echocardiography on the lateral and posterior segments of the mitral annulus. Severe mitral regurgitation was also found in four patients. Only three patients with severe mitral regurgitation and heart failure were operated on, and one patient refused surgical treatment. A caseous mass, similar to toothpaste, was obtained from the mitral annulus zone during surgery.

A Experiência de Um Ano na Monitorização de Estenose Intracraniana nas Crianças com Anemia de Células Falciformes (Depranocitose) por Ecodoppler Transcraniano

O Laboratório de Neurossonologia do Hospital de S. José do CHLC, EPE propôs-se avaliar os registos velocimétricos obtidos na realização de Ecodoppler Transcraniano aos doentes em idade pediátrica portadores de Drepanocitose, durante o ano de 2010, verificando-se uma baixa incidência de estenose intracraniana.

Endocardite a Nocardia após Cirurgia de Substituição Valvular Mitral: Caso Clínico e Revisão da Literatura

A Nocardia é responsável por diversos tipos de infecção quer em receptores imunocompetentes, quer imunocomprometidos e pode afectar qualquer órgão. A endocardite a Nocardia spp é muito rara e tem mau prognóstico. Segundo o nosso conhecimento e após revisão da literatura, foram reportados apenas 12 casos de endocardite a Nocardia, a maioria tratada com substituição valvular. Reportamos o primeiro caso descrito em Portugal de endocardite protésica a Nocardia, tratado com sucesso apenas com terapêutica antimicrobiana (trimetoprimsulfametoxazol), sem necessidade de substituição valvular.