High-resolution melt-curve analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-HRM) for the characterisation of pathogenic leptospires: intra-serovar divergence, interserovar convergence, and evidence of attenuation in Leptospira reference collections.

High-resolution melt-curve analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-HRM) is a novel technology that has emerged as a possible method to characterise leptospires to serovar level. RAPD-HRM has recently been used to measure intra-serovar convergence between strains of the same serovar as well as inter-serovar divergence between strains of different serovars. The results indicate that intra-serovar heterogeneity and inter-serovar homogeneity may limit the application of RAPD-HRM in routine diagnostics. They also indicate that genetic attenuation of aged, high-passage-number isolates could undermine the use of RAPD-HRM or any other molecular technology. Such genetic attenuation may account for a general decrease seen in titres of rabbit hyperimmune antibodies over time. Before RAPD-HRM can be further advanced as a routine diagnostic tool, strains more representative of the wild-type serovars of a given region need to be identified. Further, RAPD-HRM analysis of reference strains indicates that the routine renewal of reference collections, with new isolates, may be needed to maintain the genetic integrity of the collections.

The Effect of Human RIghts on Criminal Evidentiary Processes: Convergence, Divergence or Realignment?

This article examines the contribution which the European Court of Human Rights has made to the development of common evidentiary processes across the common law and civil law systems of criminal procedure in Europe. It is argued that the continuing use of terms such as 'adversarial' and 'inquisitorial' to describe models of criminal proof and procedure has obscured the genuinely transformative nature of the Court's jurisprudence. It is shown that over a number of years the Court has been steadily developing a new model of proof that is better characterised as 'participatory' than as 'adversarial' or 'inquisitorial'. Instead of leading towards a convergence of existing 'adversarial' and 'inquisitorial' models of proof, this is more likely to lead towards a realignment of existing processes of proof which nonetheless allows plenty of scope for diverse application in different institutional and cultural settings.

Convergence/Divergence: Party political discourse in Northern Ireland's transition from conflict

This paper illuminates the role of political language in a peace process through analysing the discourse used by political parties in Northern Ireland. What matters, it seems, is not whether party discourses converge or diverge but rather how, and in what ways, they do so. In the case of Northern Ireland, there remains strong divergence between discourses regarding the ethos of unionist and nationalist parties. As a consequence, core definitions of identity, culture, norms and principle remain common grounds for competition within nationalism and unionism. There has, however, been a significant shift towards convergence between unionist and nationalist parties in their discourses on power and governance, specifically among the now predominant (hardline) and the smaller (moderate) parties. The argument thus elaborated is that political transition from conflict need not necessarily entail the creation of a “shared discourse” between all parties. Indeed, points of divergence between parties’ discourses of power and ethos are as important for a healthy post-conflict democratic environment as the elements of convergence between them.

Compositional Divergence and Convergence in Local Communities and Spatially Structured Landscapes

Community structure depends on both deterministic and stochastic processes. However, patterns of community dissimilarity (e.g. difference in species composition) are difficult to interpret in terms of the relative roles of these processes. Local communities can be more dissimilar (divergence) than, less dissimilar (convergence) than, or as dissimilar as a hypothetical control based on either null or neutral models. However, several mechanisms may result in the same pattern, or act concurrently to generate a pattern, and much research has recently been focusing on unravelling these mechanisms and their relative contributions. Using a simulation approach, we addressed the effect of a complex but realistic spatial structure in the distribution of the niche axis and we analysed patterns of species co-occurrence and beta diversity as measured by dissimilarity indices (e.g. Jaccard index) using either expectations under a null model or neutral dynamics (i.e., based on switching off the niche effect). The strength of niche processes, dispersal, and environmental noise strongly interacted so that niche-driven dynamics may result in local communities that either diverge or converge depending on the combination of these factors. Thus, a fundamental result is that, in real systems, interacting processes of community assembly can be disentangled only by measuring traits such as niche breadth and dispersal. The ability to detect the signal of the niche was also dependent on the spatial resolution of the sampling strategy, which must account for the multiple scale spatial patterns in the niche axis. Notably, some of the patterns we observed correspond to patterns of community dissimilarities previously observed in the field and suggest mechanistic explanations for them or the data required to solve them. Our framework offers a synthesis of the patterns of community dissimilarity produced by the interaction of deterministic and stochastic determinants of community assembly in a spatially explicit and complex context.

Compositional divergence and convergence in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities

In spite of the controversy that they have generated, neutral models provide ecologists with powerful tools for creating dynamic predictions about beta-diversity in ecological communities. Ecologists can achieve an understanding of the assembly rules operating in nature by noting when and how these predictions are met or not met. This is particularly valuable for those groups of organisms that are challenging to study under natural conditions (e.g., bacteria and fungi). Here, we focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities and performed an extensive literature search that allowed us to synthesize the information in 19 data sets with the minimal requisites for creating a null hypothesis in terms of community dissimilarity expected under neutral dynamics. In order to achieve this task, we calculated the first estimates of neutral parameters for several AMF communities from different ecosystems. Communities were shown either to be consistent with neutrality or to diverge or converge with respect to the levels of compositional dissimilarity expected under neutrality. These data support the hypothesis that divergence occurs in systems where the effect of limited dispersal is overwhelmed by anthropogenic disturbance or extreme biological and environmental heterogeneity, whereas communities converge when systems have the potential for niche divergence within a relatively homogeneous set of environmental conditions. Regarding the study cases that were consistent with neutrality, the sampling designs employed may have covered relatively homogeneous environments in which the effects of dispersal limitation overwhelmed minor differences among AMF taxa that would lead to environmental filtering. Using neutral models we showed for the first time for a soil microbial group the conditions under which different assembly processes may determine different patterns of beta-diversity. Our synthesis is an important step showing how the application of general ecological theories to a model microbial taxon has the potential to shed light on the assembly and ecological dynamics of communities.

Convergence, investissements directs étrangers et échanges commerciaux: le club de convergence pour les pays latino-américains.

Rapport de recherche

La convergence des niveaux de revenus et l'Union européenne: Les pays de l'Union Européenne ont-ils plus tendance à converger que les autres pays du reste du monde?

Rapport de recherche

Étude de faisabilité d'une union monétaire entre le Canada et les États-Unis: Évaluation de la convergence des déterminants du taux de change réel.

Rapport de recherche

Le secteur public et la convergence : une analyse avec des données régionales canadiennes.

Rapport de recherche

Intrégration économique et convergence : le cas de l'Australie.

Rapport de recherche

La convergence de la sécurité informatique et de la protection des renseignements personnels : vers une nouvelle approche juridique

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) option Nouvelles technologies de l'information"

À la convergence des savoirs : la transmission des connaissances entre des Atikamekw et des archéologues

Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la relation entre des archéologues et des Atikamekw de la communauté de Wemotaci, située en Haute-Mauricie. Cette relation est abordée sous l’angle de la transmission des savoirs. En effet, archéologues et Amérindiens possèdent des systèmes de connaissances distincts et c’est de la dynamique de rencontre entre ces deux corpus de savoirs dont il est ici question. Contrairement à ce que décrit généralement la littérature, les différences de conceptions à divers niveaux comme le rapport au passé, au territoire ou à l’objet n’empêchent pas une reconnaissance mutuelle des savoirs entre les archéologues et les Atikamekw. Chacun des groupes acquiert et intègre même les connaissances de l’autre selon ses préoccupations et ses besoins. Cette transmission des connaissances ne se limite pas à l’échange entre les archéologues et les Atikamekw, elle a également eu lieu entre les différentes générations amérindiennes. À travers une histoire où se conjuguent colonisation, éducation et sédentarisation, les savoirs des Atikamekw se trouvent au cœur du changement. C’est ainsi que la pratique archéologique peut devenir un moyen pour mettre en valeur des connaissances autochtones en permettant une rencontre intergénérationnelle sur un terrain de fouilles archéologiques. Enfin, dans un contexte où les nations autochtones désirent participer à tout ce qui concerne la protection de leur patrimoine culturel, l’archéologie peut également devenir un outil de réappropriation culturelle.

Archivistique et gestion électronique des documents : la convergence des professions par la convergence des systèmes

Travail réalisé à l’EBSI, Université de Montréal, sous la direction de M. Yvon Lemay dans le cadre du cours SCI6111 – Politique de gestion des archives, à l'automne 2010.