Molecular Modeling of PMR-15 Polyimide

PMR-15 polyimide is a polymer that is used as a matrix in composites. These composites with PMR-15 matrices are called advanced polymer matrix composite that is abundantly used in the aerospace and electronics industries because of its high temperature resistivity. Apart from having high temperature sustainability, PMR-15 composites also display good thermal-oxidative stability, mechanical properties, processability and low costs, which makes it a suitable material for manufacturing aircraft structures. PMR-15 uses the reverse Diels-Alder (RDA) method for crosslinking which provides it with the groundwork for its distinctive thermal stability and a range of 280-300 degree Centigrade use temperature. Regardless of such desirable properties, this material has a number of limitations that compromises its application on a large scale basis. PMR-15 composites has been known to be very vulnerable to micro-cracking at inter and intra-laminar cracking. But the major factor that hinders its demand is PMR-15's carcinogenic constituent, methylene dianilineme (MDA), also a liver toxin. The necessity of providing a safe working environment during its production adds up to the cost of this material. In this study, Molecular Dynamics and Energy Minimization techniques are utilized to simulate a structure of PMR-15 at a given density of 1.324 g/cc and an attempt to recreate the polyimide to reduce the number of experimental testing and hence subdue the health hazards as well as the cost involved in its production. Even though this study does not involve in validating any mechanical properties of the model, it could be used in future for the validation of its properties and further testing for different properties like aging, microcracking, creep etc.

Regioselective Synthesis of 2-Amino-isophthalonitriles through a Ring Transformation Strategy

An expeditious synthesis of several 2-amino-isophthalonitriles and their biaryl compounds is described and illustrated by carbanion-induced ring transformation of functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones with malononitrile in excellent yields. The strength of the reaction lies in the creation of an aromatic ring at room temperature from six membered-lactones under mild reaction conditions. This approach is an alternative to Diels-Alder reactions of 2H-pyran-2-ones with dienophiles, which require forcing thermal conditions to obtain benzene derivatives.

Untersuchungen zur Pflanzengeographie von West-China

von L. Diels

Genetische Elemente in der Flora der Alpen

von L. Diels

Eine neue bemerkenswerte Primel aus Central-China, Primula Filchnerae

Von R. Knuth und L. Diels

Genetische Elemente in der Flora der Alpen

Von L. Diels

Über primitive Ranales der australischen Flora

Von L. Diels

Untersuchungen zur Pflanzengeographie von West-China

Von L. Diels

Calibration of WAVE in irrigated maize: fallow vs. cover crops.

Nitrate leaching decreases crop available N and increases water contamination. Replacing fallow by cover crops (CC) is an alternative to reduce nitrate contamination, because it reduces overall drainage and soil mineral N accumulation. A study of the soil N and nitrate leaching was conducted during 5 years in a semi-arid irrigated agricultural area of Central Spain. Three treatments were studied during the intercropping period of maize (Zea mays L.): barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), vetch (Vicia villosa L.), and fallow. Cover crops, sown in October, were killed by glyphosate application in March, allowing direct seeding of maize in April. All treatments were irrigated and fertilised following the same procedure. Soil water content was measured using capacity probes. Soil Nmin accumulation was determined along the soil profile before sowing and after harvesting maize. Soil analysis was conducted at six depths every 0.20m in each plot in samples from 0 to 1.2-m depth. The mechanistic water balance model WAVE was applied in order to calculate drainage and plant growth of the different treatments, and apply them to the N balance. We evaluated the water balance of this model using the daily soil water content measurements of this field trial. A new Matlab version of the model was evaluated as well. In this new version improvements were made in the solute transport module and crop module. In addition, this new version is more compatible with external modules for data processing, inverse calibration and uncertainty analysis than the previous Fortran version. The model showed that drainage during the irrigated period was minimized in all treatments, because irrigation water was adjusted to crop needs, leading to nitrate accumulation on the upper layers after maize harvest. Then, during the intercrop period, most of the nitrate leaching occurred. Cover crops usually led to a shorter drainage period, lower drainage water amount and lower nitrate leaching than the treatment with fallow. These effects resulted in larger nitrate accumulation in the upper layers of the soil after CC treatments.

Fotofísica de enodionas

Em 1906, Albrecht obteve a primeira enodiona conhecida, ao reagir benzoquinona com ciclopentadieno. A estrutura desta enodiona somente foi elucidada em 1928, por Diels e Alder que, entretanto, perceberam ser possív.el existirem dois diferentes isômeros para o composto em questão: endo e exo. A descoberta, em 1958, da reação de fotocilização deste aduto de Diels-Alder, por Cookson e colaboradores, demonstrou que se tratava do isômero endo e esta reação passou a ser utilizada para se comprovar a configuração endo de vários compostos de estrutura análoga. Porém, apesar de sua importância histórica como método para comprovar a configuração dos adutos de Diels-Alder, os dados disponíveis até hoje são insuficientes para o esclarecimento dos processos subjacentes à fotociclização desses compostos, especialmente porque hoje sabemos que existem adutos de configuração endo que não fotociclizam. Visando aumentar o conhecimento sobre o comportamento destes adutos frente à reação de fotociclização, determinaram-se seus espectros de absorção (na região do UVNisível) e de emissão de luminescência e concluiu-se, com base em nossos resultados e daqueles relatados na literatura, que o fato de não ocorrer a fotociclização de alguns adutos de configuração endo não depende exclusivamente da estabilidade dos estados excitados envolvidos, ainda que essa característica e a natureza destes certamente afete os rendimentos quânticos da reação. Antes, parece-nos que estruturas que permitam deslocalizar um dos elétrons do birradical intermediariamente formado neste processo propiciam a reversão deste intermediário ao reagente, ao invés de se formar o produto de fotociclização. Alem disso, reinvestigamos a reação de fotoisomerização endo → exo do aduto de benzoquinona e ciclopentadieno, por irradiação em etanol/trietil-amina, relatada por Pandey e colaboradores em 1990, tendo verificado que tal isomerização não ocorre nas condições descritas na literatura, obtendo-se, ao invés disso, principalmente o tautômero aromático da enodiona e seu produto de fotociclização. Por outro lado, descobrimos que, deixar em repouso, no escuro, o aduto de benzoquinona e ciclopentadieno em etanol/trietil-amina conduz,a um dímero deste aduto, não descrito previamente.

Estudos visando à síntese de sesquiterpenos bacanos

Nesta tese, efetuamos estudos visando à síntese de sesquiterpenos bacanos, cuja etapa chave consistiu na construção do sistema cis-hidrindânico, através de reação de contração de anel de cis-octalinas e 2-octalonas mediada por trinitrato de tálio (TTN). Apenas as cis-octalinas como, por exemplo, o cis-4a-metil-l,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahidronaftaleno e o cis-4a, 7-dimetil-l,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidronaftaleno, foram passíveis de reação de contração de anel em rendimentos satisfatórios; já a cis-5,10-dimetil-l(9)-octal-2-ona levou ao produto de contração em baixo rendimento. Tentamos utilizar a reação de cis-4a-metil-l,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidronaftaleno com TTN na síntese da nor-baquenolida-A, porém não conseguimos completar a síntese desta, pois não foi possível efetuar a última etapa sintética, nas várias abordagens testadas. Grandes esforços também foram empregados na preparação diastereosseletiva da cis-5,10-dimetil-l(9)-octal-2-ona através de três abordagens diferentes que foram investigadas, sendo duas delas com êxito. Contudo, o baixo rendimento (38%) da etapa de contração de anel da cis-5,10-dimetil-l(9)-octal-2-ona não permitiu a continuação da rota sintética proposta para a baquenolida-A. Também realizamos a resolução cinética de três diferentes cis-octalóis que foram preparados através da reação de Diels-Alder seguida de redução diastereosseletiva - com a lipase Novozym 435, e os produtos resolvidos foram obtidos em excelentes rendimentos isolados (≥ 40% para cada enantiômero) e excelentes excessos enantioméricos (≥ 98%).

Novel Photochemical Methodologies For Diversity Oriented Synthesis And Screening Of Combinatorial Libraries

The main goal of this project was to develop an efficient methodology allowing rapid access to structurally diverse scaffolds decorated with various functional groups. Initially, we discovered and subsequently developed an experimentally straightforward, high-yielding photoinduced conversion of readily accessible diverse starting materials into polycyclic aldehydes and their (hemi)acetals decorated by various pendants. The two step sequence, involving the Diels-Alder addition of heterocyclic chalcones and other benzoyl ethylenes to a variety of dienes, followed by the Paternò-Büchi reaction, was described as an alkene-carbonyl oxametathesis. This methodology offers a rapid increase in molecular complexity and diversity of the target scaffolds. To develop this novel methodology further and explore its generality, we directed our attention to the Diels-Alder adducts based on various chromones. We discovered that the Diels-Alder adducts of chromones are capable of photoinduced alkene-arene [2+2] cycloaddition producing different dienes, which can either dimerize or be introduced into a double-tandem [4π+2π]·[2π+2π]·[4π+2π]·[2π+2π] synthetic sequence, followed by an acid-catalyzed oxametathesis, leading to a rapid expansion of molecular complexity over a few experimentally simple steps. In view of the fact that oxametathesis previously was primarily observed in aromatic oxetanes, we decided to prepare model aliphatic oxetanes with a conformationally unconstrained or "flexible" methyl group based on the Diels-Alder adducts of cyclohexadiene or cyclopentadiene with methyl vinyl ketone. Upon addition of an acid, the expected oxametathesis occurred with results similar to those observed in the aromatic series proving the generality of this approach. Also we synthesized polycyclic oxetanes resulting from the Diels-Alder adducts of cyclic ketones. This not only gave us access to remarkably strained oxetane systems, but also the mechanism for their protolytic ring opening provided a great deal of insight to how the strain affects the reactivity. Additionally, we discovered that although the model Hetero-Diels-Alder adducts did not undergo [2+2] cycloaddition, both exo- and endo-Sulfa-Diels-Alder products, nonetheless, were photochemically active and various products with defined stereochemistry could be produced upon photolysis. In conclusion, we have developed an approach to the encoding and screening of solution phase libraries based on the photorelease of externally sensitized photolabile tags. The encoding tags can be released into solution only when a binding event occurs between the ligand and the receptor, equipped with an electron transfer sensitizer. The released tags are analyzed in solution revealing the identity of the lead ligand or narrowing the range of potential leads.

Synthesis of xanthone-1,2,3-triazole dyads

Xanthones and 1,2,3-triazoles are known to exhibit several biological, pharmacological and biocidal properties[1]. The potential applications of these two classes of heterocycles led us to develop new strategies to synthesize xanthone-1,2,3-triazole dyads, aiming to get potentially improved therapeutic agents[2]. With this rational in mind we designed and synthesized novel chromone derivatives 1a-d to be used as building motifs and to explore the reactivity of the two unsaturated systems (the diene and the alkyne). In the present communication we will present a new synthetic route towards the synthesis of xanthone-1,2,3-triazole dyads 7a-d using consecutively the azide-alkyne Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and Diels-Alder reaction. Our approach involves the synthesis chromone-triazole derivatives 2a-d using the reaction of 1a-d with sodium azide, followed by the methylation of the NH of the triazole moiety. The methylation afforded three isomers 3a-d, 4a-d and 5a-d, as expected. The major isomers 3a-d were used in the Diels-Alder reaction with N-methylmaleimide, and the adducts obtained 6a-d were oxidized to afford the xanthone-1,2,3-triazole dyads 7a-d. All the synthetic details as well as the structural characterization (by 1D and 2D NMR studies) of the new synthesised compounds will be presented and discussed.

Recent developments in the synthesis of novel xanthone-1,2,3-triazole dyads

The development of multi-target drugs for treating complex multifactorial diseases constitutes an active research ield. This kind of drugs has gained much importance as alternative strategy to combination therapy (“cocktail drugs”).1 A common way to design them brings together two different pharmacophores in one single molecule (so-called dyads). Following this idea and being aware that xanthones2 and 1,2,3-triazoles3 possess important pharmacological properties, we combined these two heterocycles in one molecule to create new dyads with improved therapeutic potential. In this work, new xanthone-1,2,3-triazole dyads were prepared from novel (E)-2-(4-arylbut-1-en-3-yn-1-yl)chromones by two different approaches to evaluate their eficiency and sustainability. Both methodologies involved Diels-Alder reactions to build the xanthone core, which were optimized using microwave irradiation as alternative heating method, and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to insert the 1,2,3-triazole moiety (Figure 1).4 All final and intermediate compounds were fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR techniques.