Can the direct measurement of the load applied on the residuum of individuals with transfemoral amputation fitted with bone-anchored prosthesis help to improve the rehabilitation program?

To strive to improve the rehabilitation program of individuals with transfemoral amputation fitted with bone-anchored prosthesis based on data from direct measurements of the load applied on the residuum we first of all need to understand the load applied on the fixation. Therefore the load applied on the residuum was first directly measured during standardized activities of daily living such as straight line level walking, ascending and descending stairs and a ramp and walking around a circle. From measuring the load in standardized activities of daily living the load was also measured during different phases of the rehabilitation program such as during walking with walking aids and during load bearing exercises.[1-15] The rehabilitation program for individuals with a transfemoral amputation fitted with an OPRA implant relies on a combination of dynamic and static load bearing exercises.[16-20] This presentation will focus on the study of a set of experimental static load bearing exercises. [1] A group of eleven individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation fitted with an OPRA implant participated in this study. The load on the implant during the static load bearing exercises was measured using a portable system including a commercial transducer embedded in a short pylon, a laptop and a customized software package. This apparatus was previously shown effective in a proof-of-concept study published by Prof. Frossard. [1-9] The analysis of the static load bearing exercises included an analysis of the reliability as well as the loading compliance. The analysis of the loading reliability showed a high reliability between the loading sessions indicating a correct repetition of the LBE by the participants. [1, 5] The analysis of the loading compliance showed a significant lack of axial compliance leading to a systematic underloading of the long axis of the implant during the proposed experimental static LBE.

Polypharmacy among inpatients aged 70 years or older in Australia

Objectives To investigate medication changes for older patients admitted to hospital and to explore associations between patient characteristics and polypharmacy. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants and setting Patients aged 70 years or older admitted to general medical units of 11 acute care hospitals in two Australian states between July 2005 and May 2010. All patients were assessed using the interRAI assessment system for acute care. Main outcome measures Measures of physical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning; and number of regular prescribed medications categorised into three groups: non-polypharmacy (0–4 drugs), polypharmacy (5–9 drugs) and hyperpolypharmacy (≥ 10 drugs). Results Of 1220 patients who were recruited for the study, medication records at admission were available for 1216. Mean age was 81.3 years (SD, 6.8 years), and 659 patients (54.2%) were women. For the 1187 patients with complete medication records on admission and discharge, there was a small but statistically significant increase in mean number of regular medications per day between admission and discharge (7.1 v 7.6), while the prevalence of medications such as statins (459 [38.7%] v 457 [38.5%] patients), opioid analgesics (155 [13.1%] v 166 [14.0%] patients), antipsychotics (59 [5.0%] v 65 [5.5%] patients) and benzodiazepines (122 [10.3%] v 135 [11.4%] patients) did not change significantly. Being in a higher polypharmacy category was significantly associated with increase in comorbidities (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% CI, 1.20–1.34), presence of pain (OR, 1.31; 1.05–1.64), dyspnoea (OR, 1.64; 1.30–2.07) and dependence in terms of instrumental activities of daily living (OR, 1.70; 1.20–2.41). Hyperpolypharmacy was observed in 290/1216 patients (23.8%) at admission and 336/1187 patients (28.3%) on discharge, and the proportion of preventive medication in the hyperpolypharmacy category at both points in time remained high (1209/3371 [35.9%] at admission v 1508/4117 [36.6%] at discharge). Conclusions Polypharmacy is common among older people admitted to general medical units of Australian hospitals, with no clinically meaningful change to the number or classification (symptom control, prevention or both) of drugs made by treating physicians.

Frailty: A key indicator to minimize inappropriate medication in older people

Older populations are more likely to have multiple co-morbid diseases that require multiple treatments, which make them a large consumer of medications. As a person grows older, their ability to tolerate medications becomes less due to age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics often heading along a path that leads to frailty. Frail older persons often have multiple co-morbidities with signs of impairment in activities of daily living. Prescribing drugs for these vulnerable individuals is difficult and is a potentially unsafe activity. Inappropriate prescribing in older population can be detected using explicit (criterion-based) or implicit (judgment-based) criteria. Unfortunately, most current therapeutic guidelines are applicable only to healthy older adults and cannot be generalized to frail patients. These discrepancies should be addressed either by developing new criteria or by refining the existing tools for frail older people. The first and foremost step is to identify the frail patient in clinical practice by applying clinically validated tools. Once the frail patient has been identified, there is a need for specific measures or criteria to assess appropriateness of therapy that consider such factors as quality of life, functional status and remaining life expectancy and thus modified goals of care.

Nutrition and Nutritional Care of Elderly People in Finnish Nursing Homes and Hospitals

Background: Malnutrition is a common problem for residents of nursing homes and long-term care hospitals. It has a negative influence on elderly residents and patients health and quality of life. Nutritional care seems to have a positive effect on elderly individuals nutritional status and well-being. Studies of Finnish elderly people s nutrition and nutritional care in institutions are scarce. Objectives: The primary aim was to investigate the nutritional status and its associated factors of elderly nursing home residents and long-term care patients in Finland. In particular, to find out, if the nursing or nutritional care factors are associated with the nutritional status, and how do carers and nurses recognize malnutrition. A further aim was to assess the energy and nutrient intake of the residents of dementia wards. A final objective was to find out, if the nutrition training of professionals leads to changes in their knowledge and further translate into better nutrition for the aged residents of dementia wards. Subjects and methods: The residents (n=2114) and patients (n=1043) nutritional status was assessed in all studies using the Mini Nutritional Assessment test (MNA). Information was gathered in a questionnaire on residents and patients daily routines providing nutritional care. Residents energy and nutrient intake (n=23; n=21) in dementia wards were determined over three days by the precise weighing method. Constructive learning theory was the basis for educating the professionals (n=28). A half-structured questionnaire was used to assess professionals learning. Studies I-IV were cross-sectional studies whereas study V was an intervention study. Results: Malnutrition was common among elderly residents and patients living in nursing homes and hospitals in Finland. According to the MNA, 11% to 57% of the studied elderly people suffered from malnutrition, and 40-89% were at risk of malnutrition, whereas only 0-16% had a good nutritional status. Resident- and patient-related factors such as dementia, impaired ADL (Activities of Daily Living), swallowing difficulties and constipation mainly explained the malnutrition, but also some nutritional care related factors, such as eating less than half of the offered food portion and not receiving snacks were also related to malnutrition. The intake of energy and some nutrients by the residents of dementia wards were lower than those recommended, although the offered food contained enough energy and nutrients. The proportion of residents receiving vitamin D supplementation was low, although there is a recommendation and known benefits for the adequate intake of vitamin D. Nurses recognized malnutrition poorly, only one in four (26.7%) of the actual cases. Keeping and analysing food diaries and reflecting on nutritional issues in small group discussions were effective training methods for professionals. The nutrition education of professionals had a positive impact on the energy and protein intake, BMIs, and the MNA scores of some residents in dementia wards. Conclusions: Malnutrition was common among elderly residents and patients living in nursing homes and hospitals in Finland. Although residents- and patient related factors mainly explained malnutrition, nurses recognized malnutrition poorly and nutritional care possibilities were in minor use. Professionals nutrition education had a positive impact on the nutrition of elderly residents. Further studies describing successful nutritional care and nutrition education of professionals are needed.

Reduced visual function and its association with physical functioning in the Finnish adult population : Prevalence, causes, and need for eye care services

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and distribution of reduced visual acuity, major chronic eye diseases, and subsequent need for eye care services in the Finnish adult population comprising persons aged 30 years and older. In addition, we analyzed the effect of decreased vision on functioning and need for assistance using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) as a framework. The study was based on the Health 2000 health examination survey, a nationally representative population-based comprehensive survey of health and functional capacity carried out in 2000 to 2001 in Finland. The study sample representing the Finnish population aged 30 years and older was drawn by a two-stage stratified cluster sampling. The Health 2000 survey included a home interview and a comprehensive health examination conducted at a nearby screening center. If the invited participants did not attend, an abridged examination was conducted at home or in an institution. Based on our finding in participants, the great majority (96%) of Finnish adults had at least moderate visual acuity (VA ≥ 0.5) with current refraction correction, if any. However, in the age group 75–84 years the prevalence decreased to 81%, and after 85 years to 46%. In the population aged 30 years and older, the prevalence of habitual visual impairment (VA ≤ 0.25) was 1.6%, and 0.5% were blind (VA < 0.1). The prevalence of visual impairment increased significantly with age (p < 0.001), and after the age of 65 years the increase was sharp. Visual impairment was equally common for both sexes (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.82 – 1.74). Based on self-reported and/or register-based data, the estimated total prevalences of cataract, glaucoma, age-related maculopathy (ARM), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the study population were 10%, 5%, 4%, and 1%, respectively. The prevalence of all of these chronic eye diseases increased with age (p < 0.001). Cataract and glaucoma were more common in women than in men (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.26 – 1.91 and OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.24 – 1.98, respectively). The most prevalent eye diseases in people with visual impairment (VA ≤ 0.25) were ARM (37%), unoperated cataract (27%), glaucoma (22%), and DR (7%). One-half (58%) of visually impaired people had had a vision examination during the past five years, and 79% had received some vision rehabilitation services, mainly in the form of spectacles (70%). Only one-third (31%) had received formal low vision rehabilitation (i.e., fitting of low vision aids, receiving patient education, training for orientation and mobility, training for activities of daily living (ADL), or consultation with a social worker). People with low vision (VA 0.1 – 0.25) were less likely to have received formal low vision rehabilitation, magnifying glasses, or other low vision aids than blind people (VA < 0.1). Furthermore, low cognitive capacity and living in an institution were associated with limited use of vision rehabilitation services. Of the visually impaired living in the community, 71% reported a need for assistance and 24% had an unmet need for assistance in everyday activities. Prevalence of ADL, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and mobility increased with decreasing VA (p < 0.001). Visually impaired persons (VA ≤ 0.25) were four times more likely to have ADL disabilities than those with good VA (VA ≥ 0.8) after adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral factors and chronic conditions (OR 4.36, 95% CI 2.44 – 7.78). Limitations in IADL and measured mobility were five times as likely (OR 4.82, 95% CI 2.38 – 9.76 and OR 5.37, 95% CI 2.44 – 7.78, respectively) and self-reported mobility limitations were three times as likely (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.67 – 9.63) as in persons with good VA. The high prevalence of age-related eye diseases and subsequent visual impairment in the fastest growing segment of the population will result in a substantial increase in the demand for eye care services in the future. Many of the visually impaired, especially older persons with decreased cognitive capacity or living in an institution, have not had a recent vision examination and lack adequate low vision rehabilitation. This highlights the need for regular evaluation of visual function in the elderly and an active dissemination of information about rehabilitation services. Decreased VA is strongly associated with functional limitations, and even a slight decrease in VA was found to be associated with limited functioning. Thus, continuous efforts are needed to identify and treat eye diseases to maintain patients’ quality of life and to alleviate the social and economic burden of serious eye diseases.

Long-term results of obstetric brachial plexus surgery

Background: Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) most often occurs as a result of foetal-maternal disproportion. The C5 and C6 nerve roots of the brachial plexus are most frequently affected. In contrast, roots from the C7 to Th1 that result in total injury together with C5 and C6 injury, are affected in fewer than half of the patients. BPBP was first described by Smellie in 1764. Erb published his classical description of the injury in 1874 and his name became linked with the paralysis that is associated with upper root injury. Since then, early results of brachial plexus surgery have been reasonably well documented. However, from a clinical point of view not all primary results are maintained and there is also a need for later follow-up results. In addition most of the studies that are published emanate from highly specialized clinics and no nation wide epidemiological reports are available. One of the plexus injuries is the avulsion type, in which the nerve root or roots are ruptured at the neural cord. It has been speculated whether this might cause injury to the whole neural system or whether shoulder asymmetry and upper limb inequality results in postural deformities of the spine. Alternatively, avulsion could manifest as other signs and symptoms of the whole musculoskeletal system. In addition, there is no available information covering activities of daily living after obstetric brachial plexus surgery. Patients and methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study on all patients who had undergone brachial plexus surgery with at least 5 years of follow-up. An incidence of 3.05/1000 for BPBP was obtained from the registers for this study period. A total of 1706 BPBP patients needing hospital treatment out of 1 717 057 newborns were registered in Finland between 1971 and 1997 inclusive. Of these BPBP patients, 124 (7.3%) underwent brachial plexus surgery at a mean age of 2.8 months (range: 0.4―13.2 months). Surgery was most often performed by direct neuroraphy after neuroma resection (53%). Depending on the phase of the study, 105 to 112 patients (85-90%) participated in a clinical and radiological follow-up assessment. The mean follow up time exceeded 13 years (range: 5.0―31.5 years). Functional status of the upper extremity was evaluated using Mallet, Gilbert and Raimondi scales. Isometric strength of the upper limb, sensation of the hand and stereognosis were evaluated for both the affected and unaffected sides then the differences and their ratios were calculated and recorded. In addition to the upper extremity, assessment of the spine and lower extremities were performed. Activities of daily living (ADL), participation in normal physical activities, and the use of physiotherapy and occupational therapy were recorded in a questionnaire. Results: The unaffected limb functioned as the dominant hand in all, except four patients. The mean length of the affected upper limb was 6 cm (range: 1-13.5 cm) shorter in 106 (95%) patients. Shoulder function was recorded as a mean Mallet score of 3 (range: 2―4) which was moderate. Both elbow function and hand function were good. The mean Gilbert elbow scale value was 3 (range: -1―5) and the mean Raimondi hand scale was 4 (range:1―5). One-third of the patients experienced pain in the affected limb including all those patients (n=9) who had clavicular non-union resulting from surgery. A total of 61 patients (57%) had an active shoulder external rotation of less than 0° and an active elbow extension deficiency was noted in 82 patients (77%) giving a mean of 26° (range: 5°―80°). In all, expect two patients, shoulder external rotation strength at a mean ratio 35% (range: 0―83%) and in all patients elbow flexion strength at a mean ratio of 41% (range: 0―79%) were impaired compared to the unaffected side. According to radiographs, incongruence of the glenohumeral joint was noted in 15 (16%) patients, whereas incongruence of the radiohumeral joint was found in 20 (21%) patients. Fine sensation was normal for 34/49 (69%) patients with C5-6 injury, for 15/31 (48%) with C5-7 and for only 8/25 (32%) of patients with total injury. Loss of protective sensation or absent sensation was noted in some palmar areas of the hand for 12/105 patients (11%). Normal stereognosis was recorded for 88/105 patients (84%). No significant inequalities in leg length were found and the incidence of structural scoliosis (1.7%) did not differ from that of the reference population. Nearly half of the patients (43%) had asynchronous motion of the upper limbs during gait, which was associated with impaired upper limb function. Data obtained from the completed questionnaires indicated that two thirds (63%) of the patients were satisfied with the functional outcome of the affected hand although one third of all patients needed help with ADL. Only a few patients were unable to participate in physical activities such as: bicycling, cross-country skiing or swimming. However, 71% of the patients reported problems related to the affected upper limb, such as muscle weakness and/or joint stiffness during the aforementioned activities. Incongruity of the radiohumeral joints, extent of the injury, avulsion type injury, age less than three months of age at the time of plexus surgery and inexperience of the surgeon was related to poor results as determined by multivariate analyses. Conclusions: Most of the patients had persistent sequelae, especially of shoulder function. Almost all measurements for the total injury group were poorer compared with those of the C5-6 type injury group. Most of the patients had asymmetry of the shoulder region and a shorter affected upper limb, which is a probable reason for having an abnormal gait. However, BPBP did not have an effect on normal growth of the lower extremities or the spine. Although, participation in physical activities was similar to that of the normal population, two-thirds of the patients reported problems. One-third of the patients needed help with ADL. During the period covered by this study, 7.3% BPBP of patients that needed hospital treatment had a brachial plexus operation, which amounts to fewer than 10 operations per year in Finland. It seems that better results of obstetric plexus surgery and more careful follow-up including opportunities for late reconstructive procedures will be expected, if the treatment is solely concentrated on by a few specialised teams.

Restricciones, privilegios y violencias : algunos aspectos sobre los mudéjares hispánicos (ss. XII-XV)

En el presente trabajo nos proponemos abordar algunos aspectos relacionados con las restricciones, los privilegios y la violencia, que se implementaron sobre los mudéjares de Castilla, Aragón y Valencia. En relación con los primeros, daremos cuenta del endurecimiento legal –real y eclesiástico– que se desplegó hacia los moros hispánicos y que regló casi todos los aspectos del vivir cotidiano y de sus prácticas religiosas. Sin embargo, los mudéjares y sus aljamas en algún área en particular, fueron sujetos de privilegios reales. Es por esto que analizaremos restricciones y privilegios como dos caras de un mismo proceso que se desplegó durante el tránsito de la baja edad media. Finalmente, indagaremos sobre los episodios de violencia hacia los mudéjares contrastando particularidades regionales, para conectar estos sucesos con la segregación y la restricción.

Stimulation discomfort comparison of asynchronous and synchronous methods with multi-field electrodes

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a technique that consists on applying electrical current pulses to artificially activate motor nerve fibers and produce muscle contractions to achieve functional movements. The main applications of FES are within the rehabilitation field, in which this technique is used to aid recovery or to restore lost motor functions. People that benefit of FES are usually patients with neurological disorders which result in motor dysfunctions; most common patients include stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI). Neuroprosthesis are devices that have their basis in FES technique, and their aim is to bridge interrupted or damaged neural paths between the brain and upper or lower limbs. One of the aims of neuroprosthesis is to artificially generate muscle contractions that produce functional movements, and therefore, assist impaired people by making them able to perform activities of daily living (ADL). FES applies current pulses and stimulates nerve fibers by means of electrodes, which can be either implanted or surface electrodes. Both of them have advantages and disadvantages. Implanted electrodes need open surgery to place them next to the nerve root, so these electrodes carry many disadvantages that are produced by the use of invasive techniques. In return, as the electrodes are attached to the nerve, they make it easier to achieve selective functional movements. On the contrary, surface electrodes are not invasive and are easily attached or detached on the skin. Main disadvantages of surface electrodes are the difficulty of selectively stimulating nerve fibers and uncomfortable feeling perceived by users due to sensory nerves located in the skin. Electrical stimulation surface electrode technology has improved significantly through the years and recently, multi-field electrodes have been suggested. This multi-field or matrix electrode approach brings many advantages to FES; among them it is the possibility of easily applying different stimulation methods and techniques. The main goal of this thesis is therefore, to test two stimulation methods, which are asynchronous and synchronous stimulation, in the upper limb with multi-field electrodes. To this end, a purpose-built wrist torque measuring system and a graphic user interface were developed to measure wrist torque produced with each of the methods and to efficiently carry out the experiments. Then, both methods were tested on 15 healthy subjects and sensitivity results were analyzed for different cases. Results show that there are significant differences between methods regarding sensation in some cases, which can affect effectiveness or success of FES.

Fatores associados à redução do índice tornozelo-braquial aferido por dois métodos diferentes em idosos hipertensos independentes para as atividades de vida diária

Nos últimos anos, a população de idosos vem crescendo em todo o mundo, e a pesquisa de marcadores de risco cardiovascular mais precoces é de fundamental importância. Um desses marcadores é a doença arterial periférica (DAP), cuja prevalência aumenta com a idade. A DAP pode ser avaliada de forma simples e não invasiva através do índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) que, por sua vez, pode ser obtido por cálculos diferentes. Até o momento, apenas o método tradicional foi utilizado no cálculo do ITB na população idosa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, em idosos hipertensos que se mostrassem independentes para as atividades diárias, os principais fatores relacionados à redução do ITB, considerando-se duas formas distintas de calcular o índice. Os pacientes (n=65) foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, geriátrica e laboratorial, e divididos nos grupos com ITB normal (> 0,9) e ITB reduzido (≤ 0,9). Inicialmente o ITB foi calculado a partir da divisão da maior pressão sistólica dos membros inferiores pela maior pressão das artérias braquiais. Em seguida, o cálculo do ITB foi realizado por um método alternativo, a partir da utilização da menor ao invés da maior média de pressão sistólica nos membros inferiores. A média de idade foi de 74 anos, sendo 76% do sexo feminino. A prevalência de ITB reduzido foi de 18% pelo método convencional e de 32% pelo método alternativo. Na avaliação pelo método convencional, o grupo com ITB baixo apresentou maior prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares (58 vs 9%, p<0,001), diabetes (83 vs 13%, p<0,01), síndrome metabólica (75 vs 41%, p<0,05), e valores significativamente maiores de pressão arterial sistólica (1699 vs 1523 mmHg, p<0,05) e pressão de pulso (877 vs 672 mmHg, p<0,01). A redução do ITB pelo método alternativo mostrou associação com as mesmas variáveis, mas adicionalmente com maior freqüência de tabagistas (29 vs 20%, p<0,05) e maiores níveis de LDL-colesterol (15413 vs 1245 mg/dl, p<0,05). Além disso, o método alternativo foi capaz de detectar pacientes sem alto risco pelo escore de Framingham, mas obesos e com síndrome metabólica. Esses dados apontariam para um valor adicional desta forma de estimar o risco ao escore de Framingham na estratificação de risco cardiovascular, sugerindo sua incorporação na rotina de avaliação de pacientes idosos

A leitura da tira de quadrinhos: para uma gramática contrastiva do não verbal com o verbal

O objetivo desta tese foi sugerir à prática didática subsídios que possam contribuir com a condução da leitura de Tiras de Quadrinhos. Promove-se a ideia de que é possível elaborar uma gramática contrastiva do não verbal a partir da gramática do verbal, na consideração de que a leitura da imagem deve estar maciçamente atrelada à vivência diária do ser humano. Perspectivas da Linguística textual, da Semiótica peirceana e da Gramática tradicional foram entrelaçadas para obter-se um suporte teórico julgado eficaz na sustentação da hipótese de que a leitura multifacetada oferecida pela Tira de Quadrinhos é promissora quanto à formação de leitores proficientes. Fazem parte dessa conjuntura a Análise da conversação, a Organicidade do tópico discursivo, a Iconicidade diagramática e focalizações fonéticas, morfológicas e sintáticas envolvidas pelo semântico. No amálgama da tradição com a modernidade, sugeriram-se análises e interpretações da imagem no contexto linguístico-textual. O corpus é constituído de Tiras de Quadrinhos, publicadas diariamente no jornal O Globo, referentemente ao período de cinco anos, de 2005 a 2009

Prevalência de demência e fatores associados ao desempenho cognitivo em idosos clientes de uma operadora de saúde

Com o envelhecimento populacional observa-se um aumento na prevalência de doenças degenerativas como as demências, caracterizadas pela presença de declínio da memória e de outras funções cognitivas, que resulta na incapacidade do indivíduo para realizar suas atividades de vida diária. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a prevalência geral da síndrome demencial e de seus principais subtipos entre idosos, e verificar a associação entre níveis de complexidade da ocupação desenvolvida ao longo da vida com o desempenho cognitivo na velhice. O desenho do estudo foi transversal e conduzido em duas etapas: rastreio de comprometimento cognitivo e avaliação diagnóstica. Foi utilizada a base de dados da Rede FIBRARJ, que avaliou clientes idosos (>65 anos) de uma operadora privada de saúde, residentes na zona norte do município do Rio de Janeiro. A seleção desta amostra foi feita por meio de amostragem aleatória inversa em cada estrato de sexo e faixa etária. Para cumprir o objetivo de estimar a prevalência de demência, foram avaliados 683 idosos. Para verificar a associação do desempenho cognitivo com a ocupação, foram incluídos 666 indivíduos, que haviam respondido ao instrumento de rastreio cognitivo e aceitaram responder ao questionários sobre ocupação. O diagnóstico de síndrome demencial foi obtido segundo critérios do DSM-IV; as variáveis gênero, idade, escolaridade, renda, situação conjugal e ocupação foram coletadas por entrevistas. Um total de 115 indivíduos foram diagnosticados com síndrome demencial, resultando em uma prevalência de 16,9% (IC 95%=14,4-19,8). Na regressão logística múltipla, idade e escolaridade mostraram associação com síndrome demencial. Para idade, a associação foi mais forte entre aqueles com 90 anos ou mais (RP=8,85; IC95%=2,11-37,11) e 85-89 anos (RP=6,77; IC 95% =1,63-28,12). Em relação à escolaridade, a razão de prevalência foi de 2,77 (IC95%=1,07-7,19) para analfabetos e 2,63 (IC95%=1,31-5,27) para aqueles com 5 a 8 anos de estudos, comparado ao grupo com escolaridade superior. No trabalho com os dados, o grupo de alta complexidade obteve escore de desempenho cognitivo 1,08 pontos mais alto (p=0,019) que o grupo de baixa complexidade. No trabalho com coisas (objetos, equipamentos/máquinas), o escore para complexidade intermediária foi 0,53 pontos mais alto (p=0,044) que o da baixa complexidade. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no desempenho cognitivo entre os níveis de complexidade do trabalho com pessoas.. Conclui-se que a prevalência de síndrome demencial na população estudada foi superior à obtida em estudos de bases populacionais e que a maior prevalência de demência estava associada ao aumento da idade e à baixa escolaridade. Além disto, mostrou-se que a maior complexidade do trabalho com dados e com coisas estava associada com melhor desempenho cognitivo na velhice, independentemente da idade, da escolaridadade, da renda e do tempo de ocupação.

Envelhecimento, ciclo de vida e mudanças socioeconômicas: novos desafios para os sistemas de seguridade social

O processo de envelhecimento populacional, ainda que amplamente reconhecido como uma das principais conquistas do século XX engendra o desafio de assegurar que o processo de desenvolvimento ocorra com base em princípios capazes de garantir a dignidade humana e a equidade entre os grupos etários na partilha dos recursos, direitos e responsabilidades sociais. Além dos desafios impostos aos já tradicionais programas constantes dos atuais sistemas de seguridade social, o envelhecimento populacional acrescenta uma nova questão ou risco social: os cuidados de longa duração, demandados pelos idosos com perda de capacidade instrumental e/ou funcional para lidar com as atividades do cotidiano. Por capacidade instrumental pode-se entender a capacidade para a realização de atividades relacionadas a, por exemplo: preparar refeições, fazer compras no mercado, ir ao banco, cuidar da casa etc. Capacidade funcional, por sua vez, refere-se às seguintes atividades: alimentar-se, banhar-se, caminhar distâncias curtas, vestir-se etc. A preocupação com os cuidados de longa duração dos idosos nos países desenvolvidos, onde o processo de envelhecimento populacional já se encontra mais avançado, surgiu como uma necessidade de se separar os custos crescentes com o tratamento dos idosos dos demais gastos com saúde. Os custos, tangíveis ou não, envolvidos na atividade de cuidar/assistir aos idosos tendem a aumentar em função da entrada maciça das mulheres no mercado de trabalho e das mudanças nos contratos de gênero, sugerindo crescentes dificuldades para que as famílias arquem com a responsabilidade pelo cuidado de seus idosos. Em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, essa questão é agravada por se somar a uma ampla lista a ser respondida pelos sistemas de seguridade social, tais como a pobreza, a exclusão de crescentes contingentes da população e o nível de desigualdade vigente. No Brasil, para que se possa avançar no debate sobre os cuidados de longa duração voltados para uma população idosa crescente, faz-se necessário rediscutir e redefinir uma série de parâmetros do atual sistema de seguridade social, em especial, a expressiva parcela de trabalhadores informais alijados do mesmo. O precário equilíbrio, ou resultado, do sistema de seguridade social brasileiro precisa ser revisto e analisado a luz das tendências demográficas, sociais e econômicas que se vislumbram para os próximos 20 ou 30 anos. Somente após o reequacionamento do sistema é possível pensar a incorporação desta nova e latente demanda da sociedade brasileira.

Prevalência do medo de quedas em idosos e sua associação com fatores clínicos,funcionais e psicossociais: Estudo FIBRA-RJ

Introdução: Com o expressivo aumento da população idosa, as quedas são eventos comuns e levam a desfechos adversos à saúde. As consequências do medo de quedas podem ser tão incapacitantes como as quedas. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência do medo de quedas em idosos e sua associação com fatores clínicos, funcionais e psicossociais. Métodos: Utilizaram-se os dados do Estudo FIBRA-RJ, que avaliou clientes de uma operadora de saúde, residentes na Zona Norte do município do Rio de Janeiro. A seleção desta amostra foi realizada através de amostragem aleatória inversa, de acordo com estratos de faixa etária e sexo do cadastro oferecido pela operadora. As entrevistas foram realizadas face a face no domicilio. O medo de quedas, variável dependente, foi avaliado através da FES-I-BR. As seguintes variáveis clínicas, funcionais e psicossociais foram avaliadas como variáveis independentes: histórico de quedas, fratura pós-queda, número de comorbidades, número de medicamentos, internação no último ano, uso de dispositivo de auxílio à marcha, dependência funcional nas atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária, dificuldade visual e auditiva, força de preensão palmar, velocidade de marcha, autopercepção de saúde, sintomas depressivos, alteração cognitiva, morar só, apoio social instrumental e nível de atividade. As associações foram avaliadas através de regressão logística. Resultados: Dentre os 742 idosos avaliados, 51,9% apresentaram medo de quedas, sendo esta prevalência maior no sexo feminino e nos mais idosos. Na análise logística multivariada, houve associação com histórico de 1 ou 2 quedas (OR=2,18; IC95%1,42-3,36), 3 ou mais quedas (OR=2,72; IC95% 1,10-6,70), usar 7 ou mais medicamentos (OR=1,70; IC95%1,04-2,80), dificuldade auditiva (OR=1,66; IC95% 1,10-2,49), ter dependência funcional nas atividades de vida diária (AVDs) (OR=1,73; IC95%1,07-2,79), velocidade de marcha diminuída (OR=1,64; IC95%1,04-2,58), autopercepção de saúde regular (OR=1,89; IC95%1,30-2,74) e ruim/muito ruim (OR=4,92; IC95%1,49-16,27) e sintomas depressivos (OR=1,68; IC95%1,07-2,63). Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos mostram a prevalência elevada de medo de quedas. Destaca-se a necessidade de avaliação desta condição nos idosos. Identificar os fatores associados é útil para desenvolver estratégias efetivas de intervenção dos possíveis fatores modificáveis.

Obra-jogo: processos, visualidades e tessituras

Esta dissertação trata das visualidades buscadas no campo da arte contemporânea utilizando como linguagem o videogame e sua estética, que se formam como transfigurações das ideias de um mundo estruturado em códigos, uma informação entre os signos que convivem no cotidiano do homem comum. Neste caráter, o trabalho artístico aliado ao videogame propõe estados de percepção estética e interação com o espectador como forma estrutural da obra, como a obra em si. Unir a arte com o videogame para alcançar a mistura entre artista, obra e espectador

Designing Inclusive Interactions

The design of accessible and inclusive contexts: work and daily living environments 6. Business advantages and applications of inclusive design 7. Legislation, standards and government awareness of inclusive design