899 resultados para Design methods
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La teora de redes de Johanson y Mattson (1988) explica como las pequeas empresas, tambin conocidas como PyMes, utilizan las redes de negocio para desarrollar sus procesos de internacionalizacin. Es as que a travs de las redes pueden superar sus limitaciones de tamao para encontrar cierto tipo de fluidez y dinamismo en su gestin, con el fin de aprovechar los beneficios de la internacionalizacin. A partir del desarrollo y fortalecimiento de las relaciones dentro de la red la organizacin puede posicionarse en una instancia competitiva cada vez ms fuerte (Jarillo, 1988). Segn Forsgren y Johanson (1992), para los gerentes es importante coordinar la interaccin entre los diferentes actores de la red, ya que a travs de estas su posicin dentro de la red mejora y as mismo el flujo de recursos ser mayor. El propsito de este trabajo es analizar el modelo de internacionalizacin segn la teora de redes, desde una perspectiva cultural, de e-Tech Simulation una PyME Born to be global norteamericana. Esta empresa ha minimizado su riesgo de internacionalizacin, a travs del desarrollo de acuerdos entre los diferentes actores. Al mejorar su posicin dentro de la red, es decir al fortalecer an ms los lazos existentes y crear nuevas relaciones, la empresa ha obtenido mayores beneficios de la misma y ha logrado ser an ms flexible con sus clientes. Es por esto que a partir de este anlisis se plante una serie de recomendaciones para mejorar los procesos de negociacin dentro de la red, bajo un contexto cultural. De igual forma se evidencio la importancia del papel del emprendimiento del gerente en los procesos de internacionalizacin, as como su habilidad para mezclar los recursos obtenidos de diferentes mercados internacionales para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes.
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Revisin sistemtica de la literatura tomando ensayos clnicos aleatorizados sobre el uso de la inyeccin intraprosttica de la toxina botulnica en los pacientes con hiperplasia prosttica benigna evaluando una escala validada de sntomas del tracto urinario bajo como desenlace primario
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The spectral design and fabrication of cooled (7K) mid-infrared dichroic beamsplitters and bandpass filter coatings for the MIRI spectrometer and imager are described. Design methods to achieve the spectral performance and coating materials are discussed.
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Aims and objectives. To examine the impact of written and verbal education on bed-making practices, in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers. Background. The Department of Health has set targets for a 5% reduction per annum in the incidence of pressure ulcers. Electric profiling beds with a visco-elastic polymer mattress are a new innovation in pressure ulcer prevention; however, mattress efficacy is reduced by tightly tucking sheets around the mattress. Design. A prospective randomized pre/post-test experimental design. Methods. Ward managers at a teaching hospital were approached to participate in the study. Two researchers independently examined the tightness of the sheets around the mattresses. Wards were randomized to one of two groups. Groups A and B received written education. In addition, group B received verbal education on alternate days for one week. Beds were re-examined one month later. One researcher was blinded to the educational delivery received by the wards. Results. Twelve wards agreed to participate in the study and 245 beds were examined. Before education, 113 beds (46%) had sheets tucked correctly around the mattresses. Following education, this increased to 215 beds (87.8%) (chi(2) = 68.03, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the number of correctly made beds between the two different education groups: 100 (87.72%) beds correctly made in group A vs. 115 (87.79%) beds in group B (chi(2) = 0, P 0.987). Conclusions. Clear, concise written instruction improved practice but verbal education was not additionally beneficial. Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses are receptive to clear, concise written evidence regarding pressure ulcer prevention and incorporate this into clinical practice.
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An enterprise is viewed as a complex system which can be engineered to accomplish organisational objectives. Systems analysis and modelling will enable to the planning and development of the enterprise and IT systems. Many IT systems design methods focus on functional and non-functional requirements of the IT systems. Most methods are normally capable of one but leave out other aspects. Analysing and modelling of both business and IT systems may often have to call on techniques from various suites of methods which may be placed on different philosophic and methodological underpinnings. Coherence and consistency between the analyses are hard to ensure. This paper introduces the Problem Articulation Method (PAM) which facilitates the design of an enterprise system infrastructure on which an IT system is built. Outcomes of this analysis represent requirements which can be further used for planning and designing a technical system. As a case study, a finance system, Agresso, for e-procurement has been used in this paper to illustrate the applicability of PAM in modelling complex systems.
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The cooled infrared filters and dichroic beam splitters manufactured for the Mid-Infrared Instrument are key optical components for the selection and isolation of wavelengths in the study of astrophysical properties of stars, galaxies, and other planetary objects. We describe the spectral design and manufacture of the precision cooled filter coatings for the spectrometer (7 K) and imager (9 K). Details of the design methods used to achieve the spectral requirements, selection of thin film materials, deposition technique, and testing are presented together with the optical layout of the instrument. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.
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This paper describes the spectral design and manufacture of the narrow bandpass filters and 6-18m broadband antireflection coatings for the 21-channel NASA EOS-AURA High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS). A method of combining the measured spectral characteristics of each filter and antireflection coating, together with the spectral response of the other optical elements in the instrument to obtain a predicted system throughput response is presented. The design methods used to define the filter and coating spectral requirements, choice of filter materials, multilayer designs and deposition techniques are discussed.
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Aircraft systems are highly nonlinear and time varying. High-performance aircraft at high angles of incidence experience undesired coupling of the lateral and longitudinal variables, resulting in departure from normal controlled ight. The construction of a robust closed-loop control that extends the stable and decoupled ight envelope as far as possible is pursued. For the study of these systems, nonlinear analysis methods are needed. Previously, bifurcation techniques have been used mainly to analyze open-loop nonlinear aircraft models and to investigate control effects on dynamic behavior. Linear feedback control designs constructed by eigenstructure assignment methods at a xed ight condition are investigated for a simple nonlinear aircraft model. Bifurcation analysis, in conjunction with linear control design methods, is shown to aid control law design for the nonlinear system.
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Background It can be argued that adaptive designs are underused in clinical research. We have explored concerns related to inadequate reporting of such trials, which may influence their uptake. Through a careful examination of the literature, we evaluated the standards of reporting of group sequential (GS) randomised controlled trials, one form of a confirmatory adaptive design. Methods We undertook a systematic review, by searching Ovid MEDLINE from the 1st January 2001 to 23rd September 2014, supplemented with trials from an audit study. We included parallel group, confirmatory, GS trials that were prospectively designed using a Frequentist approach. Eligible trials were examined for compliance in their reporting against the CONSORT 2010 checklist. In addition, as part of our evaluation, we developed a supplementary checklist to explicitly capture group sequential specific reporting aspects, and investigated how these are currently being reported. Results Of the 284 screened trials, 68(24%) were eligible. Most trials were published in high impact peer-reviewed journals. Examination of trials established that 46(68%) were stopped early, predominantly either for futility or efficacy. Suboptimal reporting compliance was found in general items relating to: access to full trials protocols; methods to generate randomisation list(s); details of randomisation concealment, and its implementation. Benchmarking against the supplementary checklist, GS aspects were largely inadequately reported. Only 3(7%) trials which stopped early reported use of statistical bias correction. Moreover, 52(76%) trials failed to disclose methods used to minimise the risk of operational bias, due to the knowledge or leakage of interim results. Occurrence of changes to trial methods and outcomes could not be determined in most trials, due to inaccessible protocols and amendments. Discussion and Conclusions There are issues with the reporting of GS trials, particularly those specific to the conduct of interim analyses. Suboptimal reporting of bias correction methods could potentially imply most GS trials stopping early are giving biased results of treatment effects. As a result, research consumers may question credibility of findings to change practice when trials are stopped early. These issues could be alleviated through a CONSORT extension. Assurance of scientific rigour through transparent adequate reporting is paramount to the credibility of findings from adaptive trials. Our systematic literature search was restricted to one database due to resource constraints.
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Amningsfrekvensen i Vrmland sjunker och r lg jmfrt med riket. En bidragande faktor till den sjunkande amningsfrekvensen r bristen p tillit till amning. Det r viktigt att kunna identifiera kvinnor med lg tillit till amning fr att vnda den sjunkande amningsfrekvensen och strka kvinnan i rollen som moder. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att underska kvinnors tillit till amning p Barnbrdshuset (BB) och Eftervrdsmottagningen i Vrmland. Med enkten BSES-SF identifieras kvinnor med lg tillit till amning och kvinnor som behver ett kat amningsstd efter frlossning. Design/Metod: Studien utfrdes med kvantitativ ansats. Data inhmtades frn enkten BSES-SF som besvarats av 70 kvinnor p BB och Eftervrdsmottagningen i Vrmland. All data analyserades genom SPSS. Resultat: De flesta kvinnor ansg att det var mycket viktigt med en fungerande amning och nr kvinnorna skattade amningens betydelse framkom ett medelvrde p 8,66 dr 0=inte alls viktigt och 10=mycket viktigt. Kvinnor som ammat tidigare skattade sin upplevda amningserfarenhet som mycket god. Varje enskild frga p BSES-SF jmfrdes mellan kvinnorna som vrdats p BB och Eftervrdsmottagningen. Det framkom en skillnad p tta frgor dr kvinnorna p Eftervrdsmottagningen skattade en hgre tillit till amning jmfrt med kvinnorna p BB. Utifrn totalsumman p BSES-SF med ett pongintervall mellan 14-70, framkom det att tilliten till amning skattades hgre hos kvinnorna p Eftervrdsmottagningen (M=56,54) n p BB (M=49,88). Slutsats och klinisk tillmpbarhet: BSES-SF kan utifrn studiens resultat vara ett anvndbart verktyg, framfrallt p BB dr kvinnorna skattat en lgre tillit till amning. Frstfderskor och omfderskor som upplevt en komplicerad frlossning kan vara i behov av strre insatser av amningsstd. Studiens resultat kan medfra att barnmorskan blir extra uppmrksam p de kvinnor vars amning inte fungerar och dr extra std behvs fr att ka tilliten.
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O presente trabalho uma anlise experimental que procura investigar os efeitos dos fatores carga por eixo, presso de inflao e tipo de pneu sobre o desempenho de pavimentos. Os dados e informaes existentes sobre o quadro de cargas por eixo praticada pela frota de veculos pesados razovel. A ao conjunta dos referidos fatores ainda uma questo pouco explorada. Assim, para compensar a escassez de dados sobre presso de inflao e tipo de construo de pneus utilizados na frota de carga, programou-se uma pesquisa de campo na rodovia estadual RS/240. As informaes oriundas da pesquisa demonstram que h um acrscimo generalizado no valor da presso dos pneus e um aumento de uso dos pneus de fabricao radial em relao aos pneus convencionais. Os dados de campo subsidiaram a programao de um experimento fatorial cruzado executado na rea de Pesquisas e Testes de Pavimentos da UFRGS/DAER. A variao dos nveis dos fatores deu-se atravs de um simulador linear de trfego atuando sobre uma pista experimental com 20 m de comprimento por 3,5 m de largura. Tendo como resposta estrutural do pavimento a mxima deflexo superficial recupervel medida com uma viga Benkelmam, determinou-se como significantes os efeitos dos fatores carga por eixo e presso de enchimento dos pneus. Os clculos estatsticos indicam tambm que no h diferenas significativas entre os pneus tipo 9.00R20 e 9.00x20 e que todas interaes no exercem efeitos significativos sobre a varivel de resposta. Em seqncia, determinaram-se as reas de contato do rodado duplo do simulador de trfego com a superfcie do pavimento ensaiado para as combinaes dos nveis dos fatores. Pode-se, ento, comparar rea de contato medida com rea circular calculada, considerada em muitos modelos de dimensionamento de pavimentos. Relacionou-se a variao da presso de contato com a deflexo recupervel e procedeu-se uma comparao da mesma com a presso de inflao nominal dos pneus. Apresenta-se um modelo de anlise do desempenho do pavimento em funo da carga por eixo e da presso de inflao, nos limites do experimento. Os dados decorrentes do experimento viabilizaram a determinao dos Fatores de Equivalncia de Cargas para os nveis dos fatores, considerando-se o pavimento ensaiado. Avaliou-se, via evoluo das deflexes e dos Fatores de Equivalncia de Cargas, a reduo da vida do pavimento, obtendo-se, para a combinao de nveis mais crticos de carregamento, resultados significativos de at 88 % de reduo. Prope-se, por ltimo, uma formulao para o Fator de Equivalncia de Cargas que considere tambm a ao da presso de inflao.
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Trata-se nesta dissertao do emprego da reciclagem a frio de revestimentos asflticos em usina com a finalidade de aproveitamento como camada de revestimento em vias de trfego leve e muito leve. So revistos os conceitos de dimensionamento de pavimentos e da dosagem de misturas asflticas. D-se especial ateno ao valor do revestimento asfltico recuperado e a relevncia que a reciclagem tem sobre a reduo do descarte de resduos slidos no meio ambiente. Identifica-se a importncia do emprego da reciclagem sobre o comportamento da sociedade. A metodologia adotada tem por base uma reviso bibliogrfica dos registros de trabalhos de reciclagem a frio realizados no Brasil e no exterior. Faz-se um relato dos procedimentos de caracterizao dos materiais envolvidos e dos cuidados a serem observados para obter-se um produto final de qualidade. Esto aqui descritos os processos industriais de usinagem da mistura reciclada em plantas industriais fixas. estabelecida uma proposta de definio da viabilidade econmica de emprego da reciclagem a frio em comparao com o revestimento asfltico tradicional. Ao final so registrados temas a serem estudados visando tornar a reciclagem a frio de revestimentos asflticos em usinas de reas urbanas mais conhecida e considerada como alternativa para a melhoria da qualidade de vida nas cidades.
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A presente dissertao tem como objetivo estudar e aprimorar mtodos de projetos de controladores para sistemas de potncia, sendo que esse trabalho trata da estabilidade dinmica de sistemas de potncia e, portanto, do projeto de controladores amortecedores de oscilaes eletromecnicas para esses sistemas. A escolha dos mtodos aqui estudados foi orientada pelos requisitos que um estabilizador de sistemas de potncia (ESP) deve ter, que so robustez, descentralizao e coordenao. Sendo que alguns deles tiveram suas caractersticas aprimoradas para atender a esses requisitos. A abordagem dos mtodos estudados foi restringida anlise no domnio tempo, pois a abordagem temporal facilita a modelagem das incertezas paramtricas, para atender ao requisito da robustez, e tambm permite a formulao do controle descentralizado de maneira simples. Alm disso, a abordagem temporal permite a formulao do problema de projeto utilizando desigualdades matriciais lineares (LMIs), as quais possuem como vantagem o fato do conjunto soluo ser sempre convexo e a existncia de algoritmos eficientes para o clculo de sua soluo. De fato, existem diversos pacotes computacionais desenvolvidos no mercado para o clculo da soluo de um problema de inequaes matriciais lineares. Por esse motivo, os mtodos de projeto para controladores de sada buscam sempre colocar o problema na forma de LMIs, tendo em vista que ela garante a obteno de soluo, caso essa soluo exista.
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A simple method for designing a digital state-derivative feedback gain and a feedforward gain such that the control law is equivalent to a known and adequate state feedback and feedforward control law of a digital redesigned system is presented. It is assumed that the plant is a linear controllable, time-invariant, Single-Input (SI) or Multiple-Input (MI) system. This procedure allows the use of well-known continuous-time state feedback design methods to directly design discrete-time state-derivative feedback control systems. The state-derivative feedback can be useful, for instance, in the vibration control of mechanical systems, where the main sensors are accelerometers. One example considering the digital redesign with state-derivative feedback of a helicopter illustrates the proposed method. 2009 IEEE.
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Ps-graduao em Engenharia Eltrica - FEIS
