Strategic Voting in Proportional Systems: The Case of Finland. IHS Political Science Series No. 138, September 2014

Voters try to avoid wasting their votes even in PR systems. In this paper we make a case that this type of strategic voting can be observed and predicted even in PR systems. Contrary to the literature we do not see weak institutional incentive structures as indicative of a hopeless endeavor for studying strategic voting. The crucial question for strategic voting is how institutional incentives constrain an individual’s decision-making process. Based on expected utility maximization we put forward a micro-logic of an individual’s expectation formation process driven by institutional and dispositional incentives. All well-known institutional incentives to vote strategically that get channelled through the district magnitude are moderated by dispositional factors in order to become relevant for voting decisions. Employing data from Finland – because of its electoral system a particularly hard testing ground - we find considerable evidence for observable implications of our theory.

Economic Policy Voting and Incumbency: Unemployment in Western Europe

The economic voting literature has been dominated by the incumbency-oriented hypothesis, where voters reward or punish government at the ballot box according to economic performance. The alternative, policy-oriented hypothesis, where voters favor parties closest to their issue position, has been neglected in this literature. We explore policy voting with respect to an archetypal economic policy issue – unemployment. Voters who favor lower unemployment should tend to vote for left parties, since they “own” the issue. Examining a large time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) pool of Western European nations, we find some evidence for economic policy voting. However, it exists in a form conditioned by incumbency. According to varied tests, left incumbents actually experience a net electoral cost, if the unemployment rate climbs under their regime. Incumbency, then, serves to break any natural economic policy advantage that might accrue to the left due to the unemployment issue.

A Citizen's guide to understanding the Voting rights act /

Errata slip mounted inside back cover.

Language minority, illiteracy, and voting data used in making determinations for the Voting rights act amendments of 1975 (Public law 94-73).

Item 142-C

The Voting rights act : unfulfilled goals /

Cover title.

The voting rights act, unfulfilled goals : a report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights.

Item 288-A

The truth about "The voting machine deal".

Mode of access: Internet.

Journal of the Constitutional convention of the commonwealth of Virginia to amend the Constitution of Virginia for voting by certain members of the armed forces. Held in the old hall of the House of delegates in the state Capitol at Richmond April 30, May 1, 2, 22, 1945 [and]

J. Sinclair Brown, president of the convention

Parliamentary law and rules of procedure : a manual of practical information concerning deliberative bodies; motions and their purpose and relation; voting; elections; committees; officers and debate; together with model forms and reference charts; in accordance with Robert's rules of order, revised 1915 /

Mode of access: Internet.

A dictionary of the law of elections, with the practice from the issuing of the writ to the final decision of the honourable House : comprising all the cases decided, with correct references to the statutes and authorities : extracted from the journals of the House of Commons, the law reports, and the numerous treatises on election laws : with an appendix containing the names of all the boroughs, - when they first returned members - their returning officers - the various rights of voting therein, &c. : the whole alphabetically arranged & carefully digested /

Mode of access: Internet.

Using the Voting rights act.

Mode of access: Internet.