Sobre a imigração ilegal na Europa e os espaços de exceção: o caso dos centros de internamento para estrangeiros na Espanha

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Apontamentos sobre as práticas psicológicas desenvolvidas nas entidades assistenciais que atendem a crianças e adolescentes pobres

Notes on the psychological practices developed in social work entities that serve poor children and adolescents We understand that psychology, along with Pedagogy is part of the assumptions that compose the multidisciplinary field that comprises the socioeducative action of social work entities that serve poor children and adolescents considered in “personal and social risk”. What kinds of Psychology practices could be found in these institutions? We find evidence that the age minority logic still in force in many social work entities - that implement predominantly disciplinary and repressive, correctional and shaping forms of care, - dispense with psychology as a social transformation practice. When we find professional psychologists in social work entities, it is not uncommon for them to develop extremely traditional, psychotherapeutic, patologization actions for the individual, and to promote actions of orthopedic behavior, and therefore they may be called "technicians of conduct." This psychology is not aligned with the citizen and empowering perspective proposed by the Statute of Children and Adolescent, based on the fundamental concept of the social subject of rights.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis population structure shift in a 5-year molecular epidemiology surveillance follow-up study in a low endemic agro-industrial setting in São Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dos sujeitos e lugares da punição: da passagem do/a jovem perigoso/a para o/a jovem em perigo: um estudo das dimensões do dispositivo da gestão dos riscos e de controle social da juventude

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Alle origini delle case di correzione. Indagine storico-educativa sulle pratiche di internamento in Italia e in Inghilterra

La presente tesi intende compiere un’indagine, dal punto di vista storico-educativo, sulla storia delle case di correzione. Nello specifico si è tentato di analizzare il “caso” del Discolato bolognese, operando un confronto con altre analoghe istituzioni, sorte in due città campione, come Roma e Milano, per quanto riguarda il contesto italiano, e con la situazione inglese, per quanto riguarda il contesto internazionale. Il focus della ricerca si è incentrato sul rapporto tra devianza e internamento, considerato secondo una declinazione pedagogica. A tal proposito si è cercato di far emergere le modalità educative, nonché i principi e le finalità che sottostavano agli interventi istituzionali, non solo soffermandosi su quanto i regolamenti e gli statuti prescrivevano all’interno delle strutture correzionali, ma analizzando la reclusione nella sua effettiva organizzazione quotidiana. Per quanto riguarda la situazione bolognese è stata analizzata un’ampissima documentazione, conservata presso l’Archivio storico Provinciale di Bologna, che ha permesso di svolgere un’analisi di tipo quantitativo su un totale di 1105 individui al fine di delineare le principali caratteristiche demografiche e sociali delle persone internate nel Discolato bolognese. L’interpretazione delle fonti ha permesso anche un’indagine qualitativa, nel tentativo di ricostruire le storie di vita dei singoli reclusi. Da questa ricerca emerge un’immagine complessa delle case di correzione. Nel corso dei secoli, in modo particolare nelle diverse realtà prese in esame, esse hanno assunto caratteristiche e peculiarità differenti. La loro inefficacia fu la motivazione principale che condusse alla definitiva chiusura, quando si fece via via sempre più evidente la difficoltà a tradurre in pratica ciò che regolamenti e statuti - a livello teorico - prescrivevano.

Methodological issues in quantifying the magnitude of the tuberculosis problem in a prison population

SETTING: Correctional settings and remand prisons. OBJECTIVE: To critically discuss calculations for epidemiological indicators of the tuberculosis (TB) burden in prisons and to provide recommendations to improve study comparability. METHODS: A hypothetical data set illustrates issues in determining incidence and prevalence. The appropriate calculation of the incidence rate is presented and problems arising from cross-sectional surveys are clarifi ed. RESULTS: Cases recognized during the fi rst 3 months should be classifi ed as prevalent at entry and excluded from any incidence rate calculation. The numerator for the incidence rate includes persons detected as having developed TB during a specifi ed period of time subsequent to the initial 3 months. The denominator is persontime at risk from 3 months onward to the end point (TB or end of the observation period). Preferably, entry time, exit time and event time are known for each inmate to determine person-time at risk. Failing that, an approximation consists of the sum of monthly head counts, excluding prevalent cases and those persons no longer at risk from both the numerator and the denominator. CONCLUSIONS: The varying durations of inmate incarceration in prisons pose challenges for quantifying the magnitude of the TB problem in the inmate population. Recommendations are made to measure incidence and prevalence.

Traffic-Adaptive and Link-Quality-Aware Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper is a summary of the main contribu- tions of the PhD thesis published in [1]. The main research contributions of the thesis are driven by the research question how to design simple, yet efficient and robust run-time adaptive resource allocation schemes within the commu- nication stack of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes. The thesis addresses several problem domains with con- tributions on different layers of the WSN communication stack. The main contributions can be summarized as follows: First, a a novel run-time adaptive MAC protocol is intro- duced, which stepwise allocates the power-hungry radio interface in an on-demand manner when the encountered traffic load requires it. Second, the thesis outlines a metho- dology for robust, reliable and accurate software-based energy-estimation, which is calculated at network run- time on the sensor node itself. Third, the thesis evaluates several Forward Error Correction (FEC) strategies to adap- tively allocate the correctional power of Error Correcting Codes (ECCs) to cope with timely and spatially variable bit error rates. Fourth, in the context of TCP-based communi- cations in WSNs, the thesis evaluates distributed caching and local retransmission strategies to overcome the perfor- mance degrading effects of packet corruption and trans- mission failures when transmitting data over multiple hops. The performance of all developed protocols are eval- uated on a self-developed real-world WSN testbed and achieve superior performance over selected existing ap- proaches, especially where traffic load and channel condi- tions are suspect to rapid variations over time.

Patterns of care and outcomes for pregnant inmates and their infants in Texas state prisons: Epidemiologic and ethnographic analyses

Female inmates make up the fastest growing segment in our criminal justice system today. The rapidly increasing trend for female prisoners calls for enhanced efforts to strategically plan the correctional facilities that address the needs of this growing population, and to work with communities to prevent crime in women. The incarcerated women in the U.S. have an estimated 145,000 minor children who are predisposed to unique psychosocial problems as a result of parental incarceration.^ This study examined the patterns of care and outcomes for pregnant inmates and their infants in Texas state prisons between 1994 and 1996. The study population consists of 202 pregnant inmates who delivered in a 2-year period, and a randomly sampled comparison cohort of 804 women from general Texas population, matched on race and educational levels. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used to elucidate the inmates' risk-factor profile, delivery/birth outcomes, and the patterns of care during pregnancy. The continuity-of-care issues for this population were also explored.^ Epidemiologic data were derived from multiple record systems to establish the comparison between two cohorts. A significantly great proportion of the inmates have prior lifestyle risk-factors (smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug abuse), poorer health status, and worse medical history. However, most of these existing risk-factors seem to show little manifestation in their current pregnancy. On the basis of maternal labor/delivery outcome and a number of neonatal indicators, this study found some evidence of a better pregnancy outcome for the inmate cohort when compared to the comparison group. Some possible explanations of this paradox were discussed. Seventeen percent of inmates gave birth to infants with suspected congenital syphilis. The placement patterns for the infants' care immediately after birth were elucidated.^ In addition to the quantitative data, an ethnographic approach was used to collect qualitative data from a subset of the inmate cohort (n = 20) and 12 care providers. The qualitative data were analyzed for their contents and themes, giving rise to a detailed description of the inmates' pregnancy experience. Eleven themes emerged from the study's thematic analysis, which provides the context for interpreting the epidemiologic data.^ Meaningful findings in this study were presented in a three-dimensional matrix to shed light on the apparent relationship between outcome indicators and their potential determinants. The suspected "linkages" between the outcome and their determinants can be used to generate hypotheses for future studies. ^

Annual Report Clinical Operations 2004/2005

The clinical arm of the UConn Health Center consists of the UConn Medical (UMG), our physician faculty practice, the John Dempsey Hospital (JDH) and the Correctional Managed Health Care Program (CMHC). This 2005 Clinical Annual Report was issued Sept.1, 2005 by Steven L. Strongwater, MD, Director of Clinical Operations.

Hepatitis B and C infections in U.S. incarcerated populations: Prevalence and related mortality

Published reports have consistently indicated high prevalence of serologic markers for hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infection in U.S. incarcerated populations. Quantifying the current and projected burden of HBV and HCV infection and hepatitis-related sequelae in correctional healthcare systems with even modest precision remains elusive, however, because the prevalence and sequelae of HBV and HCV in U.S. incarcerated populations are not well-studied. This dissertation contributes to the assessment of the burden of HBV and HCV infections in U.S. incarcerated populations by addressing some of the deficiencies and gaps in previous research. ^ Objectives of the three dissertation studies were: (1) To investigate selected study-level factors as potential sources of heterogeneity in published HBV seroprevalence estimates in U.S. adult incarcerated populations (1975-2005), using meta-regression techniques; (2) To quantify the potential influence of suboptimal sensitivity of screening tests for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) on previously reported anti-HCV prevalence estimates in U.S. incarcerated populations (1990-2005), by comparing these estimates to error-adjusted anti-HCV prevalence estimates in these populations; (3) To estimate death rates due to HBV, HCV, chronic liver disease (CLD/cirrhosis), and liver cancer from 1984 through 2003 in male prisoners in custody of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) and to quantify the proportion of CLD/cirrhosis and liver cancer prisoner deaths attributable to HBV and/or HCV. ^ Results were as follows. Although meta-regression analyses were limited by the small body of literature, mean population age and serum collection year appeared to be sources of heterogeneity, respectively, in prevalence estimates of antibodies to HBV antigen (HBsAg+) and any positive HBV marker. Other population characteristics and study methods could not be ruled out as sources of heterogeneity. Anti-HCV prevalence is likely somewhat higher in male and female U.S. incarcerated populations than previously estimated in studies using anti-HCV screening tests alone without the benefit of repeat or additional testing. Death rates due to HBV, HCV, CLD/cirrhosis, and liver cancer from 1984 through 2003 in TDCJ male prisoners exceeded state and national rates. HCV rates appeared to be increasing and disproportionately affecting Hispanics. HCV was implicated in nearly one-third of liver cancer deaths. ^

Estrategias para la reinserción social de jóvenes en conflicto con la ley

La justicia penal adolescente es un sistema de administración judicial que extiende los derechos y garantías del debido proceso a los adolescentes a quienes se acuse de haber participado en la comisión de una infracción a la ley penal. Se podría decir que las finalidades de la justicia penal juvenil, por orden de importancia son: Administrar justicia de forma democrática. Fomentando la responsabilización del adolescente que ha cometido una infracción penal; promoviendo su integración social y favoreciendo la participación de la comunidad en el proceso de reinserción social, mediante la oferta de servicios y programas para el cumplimiento de medidas socio-educativas. Cabe preguntarse ¿Las instituciones correccionales son coadyuvantes en la reinserción de los jóvenes en conflicto con la ley de tal modo que no vuelvan a confrontar con el orden jurídico vigente cuando egresen? La respuesta es muy compleja porque si bien desde la situación de las instituciones el aislamiento que sufre el joven no les da defensas para poder cambiar sus circunstancias de vida a la hora de reingresar a la sociedad y esto lleva a una alta probabilidad de volver a delinquir. Sin embargo las Ciencias Sociales plantean otras alternativa para logran la inserción de los jóvenes, una de ellas, se inclina a la estimulación de la resiliencia. Esta implica: sobreponerse a las dificultades y tener éxito a pesar de estar expuestos a situaciones de alto riesgo; mantener la competencia bajo presión, esto significa adaptarse con éxito y recuperarse de un trauma ajustándose de forma exitosa a los acontecimientos negativos de la vida.

Concentrations of PBDE and BDE congeners in adipose tissue of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analysed in adipose tissue from 92 East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled during 1999-2001. Mean SumPBDE concentrations were 70 ng/g lipid weight (lw) (range: 22-192 ng/g lw) and showed no relationship with age or sex. Of the 32 analysed PBDE congeners; BDE47, BDE153, BDE99 and BDE100 dominated, and comprised 99.6% of the SumPBDE concentration. The SumPBDE concentration had a highly significant correlation with SumPCB, SumCHL, dieldrin, HCB and SumHCH concentrations. We found a seasonal pattern of median SumPBDE concentration with 1.2 to 1.8 times higher concentrations in March to July than the rest of the year. The seasonal variation also provides a clue to the seasonal exposure, bio-availability, toxic exposure and degradation. We suggest that future geographical PBDE data comparisons may not need corrections for sex or age, but such data sets should be corrected for seasonal variability, using the presented correctional trigonometric regression.

La inserción social del indígena en las urbes y campañas del territorio bonaerense y su relación con la justicia criminal hispanocriolla durante el período independiente temprano (1810-1835)

La sociedad bonaerense del período independiente temprano, no sólo se caracterizó por estar fuertementejerarquizada desde el punto de vista socioeconómico, sinoademás por ser legalmente desigual y altamente punitiva. Los hechos asentados en los expedientes judiciales correspondientes a causas criminales y correccionales presentadas ante el Juzgado del Crimen, muestran claramente -entre otros aspectos- las características de la justicia criminal hispanocriolla: cómo operaba y se administraba la ley vigente, frente a la cual, los sectores bajos de la pirámide social y en particular, los individuos de casta (indios, negros, morenos, etc.), resultaban ser los más desprotegidos y vulnerables. Por lo tanto, en el presente proyecto, nos interesa abordar la inserción social del indígena en las urbes y campañas, y su integración en el mercado laboral de la época, y a partir de este marco y desde esa sociedad que lo incluía, se pretende indagar alindígena frente al delito y dentro de la dinámica del campo judicial, articulando las dimensiones social, económica y jurídica. De esta manera, combinando las fuentes judiciales de 1810 a 1835 con otros documentos del período, se intenta dar cuenta no sólo de los aspectos sociales y económicos de la vida personal y cotidiana del indígena sino además de las particularidades del proceso de juzgamiento y penalización de sus acciones durante el incipiente período independentista.

La inserción social del indígena en las urbes y campañas del territorio bonaerense y su relación con la justicia criminal hispanocriolla durante el período independiente temprano (1810-1835)

La sociedad bonaerense del período independiente temprano, no sólo se caracterizó por estar fuertementejerarquizada desde el punto de vista socioeconómico, sinoademás por ser legalmente desigual y altamente punitiva. Los hechos asentados en los expedientes judiciales correspondientes a causas criminales y correccionales presentadas ante el Juzgado del Crimen, muestran claramente -entre otros aspectos- las características de la justicia criminal hispanocriolla: cómo operaba y se administraba la ley vigente, frente a la cual, los sectores bajos de la pirámide social y en particular, los individuos de casta (indios, negros, morenos, etc.), resultaban ser los más desprotegidos y vulnerables. Por lo tanto, en el presente proyecto, nos interesa abordar la inserción social del indígena en las urbes y campañas, y su integración en el mercado laboral de la época, y a partir de este marco y desde esa sociedad que lo incluía, se pretende indagar alindígena frente al delito y dentro de la dinámica del campo judicial, articulando las dimensiones social, económica y jurídica. De esta manera, combinando las fuentes judiciales de 1810 a 1835 con otros documentos del período, se intenta dar cuenta no sólo de los aspectos sociales y económicos de la vida personal y cotidiana del indígena sino además de las particularidades del proceso de juzgamiento y penalización de sus acciones durante el incipiente período independentista.

La inserción social del indígena en las urbes y campañas del territorio bonaerense y su relación con la justicia criminal hispanocriolla durante el período independiente temprano (1810-1835)

La sociedad bonaerense del período independiente temprano, no sólo se caracterizó por estar fuertementejerarquizada desde el punto de vista socioeconómico, sinoademás por ser legalmente desigual y altamente punitiva. Los hechos asentados en los expedientes judiciales correspondientes a causas criminales y correccionales presentadas ante el Juzgado del Crimen, muestran claramente -entre otros aspectos- las características de la justicia criminal hispanocriolla: cómo operaba y se administraba la ley vigente, frente a la cual, los sectores bajos de la pirámide social y en particular, los individuos de casta (indios, negros, morenos, etc.), resultaban ser los más desprotegidos y vulnerables. Por lo tanto, en el presente proyecto, nos interesa abordar la inserción social del indígena en las urbes y campañas, y su integración en el mercado laboral de la época, y a partir de este marco y desde esa sociedad que lo incluía, se pretende indagar alindígena frente al delito y dentro de la dinámica del campo judicial, articulando las dimensiones social, económica y jurídica. De esta manera, combinando las fuentes judiciales de 1810 a 1835 con otros documentos del período, se intenta dar cuenta no sólo de los aspectos sociales y económicos de la vida personal y cotidiana del indígena sino además de las particularidades del proceso de juzgamiento y penalización de sus acciones durante el incipiente período independentista.