Purchasing Process Performance Definition and Improvement in the Mechanical Wood Industry

Tämän tutkimuksen ensisijaisena tavoitteena oli määrittää Schauman Wood Oy:n ostoprosessin suorituskyvyn nykytila yrityksen Suomen yksiköissä. Nykytila-arviointi suoritettiin uusien ja käytössä olevien mittaustulosten avulla. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin kymmenen tuotantolaitoksen ostoprosesseja keskenään. Keskeinen tutkimusongelma oli ostoprosessin suorituseroja aikaansaavien tekijöiden selvittäminen eri yksiköissä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli saavuttaa yhtenäisemmät toimintatavat yrityksessä sekä laajentaa konsernin osto-organisaation hyödyntämistä hankintatoimessa. Tavoitteena oli ostoprosessin virtaviivaistaminen ja tehokkaamman seurantajärjestelmän kehittäminen. Ostotoimintojen suorituskyvyn jatkuva parantaminen perustuu osittain uusien mittareiden avulla saatavaan informaatioon ja täsmällisempään seurantaan. Sisäistä benchmarkingia käytettiin työkaluna suorituskyky-eroavaisuuksien määrittelyssä. Tietoa erilaisista toimintatavoista kerättiin haastattelemalla yrityksen ostajia ja tehdaspalvelupäälliköitä eri tehdaspaikkakunnilla. Sisäisen benchmarkingin avulla määriteltiin toimintatapa eroavaisuudet sekä kehitettiin seurantakortti, jossa jokaista yksikköä verrataan parhaaseen ja eniten kehittyneeseen yksikköön. Työn tuloksina muodostui ehdotuksia ostotoiminnon uusiksi mittareiksi. Uudet mittarit ovat tehokkuusmittareita, jotka kuvaavat resurssien käytön tehokkuutta sekä auttavat seuraamaan ostoprosessin tilaa entistä paremmin. Uusien mittareiden tavoitteena on myös vähentää mittareiden manipulaatiomahdollisuutta. Työn ulkopuolelle rajattiin informaatioteknologiajärjestelmien tietotekninen osuus. Eräs yrityksen tuotantolaitoksista rajattiin myös työn ulkopuolelle, koska sen ostoprosessit ovat huomattavasti kehittymättömämpiä kuin Schauman Woodin muiden tehtaiden ostoprosessit. Kyseisen yksikön kehittämisen tulee lähteä aivan ruohonjuuritasolta. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuus on kerätty alan ammattikirjallisuudesta ja tutkimuksen aihetta käsittelevistä uudehkoista tieteellisistä alan artikkeleista. Teorian tarkoituksena on tukea empiiristä osuutta sekä antaa lukijalle uusia näkemyksiä ostotoiminnan monista mahdollisuuksista. Tutkimuksen tuloksia ovat nykytila-analyysi, ehdotukset uusista ostotoiminnan mittareista sekä ehdotus MRO-tuotteiden ulkoistamiskokeilusta. Yrityksen ostotoiminnan tulisi kehittyä operatiivisesta tasosta kohti strategisempaa oston tasoa. Johdon sitoutuminen hankintatoimen kehityshankkeisiin on erityisen tärkeää, lisäksi hankintatoimi tulisi nähdä strategisempana osa-alueena yrityksessä. Hankintatoimen kehittämisen avulla yrityksen kustannustehokkuutta voidaan lisätä merkittävästi.

A definition and classification of status epilepticus - Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus.

The Commission on Classification and Terminology and the Commission on Epidemiology of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) have charged a Task Force to revise concepts, definition, and classification of status epilepticus (SE). The proposed new definition of SE is as follows: Status epilepticus is a condition resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms, which lead to abnormally, prolonged seizures (after time point t1 ). It is a condition, which can have long-term consequences (after time point t2 ), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures. This definition is conceptual, with two operational dimensions: the first is the length of the seizure and the time point (t1 ) beyond which the seizure should be regarded as "continuous seizure activity." The second time point (t2 ) is the time of ongoing seizure activity after which there is a risk of long-term consequences. In the case of convulsive (tonic-clonic) SE, both time points (t1 at 5 min and t2 at 30 min) are based on animal experiments and clinical research. This evidence is incomplete, and there is furthermore considerable variation, so these time points should be considered as the best estimates currently available. Data are not yet available for other forms of SE, but as knowledge and understanding increase, time points can be defined for specific forms of SE based on scientific evidence and incorporated into the definition, without changing the underlying concepts. A new diagnostic classification system of SE is proposed, which will provide a framework for clinical diagnosis, investigation, and therapeutic approaches for each patient. There are four axes: (1) semiology; (2) etiology; (3) electroencephalography (EEG) correlates; and (4) age. Axis 1 (semiology) lists different forms of SE divided into those with prominent motor systems, those without prominent motor systems, and currently indeterminate conditions (such as acute confusional states with epileptiform EEG patterns). Axis 2 (etiology) is divided into subcategories of known and unknown causes. Axis 3 (EEG correlates) adopts the latest recommendations by consensus panels to use the following descriptors for the EEG: name of pattern, morphology, location, time-related features, modulation, and effect of intervention. Finally, axis 4 divides age groups into neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescent and adulthood, and elderly.

Duration of untreated psychosis: Impact of the definition of treatment onset on its predictive value over three years of treatment.

BACKGROUND: While reduction of DUP (Duration of Untreated Psychosis) is a key goal in early intervention strategies, the predictive value of DUP on outcome has been questioned. We planned this study in order to explore the impact of three different definition of "treatment initiation" on the predictive value of DUP on outcome in an early psychosis sample. METHODS: 221 early psychosis patients aged 18-35 were followed-up prospectively over 36 months. DUP was measured using three definitions for treatment onset: Initiation of antipsychotic medication (DUP1); engagement in a specialized programme (DUP2) and combination of engagement in a specialized programme and adherence to medication (DUP3). RESULTS: 10% of patients never reached criteria for DUP3 and therefore were never adequately treated over the 36-month period of care. While DUP1 and DUP2 had a limited predictive value on outcome, DUP3, based on a more restrictive definition for treatment onset, was a better predictor of positive and negative symptoms, as well as functional outcome at 12, 24 and 36 months. Globally, DUP3 explained 2 to 5 times more of the variance than DUP1 and DUP2, with effect sizes falling in the medium range according to Cohen. CONCLUSIONS: The limited predictive value of DUP on outcome in previous studies may be linked to problems of definitions that do not take adherence to treatment into account. While they need replication, our results suggest effort to reduce DUP should continue and aim both at early detection and development of engagement strategies.

Définition et prise en charge de l'échec d'une première injection de toxine botulique Botox(®) 200 U pour hyperactivité détrusorienne neurogène : résultats de l'enquête DETOX [Definition of botulinum toxin failure in neurogenic detrusor overactivity: Preliminary results of the DETOX survey].

OBJECTIVE: There is currently no guideline regarding the management of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) refractory to intra-detrusor botulinum toxin injections. The primary objective of the present study was to find a consensus definition of failure of botulinum toxin intra-detrusor injections for NDO. The secondary objective was to report current trends in the managment of NDO refractory to botulinum toxin. METHODS: A survey was created, based on data drawn from current literature, and sent via e-mail to all the experts form the Group for research in neurourology in french language (GENULF) and from the comittee of neurourology of the French urological association (AFU). The experts who did not answer to the first e-mail were contacted again twice. Main results from the survey are presented and expressed as numbers and proportions. RESULTS: Out of the 42 experts contacted, 21 responded to the survey. Nineteen participants considered that the definition of failure should be a combination of clinical and urodynamics criteria. Among the urodynamics criteria, the persistence of a maximum detrusor pressure>40cm H2O was the most supported by the experts (18/21, 85%). According to the vast majority of participants (19/21, 90.5%), the impact of injections on urinary incontinence should be included in the definition of failure. Regarding the management, most experts considered that the first line treatment in case of failure of a first intra-detrusor injection of Botox(®) 200 U should be a repeat injection of Botox(®) at a higher dosage (300 U) (15/20, 75%), regardless of the presence or not of urodynamics risk factors of upper tract damage (16/20, 80%). CONCLUSION: This work has provided a first overview of the definition of failure of intra-detrusor injections of botulinum toxin in the management of NDO. For 90.5% of the experts involved, the definition of failure should be clinical and urodynamic and most participants (75%) considered that, in case of failure of a first injection of Botox(®) 200 U, repeat injection of Botox(®) 300 U should be the first line treatment. Level of proof 4.

The institutional vs. the academic definition of the quality of work life. What is the focus of the European Commission?

In recent years, we have seen how the quality of work life has been focused and defined by the European Commission (EC). In our study we compare the EC definition with the academic one and try to see how close they are. We also analyse the possibility of applying the institutional definition to the Spanish case through the development of specific indicators. Our main conclusions are that QWL is increasingly important for policy makers. In addition, it is essential to have objective indicators and to conduct surveys in order to reliably measure QWL.

Teste de concordância de scripts: uma proposta para a avaliação do raciocínio clínico em contextos de incerteza

A avaliação do raciocínio clínico em situações de incerteza é pouco pesquisada na educação médica. Os testes escritos mais aplicados são de múltipla escolha, capazes de avaliar como se lida com problemas bem definidos. Porém, a maioria das situações contém incertezas. Um método de avaliação do raciocínio clínico em contextos de incerteza foi desenvolvido a partir da teoria de scripts, com situações em geriatria. Um grupo de especialistas e um grupo de estudantes de graduação resolveram o teste. Acomparação entre os resultados trouxe indícios da validade do instrumento, capaz de diferenciar o raciocínio relacionado ao nível de experiência profissional. A média dos escores dos especialistas (80,41) foi superior à dos estudantes (70,71), p < 0,001. As análises de consistência interna e um estudo G forneceram resultados que estão de acordo com metodologias que buscam avaliar uma competência profissional. Concluiu-se que uma proposta de teste de concordância de scripts em língua portuguesa aplicado em uma instituição de ensino brasileira pode ser uma alternativa para a avaliação do raciocínio clínico em contextos de incerteza.

Management zones definition using soil chemical and physical attributes in a soybean area

Several equipments and methodologies have been developed to make available precision agriculture, especially considering the high cost of its implantation and sampling. An interesting possibility is to define management zones aim at dividing producing areas in smaller management zones that could be treated differently, serving as a source of recommendation and analysis. Thus, this trial used physical and chemical properties of soil and yield aiming at the generation of management zones in order to identify whether they can be used as recommendation and analysis. Management zones were generated by the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm and their evaluation was performed by calculating the reduction of variance and performing means tests. The division of the area into two management zones was considered appropriate for the present distinct averages of most soil properties and yield. The used methodology allowed the generation of management zones that can serve as source of recommendation and soil analysis; despite the relative efficiency has shown a reduced variance for all attributes in divisions in the three sub-regions, the ANOVA did not show significative differences among the management zones.

Spatial influence of physical and chemical parameters on management zone definition in apple orchards

ABSTRACT Precision agriculture adoption in Brazilian apple orchards is still incipient. This study aimed at evaluating the spatial variability of certain soil properties as soil density, soil penetration resistance, electrical conductivity, yield, and fruit quality in an apple orchard through digital mapping, as well as assessing the correlation between these factors by means of geostatistics, establishing management zones. Forty representative points were set within 2.5 hectares of apple orchard, wherein soil samples were collected and analyzed, besides measurements of fruit quality (Brix degree, size or diameter, pulp firmness and color) to generate an overall index quality. We concluded that the fruit quality indexes, when isolated, did not show strong spatial dependence, unlike the index of fruit quality (FQI), derived from a combination of these parameters, allowing orchard planning according to management zones based on quality.

Image analysis and definition of nuclear phenotypes

Some basic topics concerned with the extraction of textural and geometric information from cell nucleus images as well as description and characterization of chromatin supraorganization and consequent classification of nuclear phenotypes are presented.

A systematic mapping study on technical debt definition

The goal of this study was to explore and understand the definition of technical debt. Technical debt refers to situation in a software development, where shortcuts or workarounds are taken in technical decision. However, the original definition has been applied to other parts of software development and it is currently difficult to define technical debt. We used mapping study process as a research methodology to collect literature related to the research topic. We collected 159 papers that referred to original definition of technical debt, which were retrieved from scientific literature databases to conduct the search process. We retrieved 107 definitions that were split into keywords. The keyword map is one of the main results of this work. Apart from that, resulting synonyms and different types of technical debt were analyzed and added to the map as branches. Overall, 33 keywords or phrases, 6 synonyms and 17 types of technical debt were distinguished.

M & A cases : definition of the relevant market.

Rapport de recherche

The environment as a tool for health towards a definition of the individual boundary process = L'environnement comme outil de santé vers une définition du processus de gestion des frontières personnelles

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Étude exploratoire du potentiel diagnostique des questions d’un test de concordance de scripts (TCS) pour évaluer le raisonnement clinique infirmier (RCI)

L'enseignement, l'apprentissage et l'évaluation du raisonnement clinique en sciences infirmières est un défi pour les éducateurs de cette profession et leurs étudiants. Depuis plusieurs décennies, les chercheurs et les éducateurs dans le domaine des sciences de la santé ont travaillé pour élaborer des instruments d'évaluation dans le but de pouvoir mesurer le raisonnement clinique (Charlin, Bordage & Van der Vleuten, 2003). Plusieurs études semblent appuyer le test de concordance de script (TCS) en termes de validité, fiabilité, faisabilité et applicabilité pour plusieurs disciplines et différents contextes (Carrière & al, 2009). Deschênes et ses collaborateurs (2006; Deschênes, Charlin, Gagnon & Goudreau, 2011) ont mis au point et validé un TCS spécifiquement pour le raisonnement clinique en sciences infirmières (RCI). Comme l'évaluation a un impact important sur les stratégies d'apprentissage des étudiants (Sibert et al, 2001; Durak, Caliskan & Bor, 2007), les outils d'évaluation valides et fiables qui permettraient l'identification des problèmes spécifiques dans le développement du raisonnement clinique en sciences infirmières seraient très utiles pour guider les décisions concernant l'éducation (Gierl, 2007). Nous avons donc mené une étude pour explorer le potentiel diagnostique des questions d'un TCS. La question de recherche est la suivante: «Dans quelle mesure chaque question d’un TCS visant à évaluer le RCI peut-elle être reliée à des catégories et des stratégies de pensée spécifiques?" Avec une sous-question: «Comment peut-on décrire le potentiel diagnostique d’un TCS pour évaluer le RCI?". Nous avons fait une deuxième analyse de contenu des données qui ont été obtenues dans une étude précédente dans laquelle cinq vignettes (15 questions) du TCS de Deschênes (2006) ont été utilisées. Les résultats ont montré les catégories et stratégies de pensées utilisées pour répondre à certaines questions du TCS selon les groupes de participants. Aussi, nos résultats ont permis de découvrir des disparités importantes entre les groupes, notamment que le RCI des expertes est si différent des étudiantes, qu’il ne peut servir de référence. Enfin, cette étude démontre que le TCS a un potentiel diagnostique niveau par niveau (1ère, 2e, 3e année et expertes) et non d’un niveau à un autre.

La perspective des scripts appliquée aux homicides et implications pour les enquêtes criminelles

Contexte et objectifs. Plusieurs études sur l’homicide ont été réalisées avec l’objectif d’épauler les policiers lors de leurs enquêtes. Le lien entre l’agresseur et la victime représente le principal déterminant des types de meurtres. L’utilité de ces études a toutefois été remise en question tant par les policiers que par la communauté scientifique. En combinant la perspective du script et l’approche dimensionnelle, le but du présent mémoire est d’améliorer les connaissances sur le processus de commission de l’homicide. Méthodologie. Différents scripts de l’homicide seront proposés afin de reconstituer le processus de commission du crime et de mieux comprendre les dynamiques expressives et instrumentales qui y sont rattachées. Les données utilisées dans le cadre de la recherche ont été recueillies auprès de 100 dossiers d’homicide de femmes et d’enfants répertoriés entre 1988 et 2011. Résultats. Les scripts permettent de dresser divers constats. Tout d’abord, lorsque la victime a subi d’importants sévices, le meurtrier est généralement un proche, indépendamment du motif initial de l’agresseur (p. ex. commettre un vol ou tout simplement tuer la victime). La sévérité des sévices dépend également de la présence d’armes sur les lieux du crime et du degré de résistance de la victime. Finalement, les scripts ont démontré que la nature de la relation entre la victime et l’agresseur influence le lieu où le meurtre prend place. Conclusion. Les résultats obtenus s’inscrivent dans une perspective différente en ce sens où, sans négliger la question de la personnalité, des variables contextuelles, hors du contrôle de l’agresseur, ont une incidence sur le niveau de sévices infligé à la victime. Le profile pourrait dès lors intégrer des aspects situationnels afin de pister les enquêteurs.

Arguments by definition : Felipe Calderón’s war on drugs and the power to persuade

Les études rhétoriques ont documenté la pertinence de la rhétorique présidentielle et le pouvoir du président de définir les enjeux publics par le discours. Cette recherche porte sur les pratiques rhétoriques par lesquelles l'ancien président mexicain Calderón a défini la lutte contre la drogue qui a caractérisé son administration. Je soutiens que Calderón a avancé une définition du problème de la drogue par des pratiques de définition telles que l'association, la dissociation et les symboles de condensation. Mon analyse 1) identifie les pratiques rhétoriques de définition qui ont caractérisé la lutte à la drogue de Calderón; 2) examine les implications de ces pratiques; et 3) aborde les limites auxquelles les politiciens font face en tentant de modifier des définitions préalablement avancées. En conclusion, j’explique comment les métaphores et les pratiques de définition de Calderón ont ouvert un espace rhétorique où les droits humains pouvaient être révoqués et la violence encouragée.