Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and other pathogenic intestinal parasites in the Beberibe River in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Transmission of pathogenic protozoa and helminths by water is a serious public health problem. In this study, we analyzed the presence of these organisms in the Beberibe River in Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: Parasite analysis was performed using the Hoffman, Pons, & Janer method followed by centrifugation and preparation of slides by staining with acetic acid and Lugol's solution. Protozoan oocysts were isolated by the modified Ziehl Neelsen method. RESULTS: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and other parasites were found in the Beberibe River. CONCLUSIONS: Sanitation companies must assess pathogenic intestinal parasites in water basins providing public water and subsequently develop improved treatment systems for removal of such parasites.

Emergent and re-emergent parasites in HIV-infected children: immunological and socio-environmental conditions that are involved in the transmission of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Emergent and re-emergent waterborne protozoans have become a worldwide public health problem, especially among vulnerable groups. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated 17 HIV-infected children and their families. RESULTS: A high (76.5%) percentage of parasite-infected children was observed, even among children with CD4+ T-cell counts of >200 cells/mm3. Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora spp. were observed in 41.2% of these children Low income, poor hygiene practices, and co-infection in domestic, peridomestic and scholastic environments were significant sources of these intestinal infections. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis, timely treatment, and socio-educational interventions may improve the health conditions of this vulnerable population.

Cryptosporidium sp. in children suffering from acute diarrhea at Uberlândia City, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study's objective was to search for Cryptosporidium sp. in diarrheic feces from children aged zero to 12 years and cared for at medical units within Universidade Federal de Uberlândia or at a private practice in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from September 1992 to August 1993. Three fecal samples preserved in 10% formalin, were collected from 94 children. Oocyst concentration was performed through Ritchie's (modified) method and staining of fecal smears for each sample (total of 1128 slides) was done by the "Safranin/Methylene Blue" and the "Kinyoun (modified)" techniques. The Hoffmann, Pons & Janer method was also employed to look for other enteroparasites. From 94 children, 4.26% excreted fecal Cryptosporidium oocysts. The infection seemed to vary according to age: 5.08% of patients aged zero to two years old; 33.33% of those aging eight to ten years (P>0.05). Cryptosporidium appeared in November, December and March, during the rainy season. 20.21% of the children harbored at least one enteroparasite different from Cryptosporidium, mainly Giardia intestinalis (12.77%). From Cryptosporidium infected patients, two had only this kind, another harbored Giardia intestinalis; the last one hosted Strongyloides stercoralis.

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) in Crotalus durissus terrificus (Serpentes, Viperidae) in Brazil

The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) in the snake Crotalus durissus terrificus (Serpentes, Viperidae). Fifty animals were evaluated for the presence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. at the time of arrival and 30 and 60 days later. Intestinal washings with saline solution (1% body weight), fecal samples, and organ scrapings were collected during the study. Oocysts were concentrated by an ether-phosphate-buffered saline sedimentation technique and then separated by a density gradient centrifugation technique. Smears were made with the sediment and submitted to modified acid-fast and auramine-rhodamine staining. Cryptosporidium-positive smears were used as controls for the experimental findings. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was 14%. Among the positive snakes, oocysts were detected only in the intestinal washing in two specimens, only in the feces in four specimens, and in both materials at least once in one specimen. The positive snakes were predominantly from Santa Maria da Serra city State of São Paulo (57.1%). We also observed that all of the examinations that presented positive results were obtained at least 27 days after the capture of the animals.

Detection of Cryptosporidium - specific coproantigen in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients by using a commercially available immunoenzymatic assay

The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in 52 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients (group 1) and 38 clinically healthy individuals (group 2) by using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). All fecal samples collected were submitted to the Baermann, Lutz, and Ritchie methods, the Safranin/Methylene Blue, and Weber's chromotrope modified Trichrome staining techniques, and EIA. In group 1, parasitological staining techniques and EIA were both positive for Cryptosporidium sp. infection in 3/52 (5.8%) samples and both negative in 45/52 (86.5%) samples, while 4/52 (7.7%) samples were positive in EIA and negative in parasitological staining techniques. Concerning group 2, all samples were negative by EIA and microscopy for Cryptosporidium infection. In conclusion, EIA may be an alternative method for detecting Cryptosporidium-specific coproantigen in HIV/AIDS patients.

Environmental risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in an island from Western Venezuela

Few investigations have been conducted on risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in communities from developing countries. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in San Carlos island, Venezuela. A sample of 515 subjects (mean age ± SD: 21.4 ± 17.8 years) was surveyed. Single fecal specimens were collected and modified Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin staining of formalin-ether concentrate stools were examined for identification of the parasite. Infections with Cryptosporidium (67 of 515, 13%) were common. Prevalence of the parasite varied among sectors of the community; 34 of 67(50.7%) cases of cryptosporidiosis clustered in two sectors with extreme poverty. Variables strongly associated with a higher risk for the infection (p < 0.01) were residing in these sectors versus the remainder, living in a hut or small residence versus a brick or larger house, using an area of backyard rather than a toilet or latrine for defecation, and having contact with soil contaminated with human feces. Crowding was also a risk (p < 0.05). Contact with human feces contaminated-soil may be an important mode of transmission and poverty a predisposing factor for the infection.

Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae, a spotted fever group agent infecting Amblyomma parvum ticks in two Brazilian biomes

Adult ticks of the species Amblyomma parvum were collected from the vegetation in the Pantanal biome (state of Mato Grosso do Sul) and from horses in the Cerrado biome (state of Piauí) in Brazil. The ticks were individually tested for rickettsial infection via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting three rickettsial genes, gltA, ompA and ompB. Overall, 63.5% (40/63) and 66.7% (2/3) of A. parvum ticks from Pantanal and Cerrado, respectively, contained rickettsial DNA, which were all confirmed by DNA sequencing to be 100% identical to the corresponding fragments of the gltA, ompA and ompB genes of Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae. This report is the first to describe Ca. R. andeanae in Brazil.

Avaliação da resistência de 47 acessos de mangueira aos fungos Fusicoccum aesculis e Neofusicoccum parvum

A mangicultura praticada no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco é considerada um dos principais destaques no comércio externo do País. Dentre as diversas variedades cultivadas, a Tommy Atkins é a que representa a maior parte das exportações. Entretanto, a magnitude das perdas por podridões pós-colheita, causadas por fungos Botryosphaeriaceae, é sempre uma grande preocupação para exportadores e importadores da fruta. A busca por métodos de controle mais eficazes e limpos é uma tendência mundial. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de frutos, de 47 acessos de mangueiras, quanto à resistência aos fungos Fusicoccum aesculis e Neofusicoccum parvum. As inoculações foram realizadas mediante deposição de disco do meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA), contendo estruturas do patógeno sobre duas posições opostas na região equatorial da manga, mantido, posteriormente, por 24 horas em câmara úmida. Foram realizadas medições das lesões até o sétimo dia, com uma régua milimetrada. Com os registros dos crescimentos das lesões, foram calculadas as taxas diárias de crescimento da lesão (TDCL's) para cada acesso. As maiores TDCLs foram observadas nos acessos 'Roxa' e 'Lita', quando inoculados com F. aesculis, e nos acessos 'Roxa', 'Ruby', 'Papo de peru', 'CPAC 22/93', 'Pingo-de-ouro', 'Pêssego' e 'M13269', quando inoculados com N. parvum. Os acessos 'Nego-não-chupa', 'Manga-d'água', 'Juazeiro VI', 'Juazeiro VII' e 'Favo-de-mel' foram os que apresentaram, concomitantemente, as menores TDCLs para ambos os patógenos e diferenças significativas em relação aos demais acessos.

Importância de Cryptosporidium spp. como causa de diarréia em bezerros

Avaliou-se a presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em amostras de fezes de 14 bezerros e de suas mães até a oitava semana pós parição. A maior taxa de excreção de oocistos foi verificada em bezerros com sete dias de idade. Das vacas, 42,8% foram positivas para Cryptosporidium no período pós-parto. Em outra etapa deste estudo, foram acompanhados 57 bezerros positivos para Cryptosporidium, com até 30 dias de idade, provenientes de 32 propriedades leiteiras, e estudouse o grau de eliminação dos oocistos com a possível ocorrência de diarréia. Em todos os animais positivos para Cryptosporidium foi pesquisada a presença de bactérias enteropatogênicas, vírus (Rotavirus e Coronavirus) e protozoários (Eimeria spp.).

Fatores de risco associados à infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia duodenalis em bovinos leiteiros na fase de cria e recria na mesorregião do Campo das Vertentes de Minas Gerais

Este estudo observacional do tipo transversal foi realizado com o objetivo avaliar os fatores de risco associados à infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia duodenalis em bezerras provenientes de 20 propriedades leiteiras, localizadas na mesorregião do Campo das Vertentes de Minas Gerais. As propriedades foram divididas igualmente em dois grupos de acordo com o tipo de leite produzido: Grupo I = Leite B e Grupo II = Leite cru refrigerado. Amostras fecais de 356 bezerras foram coletadas no período de setembro de 2008 a agosto de 2009 e analisadas utilizando-se os métodos de Ziehl-Neelsen e flutuação em sulfato zinco a 33% para detecção, respectivamente, dos oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e cistos de G. duodenalis. Dados sobre práticas de manejo e condições sanitárias de criação dos bovinos foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas durante a visita a cada propriedade, no momento em que foi coletada uma única amostra de fezes de bezerras de 1 dia a 12 meses de idade. A frequência média global de bezerras infectadas por Cryptosporidium spp. foi de 21,62%, sendo a faixa etária de 7- 21 dias de idade a que apresentou o maior número de animais eliminando oocistos. Para G. duodenalis, a frequência média global foi de 25,56% e a faixa etária de 60-90 dias de idade foi a com maior número de animais com cistos nas fezes. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que infecções por Cryptosporidium spp. e G. duodenalis estão amplamente distribuídas entre fêmeas bovinas na fase de cria e recria provenientes de rebanhos leiteiros na mesorregião do Campo das Vertentes de Minas Gerais. Dentre os fatores associados a um maior risco de infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. e G. duodenalis em bezerras, discutidos neste estudo, se destacam os seguintes: a permanência no piquete maternidade por mais de 12h após o nascimento; o fornecimento de colostro a partir de 7h de vida; o primeiro fornecimento de água e concentrado entre 1 e 7 dias de idade; e a manutenção em instalação coletiva e/ou localizada próxima ao curral.

Ocorrência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em cabritos (Capra hircus)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a ocorrência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em cabritos de Quixadá, Ceará, Brasil. Participaram do estudo 400 cabritos, com idade entre três e 360 dias, de ambos os sexos, com e sem padrão racial definido, procedentes de 25 estabelecimentos rurais distribuídos em três circuitos. As fezes foram cadastradas de acordo com o aspecto e cor, distribuídas em tubos tipo "eppendorf®" e congeladas in natura a -20°C, até o momento das extrações de DNA genômico do parasito com auxílio de kit comercial. Para amplificação de fragmentos da subunidade 18S do RNA ribossômico (rRNA) foi utilizada a "Nested"-PCR. A ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp em cabritos de Quixadá foi de 7,50% (30/400). A frequência no período seco e no chuvoso foi de 9,55% (19/199) e 5,47% (11/201), respectivamente (χ²=2,39 e P>0,05). Amostras positivas foram identificadas em 64,00% (16/25) das propriedades estudadas e dessas amostras 50,00% (15/30) e 70,00% (21/30) tinham as fezes com aspecto e cor normais, respectivamente, sugerindo que cabritos assintomáticos estão eliminando oocistos. Não foi observada positividade para Cryptosporidium spp. em animais com 301 a 360 dias, demonstrando que animais mais velhos apresentam menos possibilidade de se infectarem com o parasito.

Officium parvum beatae Mariae virginis.

Petit office de la Vierge noté. Le texte des hymnes est antérieur à la réforme d'Urbain VIII. F. 1 Titre. «Officia beatae Mariae virginis. Marevillae. Anno Domini MDCCLXXXII». F. 2-46 «Officium [parvum] b. Mariae virginis. Ad matutinum» (2-16v); par suite de lacune matérielle entre les ff. 10 et 11 il manque la première antienne et le Ps 95 du 3e nocturne. — Ad laudes (17-22v). Par suite d'une lacune matérielle entre les ff. 16 et 17, il manque les deux premières antiennes, le Ps 92 et le premier verset du Ps 99. — «Ad primam» (23-25). — «Ad tertiam» (25-27). — «Ad sextam» (27-29). — «Ad nonam» (29-31). — Ad vesperas (32-36v). Par suite d'une lacune matérielle entre les ff. 31 et 32, il manque la première antienne et le Ps 109. — «Tempore adventus antiphonae» (37-38v); «A nativitate ad purificationem» [antiphonae] (38v-40v). — «Ad completorium» (41-46) avec les antiennes finales. Hymnes signalées dans la table des incipit.

Caractérisation de l’infection naturelle à Cryptosporidium spp. chez le chien et le chat vus en établissement vétérinaire

Cryptosporidium spp. est un protozoaire parasite du système gastro-intestinal largement répandu chez les vertébrés et causant la cryptosporidiose, une zoonose occasionnant des troubles digestifs sévères pouvant entrainer la mort chez les individus immunodéficients. Au Canada, la déclaration de cette maladie est obligatoire depuis l’an 2000. Ainsi, il est pertinent de mieux comprendre l’infection chez les animaux de compagnie, puisqu’ils sont potentiellement un réservoir du parasite. Durant l’année 2008, des échantillons fécaux provenant de 1 202 chats (n = 371) et chiens (n = 831) de la province du Québec ont été analysés par comptage des ookystes de Cryptosporidium spp. au moyen de la technique de centrifugation en solution de sulfate de zinc. Dans cette étude,la prévalence de Cryptosporidium spp. chez les chats (28/371 : 7,55 %) et chez les chiens(88/831 : 10,59 %) de compagnie confirme leur potentiel en tant que réservoir du parasite. Au Québec, de par leur nombre, les chats sont potentiellement un réservoir zoonotique du parasite plus important que celui des chiens, bien qu’il n’existe pas de différence significative entre la prévalence du parasite chez le chat et le chien pour l’année 2008. L’âge (p = 0,0001) et l’infection concomitante par Giardia spp. (p = 0,0001) se sont avérés être des facteurs associés avec la présence de Cryptosporidium spp. chez le chien. Parmi l’ensemble des variables testées chez le chat (l’âge, le sexe, la saison et l’infection concomitante par Giardia spp.), aucune n’a été associée de manière significative à la présence du parasite chez le chat. Ceci peut être dû au nombre limité d’individus testés pour cette espèce. Un suivi de l’excrétion des ookystes de Cryptosporidium spp. chez deux chats suggère que l’excrétion des ookystes peut se faire sur une période de sept mois et que le taux d’excrétion varie dans le temps. Le diagnostic moléculaire des espèces et génotypes de Cryptosporidium spp. isolés à partir des échantillons de matières fécales devait être réalisé par la technique de PCR emboîtée des fragments des gènes ARNr 18S et HSP70 et du séquençage des produits de PCR. Aucun résultat positif n’a toutefois été obtenu. Afin d’augmenter la puissance statistique des analyses épidémiologiques sur la prévalence de Cryptosporidium spp., il serait nécessaire à l’avenir de travailler sur un nombre d’animaux beaucoup plus important.

Prévalence d’excrétion de Giardia et Cryptosporidium chez les humains, les animaux domestiques et les lémuriens de l’écosystème du Parc National de Ranomafana, Madagascar

L’augmentation des interactions entre humains et animaux sauvages en lisière des habitats naturels pourrait faciliter la transmission d’agents pathogènes entre les humains et les différentes espèces animales d’un écosystème et ainsi favoriser l’émergence de maladies. Nous avons effectué une étude transversale portant sur l’infection par Giardia et Cryptosporidium chez les humains, les animaux domestiques, les rongeurs et les lémuriens au sein de l’écosystème de Ranomafana, Madagascar. Des échantillons de fèces ont étés collectés de manière non invasive chez des personnes volontaires, des mammifères domestiques et des rongeurs introduits habitant trois villages situés en lisière du Parc National de Ranomafana (PNR) ainsi que quatre espèces de lémuriens (Propithecus edwardsii, Prolemur simus, Eulemur rubriventer et Microcebus rufus) du PNR. Des analyses coproscopiques par la technique d’immunofluorescence directe ont été réalisées afin de détecter la présence de Cryptosporidium et Giardia. Leur prévalence a été estimée et certaines variables reliées à l’infection par les parasites ont été identifiées. Cryptosporidium et Giardia ont été détectés avec une prévalence estimée à 22,9 % et 13,6 % respectivement chez les humains. La prévalence de ces deux parasites variait de 0 % à 60 % chez les animaux domestiques et les rongeurs au sein des villages. L’espèce hôte, l’âge ainsi que la co-infection par un autre protozoaire sont les seules variables associées à l’infection par Cryptosporidium et Giardia dans cet écosystème tandis qu’aucune association avec une coinfection par un ordre de nématode n’a été détecté. De plus, Cryptosporidium a été détecté chez 10,5 % des lémuriens du PNR. Cette étude documente pour la première fois la présence de Cryptosporidium chez deux espèces de lémuriens du PNR. Par contre, Giardia n’a pas été détecté dans les échantillons issus de lémuriens du PNR.

Prevalence and determinants of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in smallholder dairy cattle in Iringa and Tanga Regions of Tanzania

The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in a cross-sectional study of dairy cattle, from two contrasting dairying regions in Tanzania, were determined by staining smears of faecal samples with the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Of the 1126 faecal samples screened, 19.7% were positive for Cr\yptosporidium spp. The prevalence was lower in Tanga Region than in Iringa Region. The prevalence of affected farms was 20% in Tanga and 21 % in Iringa. In both regions, the probability of detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces varied with animal class, but these were not consistent in both regions. In Tanga Region, Cryptosporidium oocysts were significantly more likely to be found in the faeces of milking cows. In Iringa Region, the likelihood that cattle had Cryptosporidium-positive faeces declined with age, and milking cattle were significantly less likely to have Cryptosporidium-positive faeces. In this region, 7% of cattle were housed within the family house at night, and this was marginally associated with a higher likelihood that animals had Ctyptosporidium-positive faeces. Our study suggests that even though herd sizes are small, Cryptosporidium spp. are endemic on many Tanzanian smallholder dairy farms. These protozoa may impact on animal health and production, but also on human health, given the close associations between the cattle and their keepers. Further studies are required to assess these risks in more detail, and understand the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in this management system.