LA TIERRA URBANIZABLE: ANÁLISIS METODOLÓGICO DEL MERCADO Y SU INVENTARIO. EL CASO DE COSTA RICA

En este artículo se presenta el análisis metodológico del mercado y el inventario de las tierras necesarias para el proceso de conversión de tierra agrícola a tierra urbana en la Gran Area Metropolitana (GAM) de Costa Rica.El crecimiento de las ciudades demanda nuevas tierras para su expansión y localización del crecimiento de la población y la concentración metropolitana de las actividades económicas y sociales.Al realizarse la transformación de la tierra agrícola a urbana cambia la naturaleza de uso, su contenido económico y los derechos de propiedad.Nos interesa presentar en este tratamiento teórico-metodológico: primero; los objetivos de la investigación, el planteamiento del problema y la delimitación de a tierra urbanizable de la región metropolitana de Costa Rica , segundo; los procesos y factores que intervienen en la conversión de tierra agrícola a tierra urbana; las características del mercado, el contenido económico, el contenido jurídico y los derechos de propiedad de la tierra potencialmente urbana; tercero, los instrumentos de gestión urbana de la tierra y cuarto; el análisis regional y subregional de la tierra urbanizable.Conviene entender que esta tierra de futura urbanización está en transición y que sus formas de uso y propiedad están determinadas por esta característica transicional.Abstract:This article discusses the methodology analysis of the land market and evaluation necessary lo convert agriculture land to urban Iand in the Big Metropolitan Área of Costa Rica.The grow of the cities requires new geographical space in order to expand and locate the new population and Ihe urban concentration of the economical and social activities.In the way the agricuLture Iand transforms to urban space, the nature of the use, thee economic content and the land tenure change.It is important to present in this article about the methodological teorical approach; first the objective of the research, the problem definition of urban land in the region of Costa Rican Metropolitan Área. Secondly, the process and factors that acts in the conversion from the agriculture land to urban land; the characteristics of market, legal and economic aspects and land tenure of the potential space to convert to urban land. Thirdly, the tool of the land urban is planning. Finally, the regional and subregional of the land with the properties to develop urban facilities.The land that in the future will be urbanice is in transition and their forms of use and land tenure determined by this condition.

Review of geographical stocks of tropical dolphins (Stenella spp. and Delphinus delphis) in the eastern Pacific

Information on geographical variation is reviewed for Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris, S. coeruleoalba, and Delphinus delphis in the eastern tropical Pacific, and boundaries for potential management units are proposed. National Marine Fisheries Service and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission sighting records made from 1979 to 1983 which were outside boundaries used in a 1979 assessment were examined for validity. Tagging returns and morphological data were also analyzed. Several stock ranges are expanded or combined. Three management units are proposed for S. attenuata: the coastal, northern offshore, and southern offshore spoiled dolphins. Four management units are proposed for S. longirostris: the Costa Rican, eastern, northern whitebelly, and southern whitebelly spinner dolphins. Two provisional management units are proposed for S. coeruleoalba: the northern and southern striped dolphins. Five management units (two of which are provisional) are proposed for D. delphis: the Baja neritic, northern, central, southern, and Guerrero common dolphins. Division into management units was based on morphological stock differences and distributional breaks. (PDF file contains 34 pages.)

Collaborative Scholarship on the Margins: An Epistolary Network

This article explores collaborative scholarship on the margins of intellectual life in eighteenth-century England via a close examination of George Ballard's collected correspondence from women letter-writers. Ballard was both a man of trade and an antiquary, and his modest social status inhibited his freedom to move in scholarly circles. Ballard's only published book documented the lives and works of "learned ladies" of Britain from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, and his female correspondents included the Anglo-Saxon scholar Elizabeth Elstob. His collected correspondence provides an insight into a network that operated outside of the major institutions of scholarship and far from the coffee houses of metropolitan life, but which supported its participants in their intellectual endeavours. By examining the collection materially, and by plotting the correspondents geographically, a more precise picture can be drawn of how women and lower-status men could engage in intellectual life from the peripheries of scholarly society. 

Estelle Cuffe Hawley fonds, 1852-1999, n.d.

Estelle Cuffe Hawley (1894-1995) was an educator, businesswoman and politician, who became the first woman alderman on the St. Catharines City Council. She began her career as a teacher in Peterborough in 1913, and later taught in St. Catharines at Connaught School and St. Paul’s Ward School, where she served as Principal for six years. In 1928-29, she worked as an exchange teacher in Edmonton, Alberta. This would be Estelle’s last year in the teaching profession. She moved back to St. Catharines in 1930 and began a career in business, as an employee of Sun Life Assurance Co. She remained in this profession until around 1952. It was during this period that she became very active in the community and local politics. In 1934 she was elected to the St. Catharines Board of Education, where she advocated for the improvement of teachers’ salaries, the introduction of nursing services in schools, and the inclusion of music in the curriculum. She served as a member of the school board until 1937. The following year, she became the first woman elected to the St. Catharines City Council. As an alderman, she worked to improve the community's social welfare services, serving consecutively as chairman of all committees. She established comprehensive health services (including medical, dental and nursing), in the public, separate and secondary schools of St. Catharines, the first program of its kind in Canada. She was also instrumental in establishing minimum housing standards and engaging the public in local government by arranging a series of lectures by city officials. She remained a member of City Council until 1943. The following year she campaigned unsuccessfully for the mayoralty. In 1953 she married Hubert Hawley and moved to Orillia. She continued to remain active in the community, serving as President of the Ontario Recreation Association from 1950-1953, and editor of their Bulletin from 1955-1961. During the 1960s, she worked with various groups, including the Voice of Women, the Mental Health Association and the Freedom from Hunger Campaign. In addition to this work, Estelle wrote poetry and short stories, some of which were published in the Peterborough Review, the Globe and Mail and the Canadian Churchman. Some of her short stories (often about her childhood experiences) were broadcast on the CBC, as well as her experiences as a Town Councillor (under the pseudonym Rebecca Johnson in 1961). She also broadcast a segment that was part of a series called “Winning the Peace” in April 1944. Estelle was a sought-after public speaker, speaking on topics such as peace, democracy, citizenship, education, and women’s rights. In 1976, Brock University conferred an honorary Doctor of Law degree to Estelle for her leadership as an educator, businesswoman and a stateswoman. Her husband Hubert died that same year, and Estelle subsequently moved to Mississauga. With the assistance of an Ontario Heritage Foundation grant, she began work on her memoir. She later moved back to Orillia and died there in 1995, at the age of 101.

L’accès et le partage des avantages des savoirs traditionnels en Amérique latine : comment les droits de propriété intellectuelle peuvent empêcher la biopiraterie

Ce travail se situe dans la perspective des études sur la protection des savoirs traditionnels contre la biopiraterie commise par quelques industries pharmaceutiques et cosmétiques. Malgré le débat qui s’est déroulé à ce sujet après la signature de la Convention sur la diversité biologique, ces patrimoines culturels continuent d’être largement menacés. L’étude se propose d’analyser les mécanismes capables de protéger contre la biopiraterie les savoirs traditionnels associés à la biodiversité qui intéressent l’industrie pharmaceutique, et ce, par le biais des droits de propriété intellectuelle existants aussi bien à l’échelle internationale que dans le cadre des législations nationales. Ces mécanismes sont évalués quant à leur efficacité, en vue d’en identifier les plus intéressants, susceptibles d’être adoptés soit par des pays qui ne disposent pas encore de législation en matière de protection des savoirs traditionnels soit pour être utilisés dans le cadre international. Avec cet objectif, le présent travail dressera un panorama concernant la législation du Brésil, du Costa Rica et du Pérou. En outre, seront mises en exergue par la suite les différentes conventions en lien avec les savoirs traditionnels, à savoir la Convention sur la diversité biologique, le Protocole de Nagoya, le Comité intergouvernemental de la propriété intellectuelle relative aux ressources génétiques, aux savoirs traditionnels et au folklore de l’Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle. L’analyse menée a mis en lumière un certain nombre de dispositions assez efficaces pouvant être utilisées de façon optimale par des pays ne disposant pas de législation en matière de protection des savoirs traditionnels ou encore pouvant être intégrées dans des traités internationaux en la matière, afin de rendre lesdits traités plus efficaces sur le plan pratique. Bien plus, ladite analyse démontre que l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce est actuellement l’accord le plus coercitif et le plus contraignant lorsque l’on veut mener une lutte efficace contre la biopiraterie. Par ailleurs, en s’appuyant sur des fondements théoriques constructivistes, notre analyse essaye de démontrer que les pays du Sud, riches en biodiversité et en savoirs traditionnels, peuvent véritablement impulser un mouvement en faveur d’une législation internationale efficace en matière de protection des savoirs traditionnels

A Pollen Chase Experiment; Examining Varying Levels of Embryonic Inbreeding Depression

A pollen chase experiment was performed upon three Costa Rican populations of Witheringia solanacea to examine the breakdown of genetically enforced self incompatibility (SI) and the extent of embryonic inbreeding depression. Self-pollen was applied in the bud, with outcross pollen applied one day later, and outcross pollinations at both intervals as a control. A variety of responses were found among the populations. BOHS readily accepted self pollen and suffered from very low inbreeding depression. Monteverde and Las Cruces both have lower fruit set with self-pollination precedence indicating that bud pollinations can overcome the self-incompatibility response and that embryonic death due to inbreeding depression causes fruit failure. The treatment:control fruit set is higher for the Las Cruces plants indicating stronger SI response Self-precedence seeds from the Las Cruces plants are likely to be outcrossed. Self-precedence seeds from Monteverde are likely selfed.

Estrutura genética populacional de Heliconius erato e Heliconius melpomene (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica do Rio Grande do Norte

Extensive studies using molecular markers on butterflies have shown how a highly fragmented landscape may result in the reduction of gene flow among patches of habitat and, consequently, increase genetic differentiation among populations. However, little is known about Heliconius geographical structure and the effects of fragmentation on the connectivity of populations. Furthermore, findings on the effects of the population structure on the dynamics of mimicry evolution in Heliconius butterflies need to be tested in H. erato and H. melpomene specimens found in other locations other than Central and northern South Americas. For the present study, we had two motivations: (1) compare the population structure of H. erato and H. melpomene given the highly fragmented Brazil s Atlantic Forest habitat; and (2) studying population structure of co-mimics could give us insights into the dynamics of mimicry evolution. For this, we analysed the spatial structure and connectivity of eight populations of Heliconius butterflies, in a total of 137 H. erato specimens and 145 H. melpomene specimens, using nine microsatellites loci, 1144 AFLPs markers and 282 mitochondrial DNA sequences. In general, both species exhibited evidence of population subdivision but no isolation by distance indicating some extent of genetic differentiation among populations. Contrary to Kronforst & Gilbert s (2008) Costa Rican Heliconius, H. melpomene exhibited more genetic differentiation than H. erato based on nuclear markers. However, for mitochondrial DNA, H. erato populations showed more genetic differentiation than H. melpomene. Our results corroborate to other studies on Heliconius butterflies concerning the pronounced population subdivision and local genetic drift found in this genus. Nevertheless, the pattern of this differentiation varies significantly from the pattern found in studies conducted in Central America, where H. erato is generally more differentiated and structured than H. melpomene, based on nuclear markers. This different pattern may reflect different evolutionary histories of Heliconius species in Northeastern Brazil s Atlantic Forest

Participação de mulheres na história da Escola Mista no Pará - 1870/1901

This study aims to problematize the history of mixed schools in Pará, from 1870 to 1901, highlighting women participation that helped to build them. The analytical focus of the research fell on the changes and the continuities of the mixed school in Pará. The object of analysis is the Paraense mixed schools, formed by women. The study also brings out arguments that the mixed school was set up in variable forms, concepts, times and spaces, in an overlapping with the inclusion of women in educational universe, either through education, professionalization or teaching in schools of girls and boys. The documentary sources privileged by the study are: the educational law, the newspapers, the government reports and the journals of education, which were examined in a confrontation between what was said and done. The evidential method helped the documentary reading revealed that, in small lines, the linkages built in the search for clues and signs of Paraense mixed schools was assembled with the participation of women, from the perception that historical knowledge is indirect, conjectural. Evidences indicated that the school for both sexes, legally established in the Province of Grão-Pará in 1870, gave the signals of the junction of girls and boys in school, at a time when the presence of women in education was suggested. Mutations related to the educational organization, with the introduction of mixed school in the following decade had a closer relationship with restrictive settings and more effective integration of women in that school. The inaccuracies of the Republican mixed school have revealed, through winding paths, that signal of contradictions between the modern discourse and conservative practices regarding this school, in communion with the expansion of the mixed school throughout the state, including in groups schools, observing the presence of effective women teachers in the regency of such schools and an expansion of students in relation to the equity between the sexes

O Curso Normal de 1º Ciclo em Assu/RN (1951-1971)

The aim of this research is the analysis of the history of the Normal Course in the 1st period in Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, since its foundation by the state law no. 621, de 06 December 1951 until its demise, with the implementation of the Course of the Magisterium, by Federal Law 5692 from August 11, 1971. The goal is to answer how it was constituted the operation and the educational practices of this institution, teacher trainers, throughout its existence. For this, we analyze the institution's documents in focus interviews, legislation, of the education, newspapers and books of the season, guiding itself by the studies of Chartier (1991), Elias (2001), Certeau (2001), Frago (1995), Magalhães (2005) and Julia (2001). When dealing with an educational institution, the central category of analysis is the school culture, in which supported the cutting of specific categories of study: the entrance into the Normal Course, the conferring of a degree, the "Normalista Week‖ in Assu and formative elements. The Normal Course from 1st cycle formed teachers in a basic level, differing themselves from schools of teacher education of 2nd Cycle. It was founded in Assu as Regional Training Course and called Ginásio Normal in 1961.In the temporal cut studied, 279 women and 07 men were graduated as Regents of Elementary School, demonstrating a school attended virtually by women. In the narrative, it is restored to the inclusion of female students in the Normal Course, focusing on the processes of registration and the admission exams, graduation events, imbued with discourses on the social role of the teacher and the Party Normalista Week, which valued the sense of belonging with of students to the profession. Through theater plays in the school, of practices forming behaviors and stages of female students in elementary school, training elements are reassembled, demonstrating the discourse of modern education intermingled with the Christian Catholic values of the culture for female education. The reconstruction of the historical identity of this institution sometimes close, sometimes unique, when confronted with other schools of teacher training brings a contribution to the setting of the history of schooling in the state of Rio Grande do Norte

Reforming health-care management in Latin America

Includes bibliography

Climate change and challenges for tourism in Central America

Incluye Bibliografía

Determinants and home-country effects of FDI outflows: Evidence from Latin American countries

Foreign direct investment (FDI) by Latin American companies has increased sharply since the beginning of the 2000s. While most investment flows correspond to firms from large economies (i.e. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Colombia), small economies have also witnessed the increasing internationalisation of their domestic companies. This study examines the strategies followed by multinational enterprises (MNEs) from Latin America when they decide to invest in other countries, highlighting differences by sector and issuer-country size. To that end a new database, which comprises quantitative information on the main operations abroad of Latin American enterprises (both greenfield, and mergers and acquisitions) was constructed, based on fDi Markets and Thomson Reuters Datastream. It also investigates the home-country effects of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by conducting a case study of Costa Rica through a representative sample of firms investing abroad.

Mulheres e docência: histórias de vida e experiências na Amazônia ribeirinha

Esta dissertação tem como objeto de pesquisa a constituição da docência em professoras dos anos iniciais da educação básica. Partiu-se para o processo de investigação com base na assertiva de que as experiências vividas pela mulher professora são à base de sua prática no magistério, que as histórias de existência e de possibilidades asseguradas pelo tempo e espaço são os elementos que mobilizam o exercício docente das professoras que atuam nos anos iniciais da educação básica, para além da formação profissional que recebem. Assim, optou-se em fazer a pesquisa com sujeitos que tivessem passado por experiências de vida pouco comuns, distantes do lócus em geral escolhido por pesquisadores da área, isto, as escolas urbanas. Do grupo que se vislumbrou inicialmente, decidiu-se pelo trabalho com professoras de escolas de ilhas do entorno de Belém. Engajada em um projeto mais amplo sobre as professores do espaço insular da baía de Guajará, para esta dissertação, escolheu-se realizar a pesquisa junto a professoras das comunidades de Caruaru e Castanhal de Mari-Mari, na Ilha de Mosqueiro – a maior ilha do arquipélago de Belém. Para atingir a assertiva anteriormente exposta, o trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado com duas professoras que nasceram na Ilha de Mosqueiro e têm suas histórias vinculadas a este lugar. As questões de investigação que foram levantadas são: Qual a relação do espaço e do tempo da Ilha com a história de vida das professoras? Em que medida as histórias de vida imbrica-se ao exercício do magistério? Definiu-se como objetivo de estudo “analisar, por meio de registros orais, histórias de vida de professoras da Ilha do Mosqueiro, Belém do Pará, Brasil, para compreender a docência na Amazônia”. Metodologicamente, valeu-se das estratégias de investigação da História Oral, optando, em particular, pela História Oral de vida. Desse modo, utilizou-se a técnica da entrevista não-estruturada ao longo de dois anos com as professoras. Os resultados indicam que o magistério é sim uma profissão especialmente marcada pelas experiências de vida e que a própria formação profissional assume um lugar muito particular ao se articular a essas experiências. Pode-se afirmar que o espaço onde vivem as professoras tem relação direta com o exercício da docência e que isto deve ser considerado tanto nas formações continuadas, nas semanas pedagógicas, quanto nas políticas educacionais direcionadas às professoras das Ilhas. As histórias de vida das duas professoras aproximam-se quando elas relatam as dificuldades enfrentadas para se escolarizarem e os desafios superados no exercício da atividade docente. Estas histórias também se aproximam quando ambas tratam do ingresso no serviço publico como professora por meio de concurso. Ao se constatar que há um maior número de professoras atuando nessas escolas que não tem vínculo com o lugar, e que, por isso, estão alheias às bases das condições objetivas dos alunos de aprender, coloca-se em questão as formas de ingresso e de alocação de professores nas escolas pelo poder público. A diferença entre a prática de quem é do lugar e de quem não é indicam nesse estudo que é preciso, inclusive, rever a própria concepção de concurso público e das condições de possibilidades das professoras formadas em espaços não urbanos da cidade de Belém.

Entre Aracne e Atena: professoras em situação de violência doméstica

Este estudo tem como tema a violência doméstica contra professoras e toma como objeto os registros sobre esse fato presentes em Inquéritos Policiais da Delegacia de Atendimento à Mulher de Santarém-PA. A questão central da pesquisa consiste em problematizar: quais articulações entre a condição de violentada e o status profissional de professora são apresentadas no processo de denúncia, via inquérito policial, por professoras em situação de violência doméstica no município de Santarém? A partir dessa indagação central o objetivo geral da pesquisa volta-se para analisar as articulações entre a condição de violentada e o status profissional de professora presentes nos inquéritos policiais, articulado com a investigação das confluências entre as discussões sobre as relações de gênero, a violência doméstica e os direitos humanos das mulheres e a compreensão das formas de atravessamento entre os marcadores sociais das professoras em situação de violência doméstica. O tratamento metodológico foi pautado em um estudo qualitativo que se vale da pesquisa documental, por meio da análise de conteúdo dos Inquéritos Policiais da DEAM de Santarém, documentos estes que registram não só a ocorrência da violência como também o contexto em que ocorreram os atravessamentos dos diferentes marcadores sociais assumidos pelos sujeitos, autores das agressões e agredidas e suas intersecções. O marco teórico da pesquisa está pautado na perspectiva relacional que busca compreender a violência contra as mulheres resultantes das redes de relações de poder entre homens e mulheres e entre estes e os marcadores sociais que assumem. As análises conclusivas evidenciam que as tramas da violência doméstica contra as mulheres são complexas e marcadas por questões, tais como: a persistência na submissão à violência doméstica das docentes embora independam economicamente do agressor; a diferença geracional entre as docentes e os autores das agressões é marcada por homens mais jovens versus mulheres maduras, em processo de envelhecimento; o baixo nível de escolaridade dos agressores e o baixo prestígio da ocupação que desenvolvem em relação ao nível de escolaridade e posição social da profissão das docentes agredidas que possuem profissão definida, de natureza intelectual e reconhecida socialmente; as denúncias contra os autores das agressões só ocorreram após os motivos extremos de ameaças de morte e exposição pública da violência em uma profissão de natureza pública, a de professora; que o registro da ocorrência concretiza a alternância de poder nas relações de gênero e da própria violência doméstica, visto que na dinâmica da circulação de poder com os autores das agressões, as professoras agredidas reconheceram-se também como detentoras de poder, avançando da condição de vítimas para a de protagonistas; que na situação de violentadas, as professoras, foram capazes de perceber fios invisíveis naturalizados na teia da violência doméstica, partindo para o enfrentamento público, a denúncia.

LUDIBUS, o ônibus da alegria: possibilidades de estágio extracurricular aliando ensino, pesquisa e extensão

This paper aims to present the Ludibus project, by Faculty of Philosophy and Science of Unesp, Marilia Campus, and placement possibilities offered by extracurricular work of teaching, research and extension education developed by his team. The Project is characterized by the existence of a playful bus, adapted to the development of artistic, recreational and literary schools in Basic Education (Early Childhood Education and Elementary Education, cycle I). It aims to contribute to the process of initial and continuing training of man and women teachers who will serve and act in Basic Education and to offer proposals for artistic and recreational activities for children of kindergarten and the early grades of elementary school, with a view to the creation, appreciation and reflection related to artistic languages and playful. We make use of action research and varied procedures in order to organize and provide activities related to the themes of the project the teachers and children. The results point to good learning opportunities and enriching experiences for the teacher training process, setting up the project in a privileged place for the occurrence of extracurricular period.