Modelo petrofísico 3D do Arenito Namorado no Campo de Namorado - Bacia de Campos, RJ

The Namorado Oil Field represents the beginning of the oil exploration in Brazil, in the 70s, and it is still a subject of researches because the importance of this turbidite sandstone in the brazilian oil production. The Namorado’s production level was denominated “Namorado sandstone”, it is composed by turbidite sandstone deposited during the Albian-Cenomanian. In order to define the structural geometry of the main reservoir, geological and geophysical tools like RECON and Geographix (Prizm – Seisvision) softwares were used, and its application was focused on geological facies analysis, for that propose well logs, seismic interpretation and petrophysical calculations were applied. Along this work 15 vertical wells were used and the facies reservoirs were mapped of along the oil field; it is important to mentioned that the all the facies were calibrated by the correlation rock vs log profile, and 12 reservoir-levels (NA-1, NA-2, NA-3, NA-4, NA-5, NA-6, NA-7, NA-8, NA-9, NA-10, NA-11 e NA-12) were recognized and interpreted. Stratigraphic sections (NE-SW and NW-SE) were also built based on stratigraphic well correlation of each interpreted level, and seismic interpretation (pseudo-3D seismic data) on the southeastern portion of the oil field. As results it was interpreted on two- and three-dimensional maps that the deposition reservoir’s levels are hight controlled by normal faults systems. This research also shows attribute maps interpretation and its relationship with the selection of the reservoir attribute represented on it. Finally the data integration of stratigraphic, geophysical and petrophysical calculations lets us the possibility of obtain a detail geological/petrophysical 3D model of the main reservoir levels of “Namorado sandstone” inside the oil/gás field

Análise das respostas de atributos sísmicos dos carbonatos barremiano, albiano e neógeno no campo de Bonito, bacia de Campos - RJ

The Bonito oil field, located on southwest of Campos Basin-RJ, has been explored since 1982. The main reservoir is composed by calcarenites of Quissamã Formation (Macaé Group) from Albian, but two other carbonate levels are present on the field, firsts is Coqueiros Formation (Aptian) and the second Siri Member (Oligo-Miocene). In this context and considering that carbonates reservoirs are a challenge for exploratory geoscientists, since the difficulty on recognize the effective reservoir distribution. This work aim to characterize the geophysical/geological facies based on seismic attributes responses, related to reservoir geometrical distribution, for the tree carbonates intervals on Bonito oil Field. A tree dimensional interpretation of the levels has been developed, based on well cross correlation and a 3D seismic interpretation, resulting on the stratigraphic and structural framework of the field, which showed a NE-SW fault trend controlling the Aptian carbonates reservoirs, and halocnetics structures showing a structural trap on Albian carbonates reservoirs. The definition of the structural/ stratigraphic framework possibly the seismic attributes calculations over the reservoir intervals. To select the best response in comparison with the reservoir distribution, obtained by seismic interpretation, the attributes response were compared with isopachs maps of each carbonate stratigraphic level. The attributes Maximum Amplitude, Maximum Magnitude and Rms Amplitude showed a good answer to reservoir distribution. The Rms Amplitude also showed a good correlation with physical rock properties, like RHOB bulk density, for the Albian and Aptian carbonates, as consequence it is possible make a characterization of reservoir distribution based on seismic attribute answer

Calcários albianos de campo petrolífero na Bacia de Campos: fácies, diagênese e modelo deposicional

Pós-graduação em Geologia Regional - IGCE

Late Quaternary vegetation dynamics from central parts of the Madeira River in Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Modelo deposicional de carbonatos albianos da Formação Quissamã: análise faciológica, diagenética e estratigráfica de um campo de óleo na porção meridional da Bacia de Campos

Pós-graduação em Geologia Regional - IGCE

Parceria Brasil - China: a questão do petróleo

Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais (UNESP - UNICAMP - PUC-SP) - FFC

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Geochemical Modeling and Analysis of the Frac Water Used in the Hydraulic Fracturing of the Marcellus Formation, Pennsylvania

The hydraulic fracturing of the Marcellus Formation creates a byproduct known as frac water. Five frac water samples were collected in Bradford County, PA. Inorganic chemical analysis, field parameters analysis, alkalinity titrations, total dissolved solids(TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were conducted on each sample to characterize frac water. A database of frac water chemistry results from across the state of Pennsylvania from multiple sources was compiled in order to provide the public and research communitywith an accurate characterization of frac water. Four geochemical models were created to model the reactions between frac water and the Marcellus Formation, Purcell Limestone, and the oil field brines presumed present in the formations. The average concentrations of chloride and TDS in the five frac water samples were 1.1 �± 0.5 x 105 mg/L (5.5X average seawater) and 140,000 mg/L (4X average seawater). BOD values for frac water immediately upon flow back were over 10X greater than the BOD of typical wastewater, but decreased into the range of typical wastewater after a short period of time. The COD of frac water decreases dramatically with an increase in elapsed time from flow back, but remain considerably higher than typicalwastewater. Different alkalinity calculation methods produced a range of alkalinity values for frac water: this result is most likely due to high concentrations of aliphatic acid anions present in the samples. Laboratory analyses indicate that the frac watercomposition is quite variable depending on the companies from which the water was collected, the geology of the local area, and number of fracturing jobs in which the frac water was used, but will require more treatment than typical wastewater regardless of theprecise composition of each sample. The geochemical models created suggest that the presence of organic complexes in an oil field brine and Marcellus Formation aid in the dissolution of ions such as bariumand strontium into the solution. Although equilibration reactions between the Marcellus Formation and the slickwater account for some of the final frac water composition, the predominant control of frac water composition appears to be the ratio of the mixture between the oil field brine and slickwater. The high concentration of barium in the frac water is likely due to the abundance of barite nodules in the Purcell Limestone, and the lack of sulfate in the frac water samples is due to the reducing, anoxic conditions in the earth's subsurface that allow for the degassing of H2S(g).

The Amplifier - v. 2, no. 8(b)

In this issue...Engineer's Valentine, Butte Chamber of Commerce, Jaycee Club, Main Hall, Wilmington Oil Field, Hecla Mining Company, Petroleum Engineers, Finlen Hotel

Foraminifera from the Colorado Shale of North-Central Montana

The use of foraminifera in the determination of geologic age, and in the correlation of strata, is one of the most important techniques in oil field stratigraphic studies. The petroleum industry in many regions relies on these microscopic life forms to determine the positions of oil-bearing horizons and to determine the tops of beds. In northern Montana the Colorado group of strata, a series of about 2,000 feet of dense, dark similar shales, is known to contain foraminifers.

Table 1. Mean geochemical values for Baseline (pre-injection) and Monitor-1 (post-injection) samples, and the percent change between the two weighted means

The Weyburn Oil Field, Saskatchewan is the site of a large (5000 tonnes/day of CO2) CO2-EOR injection project By EnCana Corporation. Pre- and post-injection samples (Baseline and Monitor-1, respectively) of produced fluids from approximately 45 vertical wells were taken and chemically analyzed to determine changes in the fluid chemistry and isotope composition between August 2000 and March 2001. After 6 months of CO2 injection, geochemical parameters including pH, [HCO3], [Ca], [Mg], and ?13CO2(g) point to areas in which injected CO2 dissolution and reservoir carbonate mineral dissolution have occurred. Pre-injection fluid compositions suggest that the reservoir brine in the injection area may be capable of storing as much as 100 million tonnes of dissolved CO2. Modeling of water-rock reactions show that clay minerals and feldspar, although volumetrically insignificant, may be capable of acting as pH buffers, allowing injected CO2 to be stored as bicarbonate in the formation water or as newly precipitated carbonate minerals, given favorable reaction kinetics.

Composition of organic matter in suspended matter and bottom sediments of the southeastern Baltic Sea

Data on contents and compositions of hydrocarbons (HCs)-aliphatic (AHCs) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs) are provided in comparison with contents of total organic carbon (Corg), lipids in suspended matter, and Corg in bottom sediments. Particular attention is paid to distribution of HCs in the area of the Kravtsov oil field. It is established that concentrations of AHCs in water are governed by concentrations of suspended matter and elevated AHC concentrations are confined to coastal areas. In the area of D-6 platform sandy bottom sediments are notable for great variability of HC concentrations, both laterally and from year to year. In summer of 2010 average content of AHCs was 40 ppm (19% of Corg) and that of PAHs was 0.023 ppm. Natural seepage from sediment mass is considered to be a source of HCs along with oil contamination.

Stable and radiogenic isotope ratios in pore waters from ODP Leg 127 sites

Interstitial waters from four sites of the Japan Sea (794 to 797) have been analyzed for stable isotopes (delta D, delta11B, delta18O, and delta34S) and 87Sr/86Sr, besides major and minor ions. The isotopic composition is dominated by organic matter degradation, alteration of ash layers and volcaniclastic sands, silica transformation (opal A/CT), and basement alteration. Organic matter degradation and corresponding sulfate reduction leads to 32S depletion and is dependent upon sedimentation rate. The remaining sulfate reservoir is characterized by very "heavy" delta34S ratios, up to +93 ? (rel. CDT = Canyon Diabolo Troilite). "Barite fronts," which may develop in such sediments, should also be characterized by very "heavy" sulfur isotopes. The alteration of volcaniclastic material in the Quaternary sections influences the delta18O (-1.5 ? shift) and delta11B (desorption and later adsorption of "labile"11B). A pronounced positive delta11B anomaly at Site 795 represents the depth range of preferential 10B uptake by alteration products of the ash layers. At Site 796 delta D, delta11B, and 87Sr/86Sr are severely affected by alteration processes of volcaniclastic sands. The opal A/CT transformation may influence the oxygen isotopes and serves as a potential source for B, which is liberated at this interval at Site 795. This positive B anomaly is not reflected in the delta11B profile. Basement alteration processes dominate the sedimentary sequence below the opal A/CT transition, which serves as a chemical and physical boundary. The decreases in delta D and delta18O are probably related to a "paleo ocean water reservoir" situated in the permeable Layer II of the oceanic crust, as is indicated by the positive correlation between these two parameters. Besides Mg, alkalies and delta18O basement rocks also serve as a sink for 11 B (Site 795) and are the source for the Ca and Sr increases, as is documented by the less radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratio. 87Sr/86Sr ratios for the lowermost pore waters from Site 795 (0.70529) are comparable to those from volcaniclastic rocks from the "Green Tuff' region (0.704 to 0.706) and oil field brines from the Niigata Oil Field.

Chemical composition of bottom waters and interstitial waters from sediments and deposits within and outside the Haakon Mosby submarine mud volcano in the Norwegian Sea

On the base of data of Cruise 40 of R/V Akademik Keldysh features of formation of saline composition of interstitial waters from sediments containing free hydrocarbons (methane) and gas hydrates (CH4 x 6H2O) were considered. Chemical composition of the interstitial waters is presented for three zones of sediments from the Haakon Mosby submarine mud volcano: (1) zone of kettles containing free hydrocarbons, (2) gas hydrate sediments, and (3) periphery of the volcano. Abnormally high concentrations of bromine and especially iodine characteristic of the interstitial and particularly of the oil-field waters were found. Because of a great interest in natural gas hydrates found in marine sediments, we obtained a possibility to supplement scarce of available published data with some new information.

Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea-2 and Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus group in sediments at different stations

The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) with sulfate as terminal electron acceptor is mediated by consortia of methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In sediment samples from Hydrate Ridge, the Isis Mud Volcano and the Gulf of Mexico, DSS cells accounted for 3-6% of all DAPI-stained single cells. Out of these, 8-17% were labelled with probe SEEP1a-1441. This translated into relative abundances of single SEEP-SRB1a cells of 0.3% to 0.7%. Contrastingly, in a sediment sample from the Gullfaks oil field, DSS cells accounted for 18% and SEEP-SRB1a for 9% of all single cells. This sediment sample also featured an unusually high abundance of single ANME-2 cells and only very few ANME-2/DSS aggregates in comparison with other AOM habitats. Considering also the nature of the sample, it is likely that the high number of single ANME-2 and SEEP-SRB1a cells were an artifact of sample preparation. Here, harsher sonication was required to remove the microorganisms from coarse sand prior to CARD-FISH analysis.